Overdoses after oral use of other alpha2-agonists have been reported to cause symptoms such as hypotension, asthenia, vomiting, lethargy, sedation, bradycardia, arrhythmias, miosis, apnoea, hypotonia, hypothermia, respiratory depression and seizure.
Treatment of an oral overdose includes supportive and symptomatic therapy; a patent airway should be maintained.
No cases of overdose after cutaneous use of Mirvaso were reported during the clinical development program.
Paediatric population
Serious adverse reactions following inadvertent ingestion of Mirvaso by two young children of one clinical study subject have been reported. The children experienced symptoms consistent with previously reported oral overdoses of alpha2-agonist in young children. Both children were reported to have made a full recovery within 24 hours.
2 years.
Children aged less than 2 years.
Patients receiving monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor therapy (for example selegiline or moclobemide) and patients on tricyclic (such as imipramine) or tetracyclic (such as maprotiline, mianserin or mirtazapin) antidepressants which affect noradrenergic transmission.
Not applicable.
Carbomer
Methylparahydroxybenzoate (E218)
Phenoxyethanol
Glycerol
Titanium dioxide
Propylene glycol
Sodium hydroxide
Purified water
Summary of the safety profile
The most commonly reported adverse reactions are erythema, pruritus, flushing and skin burning sensation, all occurring in 1.2 to 3.3% of patients in clinical studies. They are typically mild to moderate in severity, and usually do not require discontinuation of treatment. No meaningful differences in the safety profiles were observed between the elderly subject population and subjects 18 to 65 years of age. Aggravated erythema, flushing and skin burning sensation have been reported during the post-marketing period.
Tabulated list of adverse reactions
The adverse reactions are classified by System Organ Class and frequency, using the following convention: very common (> 1/10), common (> 1/100 to < 1/10), uncommon (> 1/1,000 to < 1/100), rare (> 1/10,000 to <1/1,000), very rare (< 1/10,000), not known (cannot be estimated from the available data) and were reported with Mirvaso in clinical studies (see Table 1).
Table 1 - Adverse reactions
|
System Organ Class |
Frequency |
Adverse reactions |
|
Cardiac disorders |
Rare |
Bradycardia* |
|
Nervous system disorders |
Uncommon |
Headache, paraesthesia |
|
Eye disorders |
Uncommon |
Eyelid oedema |
|
Vascular disorders |
Common |
Flushing, pallor at the application site* |
|
Uncommon |
Dizziness* | |
|
Rare |
Hypotension* | |
|
Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders |
Uncommon |
Nasal congestion |
|
Gastrointestinal disorders |
Uncommon |
Dry mouth |
|
Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders |
Common |
Erythema, pruritus, skin burning sensation |
|
Uncommon |
Acne, allergic contact dermatitis, contact dermatitis, dermatitis, dry skin, pain of skin, skin discomfort, rash papular, rosacea, skin irritation, skin warm, swelling face*, urticaria* | |
|
Rare |
Angioedema* | |
|
General disorders and administration site conditions |
Uncommon |
Feeling hot, peripheral coldness |
* Adverse reactions reported from post-marketing data.
Description of selected adverse reactions
Bradycardia and hypotension
Post-marketing cases of bradycardia, hypotension (including orthostatic hypotension) and dizziness have been reported, some of which required hospitalization. Some cases involved application of Mirvaso following laser procedures.
Reporting of suspected adverse reactions
Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the national reporting system via Yellow Card Scheme at: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard
Non-clinical data reveal no special hazard for humans based on conventional studies of safety pharmacology, repeated dose toxicity, genotoxicity, carcinogenic potential, toxicity to reproduction and development.
Mirvaso is indicated for the symptomatic treatment of facial erythema of rosacea in adult patients.
Pharmacotherapeutic group: Other dermatological preparations, Other dermatologicals,
ATC code: D11AX21.
Mechanism of action
Brimonidine is a highly selective alpha2-adrenergic receptor agonist that is 1000-fold more selective for the alpha2-adrenergic receptor than the alpha1-adrenergic receptor.
Pharmacodynamic effects
Cutaneous facial application of a highly selective alpha2-adrenergic receptor agonist reduces erythema through direct cutaneous vasoconstriction.
Clinical efficacy and safety
The efficacy of Mirvaso in the treatment of moderate to severe facial erythema of rosacea has been demonstrated in two randomised, vehicle controlled blinded clinical trials, which were identical in design. Moderate to severe erythema was defined as a grade 3 or greater on both the Clinician Erythema Assessment (CEA) scale and Patient Self-Assessment (PSA) scale. The studies were conducted in 553 randomised subjects aged 18 years and older who were treated once daily for 4 weeks with either Mirvaso or vehicle. Of these, 539 completed 29 days of treatment and had data available to be included in the efficacy analysis at Day 29, with the majority being Caucasians between 18 and 65 years of age.
