Symptoms
No acute symptoms of overdose have been identified. Завеска has been administered at doses of up to 3000 mg/day for up to six months in HIV positive patients during clinical trials. Adverse events observed included granulocytopenia, dizziness and paraesthesia. Leukopenia and neutropenia have also been observed in a similar group of patients receiving 800 mg/day or higher dose.
Management
In case of overdose general medical care is recommended.
Not applicable.
Summary of the safety profile
The most common adverse reactions reported in clinical studies with Завеска were diarrhoea, flatulence, abdominal pain, weight loss and tremor. The most common serious adverse reaction reported with Завеска treatment in clinical studies was peripheral neuropathy.
In 11 clinical trials in different indications 247 patients were treated with Завеска at dosages of 50-200 mg t.i.d. for an average duration of 2.1 years. Of these patients, 132 had type 1 Gaucher disease, and 40 had Niemann-Pick type C disease. Adverse reactions were generally of mild to moderate severity and occurred with similar frequency across indications and dosages tested.
Tabulated list of adverse reactions
Adverse reactions from clinical trials and spontaneous reporting, occurring in >1% of patients, are listed in the table below by system organ class and frequency (very common: > 1/10, common: > 1/100 < 1/10, uncommon: >1/1,000 to <1/100, rare: >1/10,000 to <1/1,000, very rare: <1/10,000). Within each frequency grouping, adverse reactions are presented in order of decreasing seriousness.
| Blood and lymphatic system disorders | |
| Common | Thrombocytopenia |
| Metabolism and nutrition disorders | |
| Very common | Weight loss, decreased appetite |
| Psychiatric disorders | |
| Common | Depression, insomnia, libido decreased |
| Nervous system disorders | |
| Very common | Tremor, |
| Common | Peripheral neuropathy, ataxia, amnesia, paraesthesia, hypoaesthesia, headache, dizziness |
| Gastrointestinal disorders | |
| Very common | Diarrhoea, flatulence, abdominal pain |
| Common | Nausea, vomiting, abdominal distension/discomfort, constipation, dyspepsia |
| Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders | |
| Common | Muscle spasms, muscle weakness |
| General disorders and administration site reactions | |
| Common: | Fatigue, asthenia, chills and malaise |
| Investigations | |
| Common | Nerve conduction studies abnormal |
Description of selected adverse reactions
Weight loss has been reported in 55% of patients. The greatest prevalence was observed between 6 and 12 months.
Завеска has been studied in indications where certain events reported as adverse reactions, such as neurological and neuropsychological symptoms/signs, cognitive dysfunction and thrombocytopenia could also be due to the underlying conditions.
Reporting of suspected adverse reactions
Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the national reporting system listed below.
United Kingdom
Yellow Card Scheme
Website: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard or search for MHRA Yellow Card in the Google Play or Apple App Store
Ireland
HPRA Pharmacovigilance
Earlsfort Terrace
IRL - Dublin 2
Tel: +353 1 6764971
Fax: +353 1 6762517
Website: www.hpra.ie
e-mail: [email protected]
Malta
ADR Reporting
Website: www.medicinesauthority.gov.mt/adrportal
The main effects common to all species were weight loss and diarrhoea, and, at higher doses, damage to the gastrointestinal mucosa (erosions and ulceration). Further effects seen in animals at doses that result in exposure levels similar to or moderately higher than the clinical exposure level were: changes in lymphoid organs in all species tested, transaminase changes, vacuolation of thyroid and pancreas, cataracts, nephropathy and myocardial changes in rats. These findings were considered to be secondary to debilitation.
Administration of miglustat to male and female Sprague-Dawley rats by oral gavage for 2 years at dose levels of 30, 60 and 180 mg/kg/day resulted in an increased incidence of testicular interstitial cell (Leydig cell) hyperplasia and adenomas in male rats at all dose levels. The systemic exposure at the lowest dose was below or comparable to that observed in humans (based on AUC0-∞) at the recommended human dose. A No Observed Effect Level (NOEL) was not established and the effect was not dose dependent. There was no drug-related increase in tumour incidence in male or female rats in any other organ. Mechanistic studies revealed a rat specific mechanism which is considered to be of low relevance for humans.
