Reports of inadvertent overdose and observations from a high-dose tolerability study in healthy volunteers showed that, in adults, single doses in the range of approximately 4g to 7g of Mesna Baxter can cause symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain/colic, diarrhoea, headache, fatigue, limb and joint pains, rash, flushing, hypotension, bradycardia, tachycardia, paresthesia, fever, and bronchospasm.
A markedly increased rate of nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea has also been found in oxazaphosphorine-treated patients receiving > 80 mg Mesna Baxter per kg per day intravenously compared with patients receiving lower doses or hydration treatment only.
A specific antidote to Mesna Baxter is not known.
Known hypersensitivity to Mesna Baxter or any of the excipients.
Mesna Baxter is incompatible with platinum derivatives (e.g. Cisplatin, carboplatin and nitrogen mustard) and must not be mixed in the same infusion solution.
Mixing Mesna Baxter and epirubicin leads to inactivation of epirubicin and should be avoided.
The most frequently occurring adverse reactions (> 10%) associated with use of Mesna Baxter are: headache, infusion site reactions, abdominal pain/colic, lightheadedness, lethargy/drowsiness, pyrexia, rash, diarrhoea, nausea, flushing, and influenza-like illness.
The most severe adverse reactions associated with use of Mesna Baxter are: bullous skin reactions, anaphylaxis, and drug rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS).
Because Mesna Baxter is used in combination with oxazaphosphorines or oxazaphosphorine- containing combination chemotherapy, it is often difficult to distinguish adverse reactions that may be due to Mesna Baxter from those caused by concomitantly administered cytotoxic agents.
ADR frequency is based upon the following scale: Very common (>1/10); Common (>1/100 - <1/10), Uncommon (>1/1,000 - <1/100), Rare (>1/10,000 - <1/1,000), Very rare (<1/10,000), Unknown (adverse reactions reported in the post-marketing experience)
| System Organ Class (SOC) | Adverse Reaction | Frequency |
| BLOOD AND LYMPHATIC SYSTEM DISORDERS | Lymphadenopathy | Common |
| IMMUNE SYSTEM DISORDERS | Anaphylaxis Hypersensitivity | Unknown Unknown |
| METABOLISM AND NUTRITION DISORDERS | Decreased appetite Feeling of dehydration | Common Common |
| PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS | Insomnia Nightmare | Common Common |
| NERVOUS SYSTEM DISORDERS | Headache Light-headedness Lethargy/Drowsiness Dizziness Paresthesia Hyperesthesia Syncope Hypoesthesia Disturbance in attention | Very common Very common Very common Common Common Common Common Common Common |
| EYE DISORDERS | Conjunctivitis Photophobia Vision blurred | Common Common Common |
| CARDIAC DISORDERS | Palpitations Tachycardia | Common Unknown |
| VASCULAR DISORDERS | Flushing Hypotension | Very common Unknown |
| RESPIRATORY, THORACIC, AND MEDIASTINAL DISORDERS | Nasal congestion Cough Pleuritic pain Dry mouth Bronchospasm Dyspnea Laryngeal discomfort Epistaxis Respiratory distress Hypoxia | Common Common Common Common Common Common Common Common Unknown Unknown |
| GASTROINTESTINAL DISORDERS | Abdominal pain/colic Nausea Diarrhoea Mucosal irritation1 Flatulence Vomiting Burning pain (substernal / epigastric) Constipation Gingival bleeding | Very common Very common Very common Common Common Common Common Common Common |
| HEPATOBILIARY DISORDERS | Transaminases increased | Common |
| SKIN AND SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE DISORDERS | Rash2 Pruritus Hyperhidrosis Erythema multiforme Drug rash 3 Ulcerations and/or bullae/blistering 4 Angioedema Urticaria Burning sensation Erythema | Very common Common Common Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown |
| MUSCULOSKELETAL AND CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISORDERS | Arthralgia Back pain Myalgia Pain in extremity Pain in jaw | Common Common Common Common Common |
| RENAL AND URINARY DISORDERS | Dysuria Acute renal failure | Common Unknown |
| GENERAL DISORDERS AND ADMINISTRATIVE SITE CONDITIONS | Infusion site reactions - Infusion site pruritus - Infusion site rash - Infusion site pain - Infusion site erythema - Infusion site urticaria - Infusion site swelling Pyrexia Influenza-like illness Rigors Fatigue Chest pain Malaise Face oedema Oedema peripheral Asthenia | Very common Very common Very common Common Common Common Common Very common Very common Common Common Common Common Unknown Unknown Unknown |
| INVESTIGATIONS | Activated partial thromboplastin time prolonged | Unknown |
1Oral, rectal
2Including nonpruritic, pruritic, erythema/erythematous, eczematous, papular, and/or macular rashes.