The primary endpoint was expressed in terms of composite success i.e. subjects responding with a 2-grade reduction on both baseline CEA score and baseline PSA score on Day 29. The results from both clinical studies demonstrated that Mirvaso was significantly more effective (p<0.001) in the reduction of facial erythema of rosacea than vehicle gel when applied once daily for 29 days (primary endpoint, see Table 2). For the population subset of patients with severe erythema at baseline Day 1 (i.e. subjects with CEA or PSA grade of 4) which represented 26% of the randomised subjects, the results on the primary endpoint on Day 29 were similar to those results observed in the overall population (see Table 3) and were statistically significant for both studies combined (p=0.003). In addition, for the overall population, Mirvaso demonstrated statistical superiority (p<0.001) over vehicle gel with respect to rapid initial onset of a clinically meaningful effect (1-Grade Composite Success for CEA and PSA) after the first application at 30 minutes on Day 1(secondary endpoint 27.9% vs. 6.9% for Study 1, 28.4% vs. 4.8% for Study 2), and to achievement of a clinically meaningful effect (1-Grade Composite Success for CEA and PSA) on Day 29 (tertiary endpoint, see Table 4).
CEA and PSA were defined as follows:
CEA: Clinician Erythema Assessment: 0=Clear skin with no signs of erythema, 1=Almost clear; slight redness, 2=Mild erythema; definite redness, 3=Moderate erythema+ marked redness and 4=Severe erythema+ fiery redness
PSA: Patient Self-Assessment: 0=No redness, 1=Very mild redness, 2=Mild redness, 3=Moderate redness and 4=Severe redness
Table 2: Percentage of subjects with a 2-grade improvement in both CEA and PSA
|
Success day 29 |
Study 1 |
Study 2 | ||
|
Mirvaso Gel n=127 |
Vehicle Gel n=128 |
Mirvaso Gel n=142 |
Vehicle Gel n=142 | |
|
3 hours after application |
31.5% |
10.9% |
25.4% |
9.2% |
|
6 hours after application |
30.7% |
9.4% |
25.4% |
9.2% |
|
9 hours after application |
26.0% |
10.2% |
17.6% |
10.6% |
|
12 hours after application |
22.8% |
8.6% |
21.1% |
9.9% |
|
Day 29 p-value |
<0.001 |
- |
<0.001 |
- |
Table 3: Percentage of subjects with severe erythema at baseline Day 1 (CEA or PSA grade 4) with 2-grade improvement in both CEA and PSA
|
Success day 29 |
Study 1 + Study 2 | |
|
Mirvaso Gel n=79 |
Vehicle Gel n=63 | |
|
3 hours after application |
22.8% |
9.5% |
|
6 hours after application |
26.6% |
7.9% |
|
9 hours after application |
20.3% |
11.1% |
|
12 hours after application |
21.5% |
4.8% |
|
Day 29 p-value |
0.003 |
- |
Table 4: Percentage of subjects with a 1-grade improvement in both CEA and PSA
|
Success Day 29 |
Study 1 |
Study 2 | ||
|
Mirvaso Gel n=127 |
Vehicle Gel n=128 |
Mirvaso Gel n=142 |
Vehicle Gel n=142 | |
|
3 hours after application |
70.9% |
32.8% |
71.1% |
40.1% |
|
6 hours after application |
69.3% |
32.0% |
64.8% |
43.0% |
|
9 hours after application |
63.8% |
29.7% |
66.9% |
39.4% |
|
12 hours after application |
56.7% |
30.5% |
53.5% |
40.1% |
|
Day 29 p-value |
<0.001 |
- |
<0.001 |
- |
No clinically meaningful trends with respect to tachyphylaxis or rebound effects (worsening of baseline erythema after cessation of treatment) were observed with use of Mirvaso for 29 days.
The results from a long term open label study in 449 patients, with continuous treatment for up to one year, confirmed that chronic use of Mirvaso is safe and effective. Daily reductions in erythema for the first month of use (as measured with the CEA and PSA scales) were similar to those observed in the controlled trials, and those reductions were achievable for up to 12 months with no apparent loss of effect over time. The overall frequencies of adverse reactions in this study are reflected in Table 1 above, with the highest rates occurring in the first 29 days of use. No adverse reactions had an increase in frequency over time, and there was no evidence that long-term use of Mirvaso conveyed an increased risk of occurrence of any specific type of adverse reaction.