Administration of miglustat to male and female CD1 mice by oral gavage at dose levels of 210, 420 and 840/500 mg/kg/day (dose reduction after half a year) for 2 years resulted in an increased incidence of inflammatory and hyperplastic lesions in the large intestine in both sexes. Based on mg/kg/day and corrected for differences in faecal excretion, the doses corresponded to 8, 16 and 33/19 times the highest recommended human dose (200 mg t.i.d.). Carcinomas in the large intestine occurred occasionally at all doses with a statistically significant increase in the high dose group. A relevance of these findings to humans cannot be excluded. There was no drug-related increase in tumour incidence in any other organ.
Miglustat did not show any potential for mutagenic or clastogenic effects in the standard battery of genotoxicity tests.
Repeated-dose toxicity studies in rats showed effects on the seminiferous epithelium of the testes. Other studies revealed changes in sperm parameters (motility and morphology) consistent with an observed reduction in fertility. These effects occurred at exposure levels similar to those in patients, but showed reversibility. Miglustat affected embryo/foetal survival in rats and rabbits, dystocia was reported, post-implantation losses were increased, and an increased incidence of vascular anomalies occurred in rabbits. These effects may be partly related to maternal toxicity.
Changes in lactation were observed in female rats in a 1-year study. The mechanism for this effect is unknown.
Завеска is indicated for the oral treatment of adult patients with mild to moderate type 1 Gaucher disease. Завеска may be used only in the treatment of patients for whom enzyme replacement therapy is unsuitable.
Завеска is indicated for the treatment of progressive neurological manifestations in adult patients and paediatric patients with Niemann-Pick type C disease.
Pharmacotherapeutic group: Other alimentary tract and metabolism products, ATC Code: A16AX06
Type 1 Gaucher disease
Gaucher disease is an inherited metabolic disorder caused by a failure to degrade glucosylceramide resulting in lysosomal storage of this material and widespread pathology. Miglustat is an inhibitor of glucosylceramide synthase, the enzyme responsible for the first step in the synthesis of most glycolipids. In vitro, glucosylceramide synthase is inhibited by miglustat with an IC50 of 20-37 µM. In addition, inhibitory action on a non-lysosomal glycosylceramidase has been demonstrated experimentally in vitro. The inhibitory action on glucosylceramide synthase forms the rationale for substrate reduction therapy in Gaucher disease.
The pivotal trial of Завеска was conducted in patients unable or unwilling to receive ERT. Reasons for not receiving ERT included the burden of intravenous infusions and difficulties in venous access. Twenty-eight patients with mild to moderate type 1 Gaucher disease were enrolled in this 12-month non-comparative study, and 22 patients completed the study. At 12 months, there was a mean reduction in liver organ volume of 12.1% and a mean reduction in spleen volume of 19.0%. A mean increase in haemoglobin concentration of 0.26 g/dl and a mean platelet count increase of 8.29 × 109/l were observed. Eighteen patients then continued to receive Завеска under an optional extended treatment protocol. Clinical benefit has been assessed at 24 and 36 months in 13 patients. After 3 years of continuous Завеска treatment, mean reductions in liver and spleen organ volume were 17.5% and 29.6%, respectively. There was a mean increase of 22.2 × 109/l in platelet count, and a mean increase of 0.95 g/dl in haemoglobin concentration.
A second open, controlled study randomised 36 patients who had received a minimum of 2 years of treatment with ERT, into three treatment groups: continuation with imiglucerase, imiglucerase in combination with Завеска, or switch to Завеска. This study was conducted over a 6-month randomised comparison period followed by 18 months extension where all patients received Завеска monotherapy. In the first 6 months in patients who were switched to Завеска, liver and spleen organ volumes and haemoglobin levels were unchanged. In some patients there were reductions in platelet count and increases in chitotriosidase activity indicating that Завеска monotherapy may not maintain the same control of disease activity in all patients. 29 patients continued in the extension period. When compared to the measurements at 6 months, disease control was unchanged after 18 and 24 months of Завеска monotherapy (20 and 6 patients, respectively). No patient showed rapid deterioration of type 1 Gaucher disease following the switch to Завеска monotherapy.
A total daily dose of 300 mg Завеска administered in three divided doses was used in the above two studies. An additional monotherapy study was performed in 18 patients at a total daily dose of 150 mg, and results indicate reduced efficacy compared to a total daily dose of 300 mg.