3with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms
4mucocutaneous, mucosal, oral, vulvovaginal, anorectal
- Time to onset and experience with re-exposure
In these studies, some subjects experienced their events on first exposure to Mesna Baxter and others after the second or third exposure. In general, the complete spectrum of symptoms experienced by a subject developed over a period of several hours.
Some subjects experienced no further reactions after their initial event while others experienced an exacerbation of events upon repeated dosing.
- Infusion site reactions
In some subjects experiencing local cutaneous infusion site reactions, subsequent exposure to Mesna Baxter resulted in a cutaneous event in other areas.
- Cutaneous/mucosal reactions
Cutaneous and mucosal reactions were reported to occur after both intravenous and oral Mesna Baxter. These reactions included rashes, pruritus, flushing, mucosal irritation, pleuritic pain, and conjunctivitis. Approximately one-quarter of subjects with any event experienced cutaneous/mucosal reactions in conjunction with other adverse symptoms, which included, dyspnea, fever, headache, gastrointestinal symptoms, drowsiness, malaise, myalgia, and influenza-like symptoms.
- Gastrointestinal reactions
Gastrointestinal reactions reported in healthy subjects included nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain/colic, epigastric pain/burning, constipation, and flatulence and were reported to occur after intravenous and oral Mesna Baxter administration.
- In-vivo effect on lymphocyte counts
In pharmacokinetics studies in healthy volunteers, administration of single doses of Mesna Baxter was commonly associated with a rapid (within 24 hours) and in some cases marked decrease in lymphocyte count, which was generally reversible within 1 week of administration. Data from studies with repeated dosing over several days are insufficient to characterize the time course of lymphocyte count changes under such conditions.
- In-vivo effect on serum phosphorus levels
In pharmacokinetics studies in healthy volunteers, administration of Mesna Baxter on single or multiple days was in some cases associated with moderate transient increases in serum phosphorus concentration.
These phenomena should be considered when interpreting laboratory results.
Reporting of suspected adverse reactions
Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the Yellow Card Scheme.
Website: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard
Nothing relevant.
For the prevention of urothelial toxicity including haemorrhagic cystitis, microhaematuria and macrohaematuria in patients treated with ifosfamide and cyclophosphamide, in doses considered to be urotoxic.
Mesna Baxter is an antidote, and offers the possibility of reliably preventing urotoxic side- effects associated with aggressive cancer chemotherapy using oxazaphosphorine cytostatics. Extensive and wide-ranging pharmacological and toxicological investigations have shown that Mesna Baxter has no intrinsic pharmacodynamics and low toxicity. The pharmacological and toxicological inertness of Mesna Baxter administered systemically and its excellent detoxifying effect in the efferent urinary tract and bladder, are due to the nature of its pharmacokinetics.
Mesna Baxter, a free thiol, is easily and rapidly transformed by auto-oxidation into its only metabolite Mesna Baxter-disulphide (diMesna Baxter). DiMesna Baxter remains in the intravascular compartment and is quickly transported to the kidneys.
In the epithelium of renal tubuli, diMesna Baxter is again reduced to the free thiol compound, which is then able to react chemically in the urine with toxic oxazaphosphorine metabolites.
Elimination (being almost exclusively renal) starts immediately after administration. Excretion is as the free thiol (Mesna Baxter) in the first 4 hours after a single dose, and almost exclusively as the disulphide (diMesna Baxter) thereafter. Renal elimination is almost complete after approximately 8 hours.
Approximately 30% of an intravenous dose is bioavailable as free thiol (Mesna Baxter) in the urine.
WARNINGS
Hypersensitivity
Hypersensitivity reactions to Mesna Baxter have been reported following administration of Mesna Baxter as an uroprotectant. These include various skin and subcutaneous tissue symptoms.
In addition, cases of severe bullous and ulcerative skin and mucosal reactions were reported.
In some cases, skin reactions were accompanied by one or more other symptoms, such as fever, cardiovascular symptoms, pulmonary symptoms, haematological abnormalities, nausea, vomiting, pain in the extremities, arthralgia, myalgia, malaise, and conjunctivitis.
Some reactions have presented as anaphylaxis.
Fever accompanied by, e.g., hypotension but no skin manifestations has also been reported.
Some patients with a history of a reaction have shown positive delayed-type skin test results. However, a negative delayed reaction does not exclude hypersensitivity to Mesna Baxter. Positive immediate-type skin test reactions have occurred in patients regardless of previous Mesna Baxter exposure or history of hypersensitivity reactions, and may be related to the concentration of the Mesna Baxter solution used for testing.
