вектибикс

Overdose

Doses up to 9 mg/kg have been tested in clinical trials. There have been reports of overdose at doses up to approximately twice the recommended therapeutic dose (12 mg/kg). Adverse events observed included skin toxicity, diarrhoea, dehydration and fatigue and were consistent with the safety profile at the recommended dose.

Contraindications

Patients with a history of severe or life-threatening hypersensitivity to the active substance or to any of the excipients listed in section 6.1.

Patients with interstitial pneumonitis or pulmonary fibrosis.

The combination of Вектибикс with oxaliplatin-containing chemotherapy is contraindicated for patients with mutant RAS mCRC or for whom RAS mCRC status is unknown.

Pharmaceutical form

Undesirable effects

Summary of safety profile

Based on an analysis of all mCRC clinical trial patients receiving Вектибикс monotherapy and in combination with chemotherapy (n = 2,224), the most commonly reported adverse reactions are skin reactions occurring in approximately 94% of patients.

Very commonly reported adverse reactions occurring in > 20% of patients were gastrointestinal disorders [diarrhoea (46%), nausea (39%), vomiting (26%), constipation (23%) and abdominal pain (23%)]; general disorders [fatigue (35%), pyrexia (21%)]; metabolism and nutrition disorders [decreased appetite (30%)]; infections and infestations [paronychia (20%)]; and skin and subcutaneous disorders [rash (47%), dermatitis acneiform (39%), pruritus (36%), erythema (33%) and dry skin (21%)].

Tabulated summary of adverse reactions

The data in the table below describe adverse reactions reported from clinical studies in patients with mCRC who received panitumumab as a single agent or in combination with chemotherapy (n = 2,224) and spontaneous reporting. Within each frequency grouping, undesirable effects are presented in order of decreasing seriousness.

1 See section “Description of selected adverse reactions” below

2 -related reactions

3

4 Ulcerative keratitis, skin necrosis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis are panitumumab ADRs that were reported in the post-marketing setting. For these ADRs the maximum frequency category was estimated from the upper limit of 95% confidence interval for the point estimate based on regulatory guidelines for estimation of the frequency of adverse reactions from spontaneous reporting. The maximum frequency estimated from the upper limit of 95% confidence interval for the point estimate, i.e., 3/2244 (or 0.13%).

The safety profile of Вектибикс in combination with chemotherapy consisted of the reported adverse reactions of Вектибикс (as a monotherapy) and the toxicities of the background chemotherapy regimen. No new toxicities or worsening of previously recognised toxicities beyond the expected additive effects were observed. Skin reactions were the most frequently occurring adverse reactions in patients receiving panitumumab in combination with chemotherapy. Other toxicities that were observed with a greater frequency relative to monotherapy included hypomagnesaemia, diarrhoea, and stomatitis. These toxicities infrequently led to discontinuation of Вектибикс or of chemotherapy.

Description of selected adverse reactions

Gastrointestinal disorders

Diarrhoea when reported was mainly mild or moderate in severity. Severe diarrhoea (NCI-CTC grade 3 and 4) was reported in 2% of patients treated with Вектибикс as a monotherapy and in 16% of patients treated with Вектибикс in combination with chemotherapy.

There have been reports of acute renal failure in patients who develop diarrhoea and dehydration.

Infusion-related reactions

Across monotherapy and combination mCRC clinical studies (n = 2,224), infusion-related reactions (occurring within 24 hours of any infusion), which may include symptoms/signs such as chills, fever or dyspnoea, were reported in approximately 5% of Вектибикс-treated patients, of which 1% were severe (NCI-CTC grade 3 and grade 4).

A case of fatal angioedema occurred in a patient with recurrent and metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck treated with Вектибикс in a clinical trial. The fatal event occurred after re-exposure following a prior episode of angioedema; both episodes occurred greater than 24 hours after administration. Hypersensitivity reactions occurring more than 24 hours after infusion have also been reported in the post-marketing setting.

For clinical management of infusion-related reactions, see section 4.4.

Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders

Skin rash most commonly occurred on the face, upper chest, and back, but could extend to the extremities. Subsequent to the development of severe skin and subcutaneous reactions, infectious complications including sepsis, in rare cases leading to death, cellulitis and local abscesses requiring incisions and drainage were reported. The median time to first symptom of dermatologic reaction was 10 days, and the median time to resolution after the last dose of Вектибикс was 31 days.

