In case of accidental ingestion, symptoms of overdose from beta blockade may include bradycardia, hypotension, cardiac failure and bronchospasm.
If overdose with Betaxolol Eye Drops occurs, treatment should be symptomatic and supportive.
A topical overdose of Xonef BK SUSPENSION may be flushed from the eye(s) with warm tap water.
- Hypersensitivity to the active substance or to any of the excipients listed in Section 6.
- Reactive airway disease including severe bronchial asthma or a history of severe bronchial asthma, severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.
- Sinus bradycardia, sick sinus syndrome, sino-atrial block, second or third degree atrioventricular block not controlled with pace-maker, Overt cardiac failure, cardiogenic shock.
Like other topically applied ophthalmic drugs, betaxolol is absorbed into the systemic circulation. This may cause similar undesirable effects as seen with systemic beta-blocking agents. Incidence of systemic ADRs after topical ophthalmic administration is lower than for systemic administration. Listed adverse reactions include reactions seen within the class of ophthalmic beta-blockers.
Summary of the safety profile
In clinical trials with Betaxolol eye drops the most common adverse reaction was ocular discomfort, occurring in 12.0% of patients.
The following adverse reactions have been reported during clinical trials or post marketing surveillance with Betaxolol eye drops and are classified according to the subsequent convention: very common (> 1/10), common (> 1/100 to <1/10), uncommon (>1/1,000 to <1/100), rare (>1/10,000 to <1/1,000), very rare (<1/10,000) and frequency unknown/cannot be estimated from the available data.
Within each frequency-grouping, adverse reactions are presented in order of decreasing seriousness.
| System Organ Classification | MedDRA Preferred Term (V 13.0) |
| Immune system disorders | Frequency unknown: hypersensitivity |
| Psychiatric disorders | Rare: anxiety, insomnia, depression |
| Nervous system disorders | Common: headache Rare: syncope Frequency unknown: dizziness |
| Eye disorders
| Very common: ocular discomfort Common: vision blurred, lacrimation increased Uncommon: punctate keratitis, keratitis, conjunctivitis, blepharitis, visual impairment, photophobia, eye pain, dry eye, asthenopia, blepharospasm, eye pruritus, eye discharge, eyelid margin crusting, eye inflammation, eye irritation, conjunctival disorder, conjunctival oedema, ocular hyperaemia Rare: cataract, decreased corneal sensitivity, erythema of eyelid |
| Cardiac disorders | Uncommon: bradycardia, tachycardia Frequency unknown: arrhythmia |
| Vascular disorders | Rare: hypotension |
| Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders | Uncommon: asthma, dyspnoea, rhinitis, Rare: cough, rhinorrhoea |
| Gastrointestinal disorders | Uncommon: nausea Rare: dysgeusia |
| Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders | Rare: dermatitis, rash, alopecia |
| Reproductive system and breast disorders | Rare: libido decreased |
| General disorders and administration site conditions | Frequency unknown: asthenia |
Description of selected adverse reactions
Additional adverse reactions have been seen with ophthalmic beta-blockers and may potentially occur with Xonef BK SUSPENSION:
| System Organ Classification | MedDRA preferred term (v 13.0) |
| Immune system disorders: | Frequency unknown: Systemic allergic reactions including angioedema, urticaria, localized and generalized rash, pruritus, anaphylactic reaction. |
| Metabolism and nutrition disorders: | Frequency unknown: Hypoglycaemia. |
| Psychiatric disorders: | Frequency unknown: nightmares, memory loss, hallucinations, psychoses, confusion |
| Nervous system disorders: | Frequency unknown: cerebrovascular accident, cerebral ischemia, increases in signs and symptoms of myasthenia gravis, paraesthesia |
| Eye disorders: | Frequency unknown: choroidal detachment following filtration surgery (see 4.4 Special warnings and special precautions for use), corneal erosion, ptosis, diplopia. |
| Cardiac disorders: | Frequency unknown: Chest pain, palpitations, oedema, congestive heart failure, atrioventricular block, cardiac arrest, cardiac failure. A slowed AV-conduction or increase of an existing AV-block |
| Vascular disorders: | Frequency unknown: Raynaud's phenomenon, cold and cyanotic hands and feet, Increase of an existing intermittent claudication |
| Respiratory, thoracic, and mediastinal disorders | Frequency unknown: Bronchospasm (predominantly in patients with pre-existing bronchospastic disease), |
| Gastrointestinal disorders: | Frequency unknown: dyspepsia, diarrhoea, dry mouth, abdominal pain, vomiting. |
| Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders | Frequency unknown: Psoriasiform rash or exacerbation of psoriasis. |
| Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders: | Frequency unknown: Myalgia |
| Reproductive system and breast disorders | Frequency unknown: Sexual dysfunction, impotence. |
| General disorders and administration site conditions: | Frequency unknown: fatigue |
An increase in Anti Nuclear Antibodies (ANA) has been seen; its clinical relevance is unclear.