Concomitant use of Mirvaso with other medicinal products for the treatment of inflammatory lesions of rosacea has not been systematically investigated. However, in the long term open label study, the efficacy and safety of Mirvaso, as described above, was not affected by the concomitant use of cosmetics or other medicinal products (e.g. topical metronidazole, topical azelaic acid, and oral tetracyclines including low dose doxycycline) for the treatment of inflammatory lesions of rosacea in the concerned subpopulation (131/449 patients in the study used concomitant rosacea medicinal product).
Paediatric population
).
Absorption
The absorption of brimonidine from Mirvaso was evaluated in a clinical study in 24 adult subjects with facial erythema of rosacea. All enrolled subjects received a single-day ocular administration of a 0.2% eye drops solution of brimonidine followed by a once daily cutaneous application of Mirvaso for 29 days (intra-individual comparison of systemic exposure). On Day 1 of the study, all subjects received 1 drop of the 0.2% eye drops solution in each eye, every 8 hours over a 24-hour period (3 doses in total).
After repeated cutaneous application of Mirvaso on facial skin, no drug accumulation in plasma was observed throughout the treatment duration: the highest mean (± standard deviation) plasma maximum concentration (Cmax) and area under the concentration-time curve from 0 to 24 hours (AUC0-24hr) were 46 ± 62 pg/mL and 417 ± 264 pg.hr/mL respectively. These levels are significantly lower (2-fold) than those observed following single-day ocular administration of a 0.2% eye drops solution of brimonidine.
Distribution
The protein binding of brimonidine has not been studied.
Biotransformation
Brimonidine is extensively metabolised by the liver.
Elimination
Urinary excretion is the major route of elimination of brimonidine and its metabolites.
05/2017
Galderma International
Tour Europlaza, 20 avenue André Prothin - La Défense 4
La Défense Cedex 92927
France
This medicinal product does not require any special storage condition.
Do not freeze.
2g
Polyethylene (PE)/Aluminium (Al)/ Polyethylene (PE) laminated plastic tubes with a high density polyethylene (HDPE) head and polypropylene (PP) closure.
10 g; 30g
Polyethylene (PE)/Aluminium (Al)/ Polyethylene (PE) laminated plastic tubes with a high density polyethylene (HDPE) head and polypropylene (PP) child resistant closure.
Or
2g
Polyethylene (PE)/Copolymer/Aluminium (Al)/Copolymer/Polyethylene (PE) polyfoil tubes with a high density polyethylene (HDPE) head and polyethylene (PE) child resistant closure
10 g; 30g
Polyethylene (PE)/Copolymer/Aluminium (Al)/Copolymer/Polyethylene (PE) polyfoil tubes with a high density polyethylene (HDPE) head and polypropylene (PP) child resistant closure.
30g
Multidose container with airless pump system with child resistant closure.
Polypropylene (PP) / Thermoplastic Polyolefin (TPO) / high density polyethylene (HDPE) and polypropylene (PP) child resistant closure.
Pack sizes: 1 tube of 2 g,10 g or 30 g.
Not all pack sizes may be marketed.
Polyethylene (PE)/Aluminium (Al)/ Polyethylene (PE) laminated plastic tubes:
EU/1/13/904/001
EU/1/13/904/002
EU/1/13/904/003
Polyethylene (PE)/Copolymer/Aluminium (Al)/Copolymer/Polyethylene (PE) polyfoil tubes:
EU/1/13/904/004
EU/1/13/904/005
EU/1/13/904/006
Polypropylene (PP) / Thermoplastic Polyolefin (TPO) / high density polyethylene (HDPE) and polypropylene (PP) child resistant closure.
EU/1/13/904/007
Pregnancy
There are no or limited amount of data from the use of brimonidine in pregnant women. Animal studies do not indicate direct or indirect harmful effects with respect to reproductive toxicity. As a precautionary measure, it is preferable to avoid the use of Mirvaso during pregnancy.
Breast-feeding
It is unknown whether brimonidine/metabolites are excreted in human milk. A risk to the newborns/infants cannot be excluded. Mirvaso should not be used during breast-feeding.
Fertility
Brimonidine did not present any special reproductive or developmental hazard in animal species.
Mirvaso should not be applied on irritated skin (including following laser therapy) or open wounds. In case of severe irritation or contact allergy, the treatment with the medicinal product should be discontinued.
