Reports of inadvertent overdose and observations from a high-dose tolerability study in healthy volunteers showed that, in adults, single doses in the range of approximately 4g to 7g of Uromitexan can cause symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain/colic, diarrhoea, headache, fatigue, limb and joint pains, rash, flushing, hypotension, bradycardia, tachycardia, paresthesia, fever, and bronchospasm.
A markedly increased rate of nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea has also been found in oxazaphosphorine-treated patients receiving > 80 mg Uromitexan per kg per day intravenously compared with patients receiving lower doses or hydration treatment only.
A specific antidote to Uromitexan is not known.
Known hypersensitivity to Uromitexan or any of the excipients.
Uromitexan is incompatible with platinum derivatives (e.g. Cisplatin, carboplatin and nitrogen mustard) and must not be mixed in the same infusion solution.
Mixing Uromitexan and epirubicin leads to inactivation of epirubicin and should be avoided.
The most frequently occurring adverse reactions (> 10%) associated with use of Uromitexan are: headache, infusion site reactions, abdominal pain/colic, lightheadedness, lethargy/drowsiness, pyrexia, rash, diarrhoea, nausea, flushing, and influenza-like illness.
The most severe adverse reactions associated with use of Uromitexan are: bullous skin reactions, anaphylaxis, and drug rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS).
Because Uromitexan is used in combination with oxazaphosphorines or oxazaphosphorine- containing combination chemotherapy, it is often difficult to distinguish adverse reactions that may be due to Uromitexan from those caused by concomitantly administered cytotoxic agents.
ADR frequency is based upon the following scale: Very common (>1/10); Common (>1/100 - <1/10), Uncommon (>1/1,000 - <1/100), Rare (>1/10,000 - <1/1,000), Very rare (<1/10,000), Unknown (adverse reactions reported in the post-marketing experience)
| System Organ Class (SOC) | Adverse Reaction | Frequency |
| BLOOD AND LYMPHATIC SYSTEM DISORDERS | Lymphadenopathy | Common |
| IMMUNE SYSTEM DISORDERS | Anaphylaxis Hypersensitivity | Unknown Unknown |
| METABOLISM AND NUTRITION DISORDERS | Decreased appetite Feeling of dehydration | Common Common |
| PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS | Insomnia Nightmare | Common Common |
| NERVOUS SYSTEM DISORDERS | Headache Light-headedness Lethargy/Drowsiness Dizziness Paresthesia Hyperesthesia Syncope Hypoesthesia Disturbance in attention | Very common Very common Very common Common Common Common Common Common Common |
| EYE DISORDERS | Conjunctivitis Photophobia Vision blurred | Common Common Common |
| CARDIAC DISORDERS | Palpitations Tachycardia | Common Unknown |
| VASCULAR DISORDERS | Flushing Hypotension | Very common Unknown |
| RESPIRATORY, THORACIC, AND MEDIASTINAL DISORDERS | Nasal congestion Cough Pleuritic pain Dry mouth Bronchospasm Dyspnea Laryngeal discomfort Epistaxis Respiratory distress Hypoxia | Common Common Common Common Common Common Common Common Unknown Unknown |
| GASTROINTESTINAL DISORDERS | Abdominal pain/colic Nausea Diarrhoea Mucosal irritation1 Flatulence Vomiting Burning pain (substernal / epigastric) Constipation Gingival bleeding | Very common Very common Very common Common Common Common Common Common Common |
| HEPATOBILIARY DISORDERS | Transaminases increased | Common |
| SKIN AND SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE DISORDERS | Rash2 Pruritus Hyperhidrosis Erythema multiforme Drug rash 3 Ulcerations and/or bullae/blistering 4 Angioedema Urticaria Burning sensation Erythema | Very common Common Common Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown Unknown |
| MUSCULOSKELETAL AND CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISORDERS | Arthralgia Back pain Myalgia Pain in extremity Pain in jaw | Common Common Common Common Common |
| RENAL AND URINARY DISORDERS | Dysuria Acute renal failure | Common Unknown |
| GENERAL DISORDERS AND ADMINISTRATIVE SITE CONDITIONS | Infusion site reactions - Infusion site pruritus - Infusion site rash - Infusion site pain - Infusion site erythema - Infusion site urticaria - Infusion site swelling Pyrexia Influenza-like illness Rigors Fatigue Chest pain Malaise Face oedema Oedema peripheral Asthenia | Very common Very common Very common Common Common Common Common Very common Very common Common Common Common Common Unknown Unknown Unknown |
| INVESTIGATIONS | Activated partial thromboplastin time prolonged | Unknown |
1Oral, rectal
2Including nonpruritic, pruritic, erythema/erythematous, eczematous, papular, and/or macular rashes.
3with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms
4mucocutaneous, mucosal, oral, vulvovaginal, anorectal
- Time to onset and experience with re-exposure
In these studies, some subjects experienced their events on first exposure to Uromitexan and others after the second or third exposure. In general, the complete spectrum of symptoms experienced by a subject developed over a period of several hours.
Some subjects experienced no further reactions after their initial event while others experienced an exacerbation of events upon repeated dosing.
- Infusion site reactions
In some subjects experiencing local cutaneous infusion site reactions, subsequent exposure to Uromitexan resulted in a cutaneous event in other areas.