Reporting of suspected adverse reactions
Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the Yellow Card Scheme at: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard.
Reproduction studies have been conducted with orally administered betaxolol HCl in rats and rabbits. There was evidence of drug related postimplantation loss in rabbits and rats at dose levels above 12 mg/kg and 128 mg/kg (1500 and 16,000 times the maximum recommended human ocular dose), respectively.
There are no further pre-clinical data of relevance to the prescriber which are additional to that already included in other sections of the SPC.
Xonef BK SUSPENSION lowers the intraocular pressure and is indicated in patients with chronic open-angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension.
Pharmacotherapeutic Group: Ophthalmologicals - Antiglaucoma Preparations & Miotics.
ATC Code: S01E D02.
Betaxolol, a cardioselective (beta1-adrenergic) receptor blocking agent, does not have significant membrane-stabilising (local anaesthetic) activity and is devoid of intrinsic sympathomimetic action. Orally administered beta-adrenergic blocking agents may reduce cardiac output in healthy subjects and patients with heart disease. In patients with severe impairment of myocardial function, beta-adrenergic receptor antagonists may inhibit the sympathetic stimulatory effect necessary to maintain adequate cardiac function.
Betaxolol has no significant effect on pulmonary function as measured by FEV1, Forced Vital Capacity (FVC), FEV1/FVC and no evidence of cardiovascular beta-adrenergicblockade during exercise was observed.
When instilled in the eye, betaxolol has the action of reducing elevated as well as normal intraocular pressure (IOP), whether or not accompanied by glaucoma. It is thought to produce this effect by reducing the rate of production of aqueous humour as demonstrated by tonography and aqueous fluorophotometry. Xonef BK SUSPENSION provides IOP lowering activity equivalent to that demonstrated by Xonef BK Ophthalmic Solution 0.5%. Ophthalmic betaxolol has little or no effect on the constriction of the pupil and little effect on respiratory and cardiovascular function.
Several Studies have indicated that Betaxolol may have a beneficial effect on visual function for up to 48 months in patients with chronic open angle glaucoma and up to 60 months in patients with ocular hypertension. Moreover there is evidence that betaxolol maintains or increases ocular blood flow/perfusion.
Betaxolol is highly lipophilic which results in good permeation of the cornea, allowing high intraocular levels of the drug. Betaxolol is characterised by its good oral absorption, low first pass loss and a relatively long half-life of approximately 16-22 hours. The elimination of betaxolol is primarily by the renal rather than faecal route. The major metabolic pathways yield two carboxylic acid forms plus unchanged betaxolol in the urine (approximately 16% of the administered dose).
The onset of action of betaxolol can generally be noted within 30 minutes and the maximal effect can usually be detected 2 hours after topical administration. A single dose provides a 12-hour reduction in intraocular pressure.
The polar nature of betaxolol can produce apparent ocular discomfort. In this formulation, betaxolol molecules are ionically bound to the amberlite resin. Upon instillation the betaxolol molecules are displaced by ions in the tear film. This displacement process occurs over several minutes and enhances the ocular comfort observed for Xonef BK Suspension.
For ocular use only.
General: Like other topically applied ophthalmic agents, betaxolol is absorbed systemically.
Cardiac disorders: In patients with cardiovascular diseases (e.g. coronary heart disease, Prinzmetal's angina and cardiac failure) and hypotension, therapy with beta-blockers should be critically assessed and the therapy with other active substances should be considered. Patients with cardiovascular diseases should be watched for signs of deterioration of these diseases and of adverse reactions. Treatment with Xonef BK SUSPENSION should be discontinued at the first signs of cardiac failure.