Paronychial inflammation was associated with swelling of the lateral nail folds of the toes and fingers.

Dermatological reactions (including nail effects), observed in patients treated with Вектибикс or other EGFR inhibitors, are known to be associated with the pharmacologic effects of therapy.

Across all clinical trials, skin reactions occurred in approximately 94% of patients receiving Вектибикс as monotherapy or in combination with chemotherapy (n = 2,224). These events consisted predominantly of rash and dermatitis acneiform and were mostly mild to moderate in severity. Severe (NCI-CTC grade 3) skin reactions were reported in 32% and life-threatening (NCI-CTC grade 4) skin reactions in < 1% of patients who received Вектибикс in combination with chemotherapy (n = 1,172). Life-threatening and fatal infectious complications including necrotising fasciitis and sepsis have been observed in patients treated with Вектибикс.

In the post-marketing setting, rare cases of skin necrosis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis have been reported.

Ocular toxicities

Non-serious cases of keratitis have been observed in 0.3% of clinical trial patients. In the post-marketing setting, serious cases of keratitis and ulcerative keratitis have been rarely reported.

Other special populations

No overall differences in safety or efficacy were observed in elderly patients (> 65 years of age) treated with Вектибикс monotherapy. However, an increased number of serious adverse events were reported in elderly patients treated with Вектибикс in combination with FOLFIRI (45% versus 32%) or FOLFOX (52% versus 37%) chemotherapy compared to chemotherapy alone. The most increased serious adverse events included diarrhoea in patients treated with Вектибикс in combination with either FOLFOX or FOLFIRI, and dehydration and pulmonary embolism when patients were treated with Вектибикс in combination with FOLFIRI.

The safety of Вектибикс has not been studied in patients with renal or hepatic impairment.

Reporting of suspected adverse reactions

Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via:

United Kingdom

Yellow Card Scheme

Website: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard or search for MHRA Yellow Card in the Google Play or Apple App Store

Ireland

HPRA Pharmacovigilance

Earlsfort Terrace

IRL - Dublin 2

Tel: +353 1 6764971

Fax: +353 1 6762517

Website: www.hpra.ie

e-mail: [email protected]

Preclinical safety data

Adverse reactions seen in animals at exposure levels similar to clinical exposure levels and with possible relevance to clinical use were as follows:

Skin rash and diarrhoea were the major findings observed in repeat-dose toxicity studies of up to 26 weeks duration in cynomolgus monkeys. These findings were observed at doses approximately equivalent to the recommended human dose and were reversible upon termination of administration of panitumumab. The skin rash and diarrhoea observed in monkeys are considered related to the pharmacological action of panitumumab and are consistent with the toxicities observed with other anti-EGFR inhibitors.

Studies to evaluate the mutagenic and carcinogenic potential of panitumumab have not been performed.

Animal studies are insufficient with respect to embryo-foetal development since foetal panitumumab exposure levels were not examined. Panitumumab has been shown to cause foetal abortions and/or foetal deaths in cynomolgus monkeys when administered during the period of organogenesis at doses approximately equivalent to the recommended human dose.

Formal male fertility studies have not been conducted; however, microscopic evaluation of male reproductive organs from repeat-dose toxicity studies in cynomolgus monkeys at doses up to approximately 5-fold the human dose on a mg/kg basis, revealed no differences compared to control male monkeys. Fertility studies conducted in female cynomolgus monkeys showed that panitumumab may produce prolonged menstrual cycle and/or amenorrhea and reduced pregnancy rate which occurred at all doses evaluated.

No pre- and post-natal development animal studies have been conducted with panitumumab. All patients should be advised regarding the potential risk of panitumumab on pre- and post-natal development prior to initiation of Вектибикс therapy.

Therapeutic indications

Вектибикс is indicated for the treatment of adult patients with wild-type RAS metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC):

- in first-line in combination with FOLFOX or FOLFIRI.

- in second-line in combination with FOLFIRI for patients who have received first-line fluoropyrimidine-based chemotherapy (excluding irinotecan).