- Cutaneous/mucosal reactions
Cutaneous and mucosal reactions were reported to occur after both intravenous and oral Uromitexan. These reactions included rashes, pruritus, flushing, mucosal irritation, pleuritic pain, and conjunctivitis. Approximately one-quarter of subjects with any event experienced cutaneous/mucosal reactions in conjunction with other adverse symptoms, which included, dyspnea, fever, headache, gastrointestinal symptoms, drowsiness, malaise, myalgia, and influenza-like symptoms.
- Gastrointestinal reactions
Gastrointestinal reactions reported in healthy subjects included nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain/colic, epigastric pain/burning, constipation, and flatulence and were reported to occur after intravenous and oral Uromitexan administration.
- In-vivo effect on lymphocyte counts
In pharmacokinetics studies in healthy volunteers, administration of single doses of Uromitexan was commonly associated with a rapid (within 24 hours) and in some cases marked decrease in lymphocyte count, which was generally reversible within 1 week of administration. Data from studies with repeated dosing over several days are insufficient to characterize the time course of lymphocyte count changes under such conditions.
- In-vivo effect on serum phosphorus levels
In pharmacokinetics studies in healthy volunteers, administration of Uromitexan on single or multiple days was in some cases associated with moderate transient increases in serum phosphorus concentration.
These phenomena should be considered when interpreting laboratory results.
Reporting of suspected adverse reactions
Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the Yellow Card Scheme.
Website: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard
Nothing relevant.
Uromitexan is an antidote, and offers the possibility of reliably preventing urotoxic side- effects associated with aggressive cancer chemotherapy using oxazaphosphorine cytostatics. Extensive and wide-ranging pharmacological and toxicological investigations have shown that Uromitexan has no intrinsic pharmacodynamics and low toxicity. The pharmacological and toxicological inertness of Uromitexan administered systemically and its excellent detoxifying effect in the efferent urinary tract and bladder, are due to the nature of its pharmacokinetics.
Uromitexan, a free thiol, is easily and rapidly transformed by auto-oxidation into its only metabolite Uromitexan-disulphide (diUromitexan). DiUromitexan remains in the intravascular compartment and is quickly transported to the kidneys.
In the epithelium of renal tubuli, diUromitexan is again reduced to the free thiol compound, which is then able to react chemically in the urine with toxic oxazaphosphorine metabolites.
Elimination (being almost exclusively renal) starts immediately after administration. Excretion is as the free thiol (Uromitexan) in the first 4 hours after a single dose, and almost exclusively as the disulphide (diUromitexan) thereafter. Renal elimination is almost complete after approximately 8 hours.
Approximately 30% of an intravenous dose is bioavailable as free thiol (Uromitexan) in the urine.
WARNINGS
Hypersensitivity
Hypersensitivity reactions to Uromitexan have been reported following administration of Uromitexan as an uroprotectant. These include various skin and subcutaneous tissue symptoms.
In addition, cases of severe bullous and ulcerative skin and mucosal reactions were reported.
In some cases, skin reactions were accompanied by one or more other symptoms, such as fever, cardiovascular symptoms, pulmonary symptoms, haematological abnormalities, nausea, vomiting, pain in the extremities, arthralgia, myalgia, malaise, and conjunctivitis.
Some reactions have presented as anaphylaxis.
Fever accompanied by, e.g., hypotension but no skin manifestations has also been reported.
Some patients with a history of a reaction have shown positive delayed-type skin test results. However, a negative delayed reaction does not exclude hypersensitivity to Uromitexan. Positive immediate-type skin test reactions have occurred in patients regardless of previous Uromitexan exposure or history of hypersensitivity reactions, and may be related to the concentration of the Uromitexan solution used for testing.
Prescribers should be aware that:
- severe as well as minor reactions were reported with the use of Uromitexan in regimens to treat both severe systemic autoimmune disease and malignancy and that Uromitexan should be suspected in any hypersensitivity reaction,
- these reactions may occur with first exposure or after several months of exposure and in some cases can be life threatening,
- the occurrence and severity of reactions appeared to vary with the dose administered with a tendency to shorter intervals following subsequent exposures,
- hypersensitivity reactions to Uromitexan were interpreted to resemble the clinical picture of sepsis and, in patients with autoimmune disorders, resemble an exacerbation of the underlying disease.
ThiolCompounds:
Uromitexan is a thiol compound, i.e., a sulfhydryl (SH) group-containing organic compound. Thiol compounds show some similarities in their adverse reaction profile, including a potential to elicit severe skin reactions. Examples of drugs that are thiol compounds include amifostine, penicillamine, and captopril.
It is not clear whether patients who experienced an adverse reaction to such a drug are at increased risk for any reactions, or similar reactions, to another thiol compound. However, when considering subsequent use of another thiol compound in such patients, the possibility of an increased risk should be taken into account.
PRECAUTIONS
Uromitexan does not prevent hemorrhagic cystitis in all patients. Patients should be monitored accordingly.
Sufficient urinary output should be maintained, as required for oxazaphosphorine treatment.
Sodium content
Uromitexan solution for injection contains approximately 59 mg of sodium per 400 mg Uromitexan.
Lab test interferences
Uromitexan treatment may cause false positive reactions in nitroprusside sodium-based urine tests (including dipstick tests) for ketone bodies.
Patients undergoing treatment with Uromitexan may experience undesirable effects (including, e.g., syncope, light-headedness, lethargy/drowsiness, dizziness, and blurred vision) which could affect the ability to drive or use machines. The decision to drive or operate machinery should be made on an individual basis.
No special instructions necessary.