An open-label, non comparative, 2-year study enrolled 42 patients with type 1 Gaucher disease, who had received a minimum of 3 years of ERT and who fulfilled criteria of stable disease for at least 2 years. The patients were switched to monotherapy with miglustat 100 mg t.i.d. Liver volume (primary efficacy variable) was unchanged from baseline to the end of treatment. Six patients had miglustat treatment prematurely discontinued for potential disease worsening, as defined in the study. Thirteen patients discontinued treatment due to an adverse event. Small mean reductions in haemoglobin [-0.95 g/dL (95% CI: -1.38, -0.53)] and platelet count [-44.1 × 109/L (95% CI: -57.6, -30.7)] were observed between baseline and end of study. Twenty-one patients completed 24 months of miglustat treatment. Of these, 18 patients at baseline were within established therapeutic goals for liver and spleen volume, haemoglobin levels, and platelet counts, and 16 patients remained within all these therapeutic goals at Month 24.
Bone manifestations of type 1 Gaucher disease were evaluated in 3 open-label clinical studies in patients treated with miglustat 100 mg t.i.d. for up to 2 years (n = 72). In a pooled analysis of uncontrolled data, bone mineral density Z-scores at the lumbar spine and femoral neck increased by more than 0.1 units from baseline in 27 (57%) and 28 (65%) of the patients with longitudinal bone density measurements. There were no events of bone crisis, avascular necrosis or fracture during the treatment period.
Niemann-Pick type C disease
Niemann-Pick type C disease is a very rare, invariably progressive and eventually fatal neurodegenerative disorder characterised by impaired intracellular lipid trafficking. The neurological manifestations are considered secondary to the abnormal accumulation of glycosphingolipids in neuronal and glial cells.
Data to support safety and efficacy of Завеска in Niemann-Pick type C disease come from a prospective open-label clinical trial and a retrospective survey. The clinical trial included 29 adult and juvenile patients in a 12-month controlled period, followed by extension therapy for an average total duration of 3.9 years and up to 5.6 years. In addition 12 paediatric patients were enrolled in an uncontrolled substudy for an overall average duration of 3.1 years and up to 4.4 years. Among the 41 patients enrolled in the trial 14 patients were treated with Завеска for more than 3 years. The survey included a case series of 66 patients treated with Завеска outside of the clinical trial for a mean duration of 1.5 years. Both data sets included paediatric, adolescent and adult patients with an age range of 1 year to 43 years. The usual dose of Завеска in adult patients was 200 mg t.i.d., and was adjusted according to body surface area in paediatric patients.
Overall the data show that treatment with Завеска can reduce the progression of clinically relevant neurological symptoms in patients with Niemann-Pick type C disease.
The benefit of treatment with Завеска for neurological manifestations in patients with Niemann-Pick type C disease should be evaluated on a regular basis, e.g. every 6 months; continuation of therapy should be re-appraised after at least 1 year of treatment with Завеска,.
Pharmacokinetic parameters of miglustat were assessed in healthy subjects, in a small number of patients with type 1 Gaucher disease, Fabry disease, HIV-infected patients, and in adults, adolescents and children with Niemann-Pick type C disease or type 3 Gaucher disease.
The kinetics of miglustat appear to be dose linear and time independent. In healthy subjects miglustat is rapidly absorbed. Maximum plasma concentrations are reached about 2 hours after dose. Absolute bioavailability has not been determined. Concomitant administration of food decreases the rate of absorption (Cmax was decreased by 36% and tmax delayed 2 hours), but has no statistically significant effect on the extent of absorption of miglustat (AUC decreased by 14%).
The apparent volume of distribution of miglustat is 83 l. Miglustat does not bind to plasma proteins. Miglustat is mainly eliminated by renal excretion, with urinary recovery of unchanged drug accounting for 70-80% of the dose. Apparent oral clearance (CL/F) is 230 ± 39 ml/min. The average half-life is 6-7 hours.