- as monotherapy after failure of fluoropyrimidine-, oxaliplatin-, and irinotecan-containing chemotherapy regimens.

Pharmacotherapeutic group

Pharmacodynamic properties

Pharmacotherapeutic group: Antineoplastic agents, monoclonal antibodies, ATC code: L01XC08

Mechanism of action

Panitumumab is a recombinant, fully human IgG2 monoclonal antibody that binds with high affinity and specificity to the human EGFR. EGFR is a transmembrane glycoprotein that is a member of a subfamily of type I receptor tyrosine kinases including EGFR (HER1/c-ErbB-1), HER2, HER3, and HER4. EGFR promotes cell growth in normal epithelial tissues, including the skin and hair follicle, and is expressed on a variety of tumour cells.

Panitumumab binds to the ligand binding domain of EGFR and inhibits receptor autophosphorylation induced by all known EGFR ligands. Binding of panitumumab to EGFR results in internalisation of the receptor, inhibition of cell growth, induction of apoptosis, and decreased interleukin 8 and vascular endothelial growth factor production.

KRAS (Kirsten rat sarcoma 2 viral oncogene homologue) and NRAS (Neuroblastoma RAS viral oncogene homologue) are highly related members of the RAS oncogene family. KRAS and NRAS genes encode small, GTP-binding proteins involved in signal transduction. A variety of stimuli, including that from the EGFR activate KRAS and NRAS which in turn stimulate other intracellular proteins to promote cell proliferation, cell survival and angiogenesis.

Activating mutations in the RAS genes occur frequently in a variety of human tumours and have been implicated in both oncogenesis and tumour progression.

Pharmacodynamic effects

In vitro assays and in vivo animal studies have shown that panitumumab inhibits the growth and survival of tumour cells expressing EGFR. No anti-tumour effects of panitumumab were observed in human tumour xenografts lacking EGFR expression. The addition of panitumumab to radiation, chemotherapy or other targeted therapeutic agents, in animal studies resulted in an increase in anti-tumour effects compared to radiation, chemotherapy or targeted therapeutic agents alone.

Dermatological reactions (including nail effects), observed in patients treated with Вектибикс or other EGFR inhibitors, are known to be associated with the pharmacologic effects of therapy (with cross-reference to sections 4.2 and 4.8).

Immunogenicity

As with all therapeutic proteins, there is potential for immunogenicity. Data on the development of anti-panitumumab antibodies has been evaluated using two different screening immunoassays for the detection of binding anti-panitumumab antibodies (an ELISA which detects high-affinity antibodies, and a Biosensor Immunoassay which detects both high and low-affinity antibodies). For patients whose sera tested positive in either screening immunoassay, an in vitro biological assay was performed to detect neutralising antibodies.

As monotherapy:

- The incidence of binding antibodies (excluding predose and transient positive patients) was < 1% as detected by the acid-dissociation ELISA and 3.8% as detected by the Biacore assay;

- The incidence of neutralising antibodies (excluding predose and transient positive patients) was < 1%;

- Compared with patients who did not develop antibodies, no relationship between the presence of anti-panitumumab antibodies and pharmacokinetics, efficacy and safety has been observed.

In combination with irinotecan- or oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy:

- The incidence of binding antibodies (excluding predose positive patients) was 1% as detected by the acid-dissociation ELISA and < 1% as detected by the Biacore assay;

- The incidence of neutralising antibodies (excluding predose positive patients) was < 1%;

- No evidence of an altered safety profile was found in patients who tested positive for antibodies to Вектибикс.

The detection of antibody formation is dependent on the sensitivity and specificity of the assay. The observed incidence of antibody positivity in an assay may be influenced by several factors including assay methodology, sample handling, timing of sample collection, concomitant medications and underlying disease, therefore, comparison of the incidence of antibodies to other products may be misleading.

Clinical efficacy as monotherapy

The efficacy of Вектибикс as monotherapy in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) who had disease progression during or after prior chemotherapy was studied in open-label, single-arm trials (585 patients) and in two randomised controlled trials versus best supportive care (463 patients) and versus cetuximab (1,010 patients).