Prescribers should be aware that:
- severe as well as minor reactions were reported with the use of Mesna Baxter in regimens to treat both severe systemic autoimmune disease and malignancy and that Mesna Baxter should be suspected in any hypersensitivity reaction,
- these reactions may occur with first exposure or after several months of exposure and in some cases can be life threatening,
- the occurrence and severity of reactions appeared to vary with the dose administered with a tendency to shorter intervals following subsequent exposures,
- hypersensitivity reactions to Mesna Baxter were interpreted to resemble the clinical picture of sepsis and, in patients with autoimmune disorders, resemble an exacerbation of the underlying disease.
ThiolCompounds:
Mesna Baxter is a thiol compound, i.e., a sulfhydryl (SH) group-containing organic compound. Thiol compounds show some similarities in their adverse reaction profile, including a potential to elicit severe skin reactions. Examples of drugs that are thiol compounds include amifostine, penicillamine, and captopril.
It is not clear whether patients who experienced an adverse reaction to such a drug are at increased risk for any reactions, or similar reactions, to another thiol compound. However, when considering subsequent use of another thiol compound in such patients, the possibility of an increased risk should be taken into account.
PRECAUTIONS
Mesna Baxter does not prevent hemorrhagic cystitis in all patients. Patients should be monitored accordingly.
Sufficient urinary output should be maintained, as required for oxazaphosphorine treatment.
Sodium content
Mesna Baxter solution for injection contains approximately 59 mg of sodium per 400 mg Mesna Baxter.
Lab test interferences
Mesna Baxter treatment may cause false positive reactions in nitroprusside sodium-based urine tests (including dipstick tests) for ketone bodies.
Patients undergoing treatment with Mesna Baxter may experience undesirable effects (including, e.g., syncope, light-headedness, lethargy/drowsiness, dizziness, and blurred vision) which could affect the ability to drive or use machines. The decision to drive or operate machinery should be made on an individual basis.
Sufficient Mesna Baxter must be given to adequately protect the patient from the urotoxic effects of the oxazaphosphorine.
The duration of Mesna Baxter treatment should equal that of the oxazaphosphorine treatment plus the time taken for the urinary concentration of oxazaphosphorine metabolites to fall to non-toxic levels. This usually occurs within 8-12 hours after the end of oxazaphosphorine treatment but may vary depending on the scheduling of oxazaphosphorine. Urinary output should be maintained at 100 ml/hr (as required for oxazaphosphorine treatment) and the urine monitored for haematuria and proteinuria throughout the treatment period.
Parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration.
Any solutions which are discolored, hazy, or contain visible particulate matter should not be used.
Where ifosfamide or cyclophosphamide is used as an iv bolus: Mesna Baxter is given by intravenous injection over 15-30 minutes at 20% of the simultaneously administered oxazaphosphorine on a weight for weight basis (w/w). The same dose of Mesna Baxter is repeated after 4 and 8 hours. The total dose of Mesna Baxter is 60% (w/w) of the oxazaphosphorine dose. This is repeated on each occasion that the cytotoxic agents are used.
Example dosage schedule:
| 0 hrs | 4 hrs | 8 hrs | |
| Cyclophosphamide/Ifosfamide | 2 g | - | - |
| Mesna Baxter | 400 mg | 400 mg | 400 mg |
If necessary the dose of Mesna Baxter can be increased to 40% of the oxazaphosphorine dose given four times at three hourly intervals (0, 3, 6 and 9 hours). (Total dose = 160% (w/w) of the oxazaphosphorine dose). This larger dose is recommended in children, in patients whose urothelium may be damaged from previous treatment with oxazaphosphorine or pelvic irradiation, or in patients who are not adequately protected by the standard dose of Mesna Baxter.
Example dosage schedule:
| 0 hrs | 3 hrs | 6 hrs | 9 hrs | |
| Cyclophosphamide/Ifosfamide | 2 g | - | - | |
| Mesna Baxter | 800 mg | 800 mg | 800 mg | 800 mg |
Where cyclophosphamide is used orally: The same dose regimen of Mesna Baxter applies as though cyclophosphamide were used as an i.v. bolus.
Where ifosfamide is used as a 24-hour infusion: Mesna Baxter can be used as a concurrent infusion. An initial 20% (w/w) of the total ifosfamide dose is given as an i.v. bolus, then an infusion of 100% (w/w) of the ifosfamide over 24 hours, followed by a further 12-hour infusion of 60% (w/w) of the ifosfamide dose. Total Mesna Baxter dose = 180% of the ifosfamide dose.