Following administration of a single dose of 100 mg 14C-miglustat to healthy volunteers, 83% of the radioactivity was recovered in urine and 12% in faeces. Several metabolites were identified in urine and faeces. The most abundant metabolite in urine was miglustat glucuronide accounting for 5% of the dose. The terminal half-life of radioactivity in plasma was 150 h suggesting the presence of one or more metabolites with very long half-life. The metabolite accounting for this has not been identified, but may accumulate and reach concentrations exceeding those of miglustat at steady state.
The pharmacokinetics of miglustat is similar in adult type 1 Gaucher disease patients and Niemann-Pick type C disease patients when compared to healthy subjects.
Paediatric population
Pharmacokinetic data were obtained in paediatric patients with type 3 Gaucher disease aged 3 to 15 years, and patients with Niemann-Pick type C disease aged 5-16 years. Dosing in children at 200 mg t.i.d. adjusted for body surface area resulted in Cmax and AUC values which were approximately two-fold those attained after 100 mg t.i.d. in type 1 Gaucher disease patients, consistent with the dose-linear pharmacokinetics of miglustat. At steady state, the concentration of miglustat in cerebrospinal fluid of six type 3 Gaucher disease patients was 31.4-67.2% of that in plasma.
Limited data in patients with Fabry disease and impaired renal function showed that CL/F decreases with decreasing renal function. While the numbers of subjects with mild and moderate renal impairment were very small, the data suggest an approximate decrease in CL/F of 40% and 60% respectively, in mild and moderate renal impairment. Data in severe renal impairment are limited to two patients with creatinine clearance in the range 18 - 29 ml/min and cannot be extrapolated below this range. These data suggest a decrease in CL/F by at least 70% in patients with severe renal impairment.
Over the range of data available, no significant relationships or trends were noted between miglustat pharmacokinetic parameters and demographic variables (age, BMI, gender or race).
There are no pharmacokinetic data available in patients with liver impairment or in the elderly (> 70 years).
Tremor
Approximately 37% of patients in clinical trials in type 1 Gaucher disease, and 58% of patients in a clinical trial in Niemann-Pick type C disease reported tremor on treatment. In type 1 Gaucher disease, these tremors were described as an exaggerated physiological tremor of the hands. Tremor usually began within the first month, and in many cases resolved during treatment after between 1 and 3 months. Dose reduction may ameliorate the tremor, usually within days, but discontinuation of treatment may sometimes be required.
Gastrointestinal disturbances
Gastrointestinal events, mainly diarrhoea, have been observed in more than 80% of patients, either at the outset of treatment or intermittently during treatment. The mechanism is most likely inhibition of intestinal disaccharidases such as sucrase-isomaltase in the gastrointestinal tract leading to reduced absorption of dietary disaccharides. In clinical practice, miglustat-induced gastrointestinal events have been observed to respond to individualised diet modification (for example reduction of sucrose, lactose and other carbohydrate intake), to taking Завеска between meals, and/or to anti-diarrhoeal medicinal products such as loperamide. In some patients, temporary dose reduction may be necessary. Patients with chronic diarrhoea or other persistent gastrointestinal events that do not respond to these interventions should be investigated according to clinical practice. Завеска has not been evaluated in patients with a history of significant gastrointestinal disease, including inflammatory bowel disease.
Effects on spermatogenesis
Male patients should maintain reliable contraceptive methods while taking Завеска. Studies in the rat have shown that miglustat adversely affects spermatogenesis and sperm parameters, and reduces fertility. Until further information is available, before seeking to conceive, male patients should cease Завеска and maintain reliable contraceptive methods for a further 3 months.
Special populations
Due to limited experience, Завеска should be used with caution in patients with renal or hepatic impairment. There is a close relationship between renal function and clearance of miglustat, and exposure to miglustat is markedly increased in patients with severe renal impairment. At present, there is insufficient clinical experience in these patients to provide dosing recommendations. Use of Завеска in patients with severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance < 30 ml/min/1.73 m2) is not recommended.
Type 1 Gaucher disease
Although no direct comparisons with Enzyme Replacement Therapy (ERT) have been performed in treatment-naive patients with type 1 Gaucher disease, there is no evidence of Завеска having an efficacy or safety advantage over ERT. ERT is the standard of care for patients who require treatment for type 1 Gaucher disease. The efficacy and safety of Завеска has not been specifically evaluated in patients with severe Gaucher disease.