A multinational, randomised, controlled trial was conducted in 463 patients with EGFR-expressing metastatic carcinoma of the colon or rectum after confirmed failure of oxaliplatin and irinotecan-containing regimens. Patients were randomised 1:1 to receive Вектибикс at a dose of 6 mg/kg given once every two weeks plus best supportive care (not including chemotherapy) (BSC) or BSC alone. Patients were treated until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity occurred. Upon disease progression BSC alone patients were eligible to crossover to a companion study and receive Вектибикс at a dose of 6 mg/kg given once every two weeks.

The primary endpoint was PFS. The study was retrospectively analysed by wild-type KRAS (exon 2) status versus mutant KRAS (exon 2) status. Tumour samples obtained from the primary resection of colorectal cancer were analysed for the presence of the seven most common activating mutations in the codon 12 and 13 of the KRAS gene. 427 (92%) patients were evaluable for KRAS status of which 184 had mutations. The efficacy results from an analysis adjusting for potential bias from unscheduled assessments are shown in the table below. There was no difference in overall survival (OS) seen in either group.

CI = confidence interval

a In patients that crossed over to panitumumab after progression on BSC alone (95% CI)

In an exploratory analysis of banked tumour specimens from this study, 11 of 72 patients (15%) with wild-type RAS tumours receiving panitumumab had an objective response compared to only 1 of 95 patients (1%) with mutant RAS tumour status. Moreover, panitumumab treatment was associated with improved PFS compared to BSC in patients with wild-type RAS tumours (HR = 0.38 [95% CI: 0.27, 0.56]), but not in patients with tumours harbouring a RAS mutation (HR = 0.98 [95% CI: 0.73, 1.31]).

The efficacy of Вектибикс was also evaluated in an open-label trial in patients with wild-type KRAS (exon 2) mCRC. A total of 1,010 patients refractory to chemotherapy were randomised 1:1 to receive Вектибикс or cetuximab to test whether Вектибикс is non-inferior to cetuximab. The primary endpoint was OS. Secondary endpoints included PFS and objective response rate (ORR).

The efficacy results for the study are presented in the table below.

Overall, the safety profile of panitumumab was similar to that of cetuximab, in particular regarding skin toxicity. However, infusion reactions were more frequent with cetuximab (13% versus 3%) but electrolyte disturbances were more frequent with panitumumab, especially hypomagnesaemia (29% versus 19%).

Clinical efficacy in combination with chemotherapy

Among patients with wild-type RAS mCRC, PFS, OS, and ORR were improved for subjects receiving panitumumab plus chemotherapy (FOLFOX or FOLFIRI) compared with those receiving chemotherapy alone. Patients with additional RAS mutations beyond KRAS exon 2 were unlikely to benefit from the addition of panitumumab to FOLFIRI and a detrimental effect was seen with the addition of panitumumab to FOLFOX in these patients. BRAF mutations in exon 15 were found to be prognostic of worse outcome. BRAF mutations were not predictive of the outcome for panitumumab treatment in combination with FOLFOX or FOLFIRI.

First-line combination with FOLFOX

The efficacy of Вектибикс in combination with oxaliplatin, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), and leucovorin (FOLFOX) was evaluated in a randomised, controlled trial of 1,183 patients with mCRC with the primary endpoint of PFS. Other key endpoints included the OS, ORR, time to response, time to progression (TTP), and duration of response. The study was prospectively analysed by tumour KRAS (exon 2) status which was evaluable in 93% of the patients.

A predefined retrospective subset analysis of 641 patients of the 656 patients with wild-type KRAS (exon 2) mCRC was performed. Patient tumour samples with wild-type KRAS exon 2 (codons 12/13) status were tested for additional RAS mutations in KRAS exon 3 (codons 61) and exon 4 (codons 117/146) and NRAS exon 2 (codons 12/13), exon 3 (codon 61), and exon 4 (codons 117/146) and BRAF exon 15 (codon 600). The incidence of these additional RAS mutations in the wild-type KRAS exon 2 population was approximately 16%.

Results in patients with wild-type RAS mCRC and mutant RAS mCRC are presented in the table below.

Additional mutations in KRAS and NRAS at exon 3 (codon 59) were subsequently identified (n = 7). An exploratory analysis showed similar results to those in the previous table.