Exacerbation of rosacea symptoms is very common in patients treated with Mirvaso. Across all clinical studies, 16% of patients receiving Mirvaso experienced an event of symptom exacerbation. Treatment should be initiated with a small amount of gel and the dose increased gradually, based on tolerability and response to treatment.
Erythema and Flushing
The effect of Mirvaso topical gel begins to diminish hours after application. In some patients, erythema and flushing were reported to return with greater severity than was present at baseline. Most of the cases were observed within the first 2 weeks of starting the treatment.
The onset of flushing relative to application of Mirvaso topical gel varied, ranging from approximately 30 minutes to several hours.
In the majority of these cases, erythema and flushing resolved after discontinuation of Mirvaso topical gel.
In case worsening of erythema occurs, Mirvaso topical gel should be discontinued. Symptomatic measures, such as cooling, NSAID and antihistamines, may help in alleviating symptoms.
Recurrences of aggravated erythema and flushing have been reported after re-administration of Mirvaso topical gel. Prior to resuming treatment after temporary discontinuation due to aggravated erythema or flushing, perform a test application on a small area of the face for at least one day before full facial application is resumed.
It is important to inform the patient not to exceed the recommended maximum dose (5 pea size amounts) and frequency of application (once daily).
Mirvaso should not be applied close to the eyes.
Mirvaso has not been studied in patients with renal or hepatic impairment.
Any increase in the daily amount applied above 5 pea sized amounts and/or increase in frequency of daily application of the medicinal product should be avoided, since the safety of higher daily doses or repeated daily application has not been assessed.
The concomitant use of other systemic alpha adrenergic receptor agonists may potentiate the undesirable effects of this class of medicinal products in patients:
- with severe or unstable or uncontrolled cardiovascular disease;
- with depression, cerebral or coronary insufficiency, Raynaud's phenomenon, orthostatic hypotension, thrombangiitis obliterans, scleroderma, or Sjögren's syndrome.
The medicinal product contains methylparahydroxybenzoate (E218) which may cause allergic reactions (possibly delayed), and propylene glycol which may cause skin irritation.
Mirvaso has no or negligible influence on the ability to drive and use machines.
Posology
One application per 24 hours, at any time suitable for the patient, for as long as facial erythema is present.
The maximum daily recommended dose is 1 g of gel in total weight, which corresponds to approximately five pea sized amounts.
Treatment should be initiated with a smaller amount of gel (less than the maximum) for at least one week. The amount of gel can then be increased gradually based on tolerability and patient response.
Special populations
Elderly patients
).
Paediatric population
The safety and efficacy of Mirvaso in children and adolescents aged less than 18 years have not been established. No data are available.
Mirvaso is contraindicated in children aged less than 2 years because of serious systemic safety risk. Safety concerns related to the systemic absorption of brimonidine have also been identified for the age group 2 to 12 years. Mirvaso should not be used in children or adolescents aged 2 to 18 years.
Method of administration
Cutaneous use only.
Mirvaso should be applied smoothly and evenly as a thin layer across the entire face (forehead, chin, nose and both cheeks) avoiding the eyes, eyelids, lips, mouth and membrane of the inner nose. Mirvaso should be applied only to the face.
Hands should be washed immediately after applying the medicinal product.
Mirvaso can be used in conjunction with other cutaneous medicinal products for the treatment of inflammatory lesions of rosacea and with cosmetics. These products should not be applied immediately before the daily application of Mirvaso; they may be used only after the applied Mirvaso has dried.
No special requirements.
Date of first authorisation: 21 February 2014
No interaction studies have been performed.
Mirvaso is contraindicated in patients receiving monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor therapy and patients on tricyclic or tetracyclic antidepressants which affect noradrenergic transmission.
The possibility of an additive or potentiating effect with central nervous system depressants (alcohol, barbiturates, opiates, sedatives, or anaesthetics) should be considered.
No data on the level of circulating catecholamines after Mirvaso administration are available. Caution, however, is advised in patients taking substances which can affect the metabolism and uptake of circulating amines e.g. chlorpromazine, methylphenidate, reserpine.
Caution is advised when initiating (or changing the dose of) a concomitant systemic substance (irrespective of pharmaceutical form) which may interact with alpha adrenergic receptor agonists or interfere with their activity i.e. agonists or antagonists of the adrenergic receptor e.g. (isoprenaline, prazosin).
Brimonidine may cause clinically insignificant decreases in blood pressure in some patients. Caution is therefore advised when using medicinal products such as anti-hypertensives and/or cardiac glycosides concomitantly with brimonidine.