Due to its negative effect on conduction time, beta-blockers should only be given with caution to patients with first degree heart block.
Vascular disorders: Patients with severe peripheral circulatory disturbance/disorders (i.e. severe Raynaud's disease or Raynaud's syndrome) should be treated with caution.
Respiratory disorders: Respiratory reactions, including death due to bronchospasm in patients with asthma have been reported following administration of some ophthalmic beta-blockers.
Patients with mild/moderate bronchial asthma, a history of mild/moderate bronchial asthma or, mild/moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) should be treated with caution.
Hypoglycaemia/Diabetes: Beta-blockers should be administered with caution in patients subject to spontaneous hypoglycaemia or to patients with labile diabetes as beta-blockers may mask the signs and symptoms of acute hypoglycaemia.
Hyperthyroidism: Beta-adrenergic blocking agents may mask the signs of hyperthyroidism. Patients suspected of developing thyrotoxicosis should be managed carefully to avoid abrupt withdrawal of beta-adrenergic blocking agents, which might precipitate a thyroid storm.
Muscle weakness: Beta adrenergic blocking agents have been reported to potentiate muscle weakness consistent with certain myasthenic symptoms (e.g. diplopia, ptosis and generalised weakness).
Corneal diseases: In patients with angle-closure glaucoma, the immediate treatment objective is to reopen the angle by constriction of the pupil with a miotic agent. Betaxolol has little or no effect on the pupil. When Xonef BK SUSPENSION is used to reduce elevated intraocular pressure in angle-closure glaucoma, it should be used with a miotic and not alone.
Ophthalmic beta-blockers may induce dryness of eyes. Caution should be exercised in the use of beta-blocking agents in patients with corneal diseases, Sicca Syndrome or similar tear film abnormalities.
Other beta-blocking agents: The effect on intra-ocular pressure or the known effects of systemic beta-blockade may be potentiated when betaxolol is given to the patients already receiving a systemic beta-blocking agent. The response of these patients should be closely observed. The use of two topical beta-adrenergic blocking agents is not recommended.
Anaphylactic reactions: While taking beta-blockers, patients with a history of atopy or a history of severe anaphylactic reaction to a variety of allergens may be more reactive to repeated challenge with such allergens and unresponsive to the usual dose of adrenaline used to treat anaphylactic reactions.
Choroidal detachment: Choroidal detachment has been reported with administration of aqueous suppressant therapy (e.g. timolol, acetazolamide) after filtration procedures.
Surgical anaesthesia: Beta-blocking ophthalmological preparations may block systemic beta-agonist effects e.g. of adrenaline. The anaesthesiologist should be informed when the patient is receiving betaxolol. Consideration should be given to the gradual withdrawal of beta-adrenergic blocking agents prior to general anaesthesia because of the reduced ability of the heart to respond to beta-adrenergically mediated sympathetic reflex stimuli.
Contact lenses: Betaxolol Eye Drops contain benzalkonium chloride which may cause irritation and is known to discolour soft contact lenses. Avoid contact with soft contact lenses. Patients must be instructed to remove contact lenses prior to application of Betaxolol Eye Drops and wait at least 15 minutes before reinsertion.
Xonef BK 0.25% eye drops suspension has no or negligible influence on the ability to drive and use machines.
Temporary blurred vision or other visual disturbances may affect the ability to drive or use machines. If blurred vision occurs the patient must wait until the vision clears before driving or using machinery.
Adults (including Elderly)
The recommended dose is one drop in the affected eye(s) twice daily. In some patients, the intraocular pressure lowering responses to Xonef BK SUSPENSION may require a few weeks to stabilise. Careful monitoring of glaucoma patients is advised.
If the intraocular pressure of the patient is not adequately controlled on this regimen, concomitant therapy with pilocarpine and other miotics and/or adrenaline (epinephrine) and/or carbonic anhydrase inhibitors can be instituted.
Children
Safety and effectiveness in children have not been established.
The volume of each drop dispensed is 24 μl.
When using nasolacrimal occlusion or closing the eyelids for 2 minutes, the systemic absorption is reduced. This may result in a decrease in systemic side effects and an increase in local activity.
After cap is removed, if tamper evident snap collar is loose, remove before using product.
Shake before each use. Discard product 1 month after first opening.