Combination with FOLFIRI

The efficacy of Вектибикс in second-line in combination with irinotecan, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and leucovorin (FOLFIRI) was evaluated in a randomised, controlled trial of 1,186 patients with mCRC with the primary endpoints of OS and PFS. Other key endpoints included the ORR, time to response, TTP, and duration of response. The study was prospectively analysed by tumour KRAS (exon 2) status which was evaluable in 91% of the patients.

A predefined retrospective subset analysis of 586 patients of the 597 patients with wild-type KRAS (exon 2) mCRC was performed, where tumour samples from these patients were tested for additional RAS and BRAF mutations as previously described. The RAS/BRAF ascertainment was 85% (1,014 of 1,186 randomised patients). The incidence of these additional RAS mutations (KRAS exons 3, 4 and NRAS exons 2, 3, 4) in the wild-type KRAS (exon 2) population was approximately 19%. The incidence of BRAF exon 15 mutation in the wild-type KRAS (exon 2) population was approximately 8%. Efficacy results in patients with wild-type RAS mCRC and mutant RAS mCRC are shown in the below table.

The efficacy of Вектибикс in first-line in combination with FOLFIRI was evaluated in a single-arm study of 154 patients with the primary endpoint of objective response rate (ORR). Other key endpoints included the PFS, time to response, TTP, and duration of response.

A predefined retrospective subset analysis of 143 patients of the 154 patients with wild-type KRAS (exon 2) mCRC was performed, where tumour samples from these patients were tested for additional RAS mutations. The incidence of these additional RAS mutations (KRAS exons 3, 4 and NRAS exons 2, 3, 4) in the wild-type KRAS (exon 2) population was approximately 10%.

Results in patients with wild-type RAS mCRC and mutant RAS mCRC from the primary analysis are presented in the table below.

First-line combination with bevacizumab and oxaliplatin or irinotecan-based chemotherapy

In a randomised, open-label, controlled clinical trial, chemotherapy (oxaliplatin or irinotecan) and bevacizumab were given with and without panitumumab in the first-line treatment of patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (n = 1,053 [n = 823 oxaliplatin cohort, n = 230 irinotecan cohort]). Panitumumab treatment was discontinued due to a statistically significant reduction in PFS in patients receiving panitumumab observed in an interim analysis.

The major study objective was comparison of PFS in the oxaliplatin cohort. In the final analysis, the hazard ratio for PFS was 1.27 (95% CI: 1.06, 1.52). Median PFS was 10.0 (95% CI: 8.9, 11.0) and 11.4 (95% CI: 10.5, 11.9) months in the panitumumab and the non-panitumumab arm, respectively. There was an increase in mortality in the panitumumab arm. The hazard ratio for overall survival was 1.43 (95% CI: 1.11, 1.83). Median overall survival was 19.4 (95% CI: 18.4, 20.8) and 24.5 (95% CI: 20.4, 24.5) in the panitumumab arm and the non-panitumumab arm.

An additional analysis of efficacy data by KRAS (exon 2) status did not identify a subset of patients who benefited from panitumumab in combination with oxaliplatin- or irinotecan based chemotherapy and bevacizumab. For the wild-type KRAS subset of the oxaliplatin cohort, the hazard ratio for PFS was 1.36 with 95% CI: 1.04-1.77. For the mutant KRAS subset, the hazard ratio for PFS was 1.25 with 95% CI: 0.91-1.71. A trend for OS favouring the control arm was observed in the wild-type KRAS subset of the oxaliplatin cohort (hazard ratio = 1.89; 95% CI: 1.30, 2.75). A trend towards worse survival was also observed with panitumumab in the irinotecan cohort regardless of KRAS mutational status. Overall, panitumumab treatment combined with chemotherapy and bevacizumab is associated with an unfavourable benefit-to-risk profile irrespective of tumour KRAS mutational status.

Paediatric population

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Pharmacokinetic properties

Вектибикс administered as a single agent or in combination with chemotherapy exhibits nonlinear pharmacokinetics.

Following a single-dose administration of panitumumab as a 1-hour infusion, the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) increased in a greater than dose-proportional manner and clearance (CL) of panitumumab decreased from 30.6 to 4.6 mL/day/kg as the dose increased from 0.75 to 9 mg/kg. However, at doses above 2 mg/kg, the AUC of panitumumab increases in an approximately dose-proportional manner.