Example dosage schedule:
| 0 hrs | 0-24 hrs | 24 hrs | 28 hrs | 32 hrs | 36 hrs | |
| Ifosfamide | - | 5 g/m2 infusion | - | - | - | - |
| Mesna Baxter | 1 g/m 2 iv | 5 g/m2 infusion | 3g/m2 infusion | |||
| 1 g/m2 iv | 1 g/m2 iv | 1 g/m2 iv | ||||
Where ifosfamide is used as a long-term infusion:
An initial 20% (w/w) of the first 24 hours ifosfamide dose is given as an i.v. bolus as the ifosfamide infusion starts. Then each 24 hour infusion of ifosfamide is given with a concurrent 24 hour infusion (100% w/w) of Mesna Baxter. A 12 hour infusion of Mesna Baxter (60% (w/w) of the final 24 hour dose of ifosfamide) should be commenced as the ifosfamide-Mesna Baxter infusion finishes.
Example dosage schedule:
| Day 1 | Day 2 | Day 3 | Day 4 | |||||
| 0 hrs | 0-24 hrs | 0-24 hrs | 0-24 hrs | 24 hrs | 4 hrs | 8 hrs | 12 hrs | |
| Ifosfamide | - | 2 g/m2 infusion | 2 g/m2 infusion | 2 g/m2 infusion | - | - | - | - |
| Mesna Baxter | 0.4g/m2 iv | 2 g/m2 infusion | 2 g/m2 infusion | 2 g/m2 infusion | 1.2 g/m2 infusion | |||
| 0.4 g/m2 iv | 0.4 g/m2 iv | 0.4 g/m2 iv | ||||||
The final 12-hour infusion of Mesna Baxter, after long-term or 24 hour infusion of ifosfamide, may be replaced by boluses at 28, 32 and 36 hours, each of 20% (w/w) of the ifosfamide dose, or by oral Mesna Baxter.
Mesna Baxter can be mixed in the same infusion bag as the ifosfamide.
Oral use of Mesna Baxter ampoules: Mesna Baxter has been shown to be effective when taken orally. Compared with intravenous administration, overall availability of Mesna Baxter in urine after oral administration is approximately 50%; the onset of urinary excretion is delayed by up to 2 hours and is more prolonged than following intravenous dosing.
With the exception of continuous long-term infusions of oxazaphosphorines with Mesna Baxter, intravenously administered Mesna Baxter may be replaced by oral administration of Mesna Baxter. The dosage should be 40% w/w of the dosage of the oxazaphosphorines. The contents of the ampoule should be added to a flavoured soft drink (e.g. orange juice, cola). This mixture is stable when refrigerated in a sealed container for 24 hours.
For intermittent oxazaphosphorine therapy following an initial intravenous injection of Mesna Baxter at a dose of 20% (w/w) of the oxazaphosphorine dose, oral Mesna Baxter (40% w/w) should be administered at 2 hours and again at 6 hours after the initial intravenous dose. Alternatively, three oral doses of Mesna Baxter may be administered, replacing the i.v. dose with an oral dose (40% w/w) 2 hours prior to administration of oxazaphosphorines.
Example dosage schedule:
| - 2 hrs | 0 hrs | 2 hrs | 6 hrs | |
| Cyclophosphamide/Ifosfamide | - | 1 g iv | - | - |
| Mesna Baxter | 400 mg po | - | 400 mg po | 400 mg po |
| 200 mg iv | 400 mg po | 400 mg po | ||
Where ifosfamide is used as a long-term continuous infusion with concomitant Mesna Baxter, oral Mesna Baxter may be taken as the infusion of ifosfamide and Mesna Baxter finishes, then at 2 hours and 6 hours after the time at the finish of the infusion. All oral Mesna Baxter doses should be 40% (w/w) of the final 24 hour ifosfamide dose.
Example dosage schedule:
| 0 hrs | 0-24 hrs | 24 hrs | 26 hrs | 30 hrs | |
| Ifosfamide | - | 5 g/m2 infusion | - | - | - |
| Mesna Baxter | 1 g/m2 iv | 5 g/m2 infusion | 2 g/m2 po | 2 g/m2 po | 2 g/m2 po |
Mesna Baxter is also available for oral administration as Mesna Baxter Tablets. For further information see the Summary of Product Characteristics for Mesna Baxter Tablets or contact Baxter Healthcare Limited.
Children
Children generally micturate more frequently than adults and therefore it may be necessary to shorten the interval between doses and/or to increase the number of individual doses.
Elderly
No specific information is available. Clinical trials have included patients over 65 and no adverse reactions specific to this age group have been reported.
No special instructions necessary.