Regular monitoring of vitamin B12 level is recommended because of the high prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency in patients with type 1 Gaucher disease.
Cases of peripheral neuropathy have been reported in patients treated with Завеска with or without concurrent conditions such as vitamin B12 deficiency and monoclonal gammopathy. Peripheral neuropathy seems to be more common in patients with type 1 Gaucher disease compared to the general population. All patients should undergo baseline and repeat neurological evaluation.
In patients with type 1 Gaucher disease, monitoring of platelet counts is recommended. Mild reductions in platelet counts without association with bleeding were observed in patients with type 1 Gaucher disease who were switched from ERT to Завеска.
Niemann-Pick type C disease
The benefit of treatment with Завеска for neurological manifestations in patients with Niemann-Pick type C disease should be evaluated on a regular basis, e.g. every 6 months; continuation of therapy should be re-appraised after at least 1 year of treatment with Завеска.
Mild reductions in platelet counts without association to bleeding were observed in some patients with Niemann-Pick type C disease treated with Завеска. In patients included in the clinical trial, 40%-50% of patients had platelet counts below the lower limit of normal at baseline. Monitoring of platelet counts is recommended in these patients.
Paediatric population
Reduced growth has been reported in some paediatric patients with Niemann-Pick type C disease in the early phase of treatment with miglustat where the initial reduced weight gain may be accompanied or followed by reduced height gain. Growth should be monitored in paediatric and adolescent patients during treatment with Завеска; the benefit/risk balance should be re-assessed on an individual basis for continuation of therapy.
Завеска has negligible influence on the ability to drive and use machines. Dizziness has been reported as a common adverse reaction, and patients suffering from dizziness should not drive or use machines.
Therapy should be directed by physicians who are knowledgeable in the management of Gaucher disease or Niemann-Pick type C disease, as appropriate.
Posology
Dosage in type 1 Gaucher disease
Adult
The recommended starting dose for the treatment of adult patients with type 1 Gaucher disease is 100 mg three times a day.
Temporary dose reduction to 100 mg once or twice a day may be necessary in some patients because of diarrhoea.
Paediatric population
The efficacy of Завеска in children and adolescents aged 0-17 years with type 1 Gaucher disease has not been established. No data are available.
Dosage in Niemann-Pick type C disease
Adult
The recommended dose for the treatment of adult patients with Niemann-Pick type C disease is 200 mg three times a day.
Paediatric population
The recommended dose for the treatment of adolescent patients (12 years of age and above) with Niemann-Pick type C disease is 200 mg three times a day.
Dosing in patients under the age of 12 years should be adjusted on the basis of body surface area as illustrated below:
| Body surface area (m2) | Recommended dose |
| > 1.25 | 200 mg three times a day |
| > 0.88 - 1.25 | 200 mg twice a day |
| > 0.73 - 0.88 | 100 mg three times a day |
| > 0.47 - 0.73 | 100 mg twice a day |
| ≤ 0.47 | 100 mg once a day |
Temporary dose reduction may be necessary in some patients because of diarrhoea.
The benefit to the patient of treatment with Завеска should be evaluated on a regular basis.
There is limited experience with the use of Завеска in Niemann-Pick type C disease patients under the age of 4 years.
Special populations
Elderly
There is no experience with the use of Завеска in patients over the age of 70.
Renal impairment
Pharmacokinetic data indicate increased systemic exposure to miglustat in patients with renal impairment. In patients with an adjusted creatinine clearance of 50-70 ml/min/1.73 m2, administration should commence at a dose of 100 mg twice daily in patients with type 1 Gaucher disease and at a dose of 200 mg twice daily (adjusted for body surface area in patients below the age of 12) in patients with Niemann-Pick type C disease.
In patients with an adjusted creatinine clearance of 30-50 ml/min/1.73 m2, administration should commence at a dose of 100 mg once daily in patients with type 1 Gaucher disease and at a dose of 100 mg twice daily (adjusted for body surface area in patients below the age of 12) in patients with Niemann-Pick type C disease. Use in patients with severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance < 30 ml/min/1.73 m2) is not recommended.
Hepatic impairment
Завеска has not been evaluated in patients with hepatic impairment.
Method of administration
Завеска can be taken with or without food.
No special requirements for disposal.