Following the recommended dose regimen (6 mg/kg given once every 2 weeks as a 1-hour infusion), panitumumab concentrations reached steady-state levels by the third infusion with mean (± Standard Deviation [SD]) peak and trough concentrations of 213 ± 59 and 39 ± 14 mcg/mL, respectively. The mean (± SD) AUC0-tau and CL were 1,306 ± 374 mcg-day/mL and 4.9 ± 1.4 mL/kg/day, respectively. The elimination half-life was approximately 7.5 days (range: 3.6 to 10.9 days).

A population pharmacokinetic analysis was performed to explore the potential effects of selected covariates on panitumumab pharmacokinetics. Results suggest that age (21-88), gender, race, hepatic function, renal function, chemotherapeutic agents, and EGFR membrane staining intensity (1+, 2+, 3+) in tumour cells had no apparent impact on the pharmacokinetics of panitumumab.

No clinical studies have been conducted to examine the pharmacokinetics of panitumumab in patients with renal or hepatic impairment.

Name of the medicinal product

Qualitative and quantitative composition

Special warnings and precautions for use

Dermatologic reactions and soft tissue toxicity

Dermatologic related reactions, a pharmacologic effect observed with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors, are experienced with nearly all patients (approximately 94%) treated with Вектибикс. Severe (NCI-CTC grade 3) skin reactions were reported in 32% and life-threatening (NCI-CTC grade 4) skin reactions in < 1% of patients who received Вектибикс in combination with chemotherapy (n = 1,172). If a patient develops dermatologic reactions that are grade 3 (CTCAE v 4.0) or higher, or that are considered intolerable, the following dose modification is recommended:

1 Greater than or equal to grade 3 is defined as severe or life-threatening

In clinical studies, subsequent to the development of severe dermatologic reactions (including stomatitis), infectious complications including sepsis and necrotising fasciitis, in rare cases leading to death, and local abscesses requiring incisions and drainage were reported. Patients who have severe dermatologic reactions or soft tissue toxicity or who develop worsening reactions whilst receiving Вектибикс should be monitored for the development of inflammatory or infectious sequelae (including cellulitis and necrotising fasciitis), and appropriate treatment promptly initiated. Life-threatening and fatal infectious complications including necrotising fasciitis and sepsis have been observed in patients treated with Вектибикс. Rare cases of Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis have been reported in patients treated with Вектибикс in the post-marketing setting. Withhold or discontinue Вектибикс in the event of dermatologic or soft tissue toxicity associated with severe or life-threatening inflammatory or infectious complications.

Treatment of dermatologic reactions should be based on severity and may include a moisturiser, sun screen (SPF > 15 UVA and UVB), and topical steroid cream (not stronger than 1% hydrocortisone) applied to affected areas, and/or oral antibiotics. It is also recommended that patients experiencing rash/dermatological toxicities wear sunscreen and hats and limit sun exposure as sunlight can exacerbate any skin reactions that may occur.

Proactive skin treatment including skin moisturiser, sun screen (SPF > 15 UVA and UVB), topical steroid cream (not stronger than 1% hydrocortisone) and an oral antibiotic (e.g. doxycycline) may be useful in the management of dermatologic reactions. Patients may be advised to apply moisturiser and sunscreen to face, hands, feet, neck, back and chest every morning during treatment, and to apply the topical steroid to face, hands, feet, neck, back and chest every night during treatment.

Pulmonary complications

Patients with a history of, or evidence of, interstitial pneumonitis or pulmonary fibrosis were excluded from clinical studies. Cases of interstitial lung disease (ILD), both fatal and non-fatal, have been reported, mainly from the Japanese population. In the event of acute onset or worsening pulmonary symptoms, Вектибикс treatment should be interrupted and a prompt investigation of these symptoms should occur. If ILD is diagnosed, Вектибикс should be permanently discontinued and the patient should be treated appropriately. In patients with a history of interstitial pneumonitis or pulmonary fibrosis, the benefits of therapy with panitumumab versus the risk of pulmonary complications must be carefully considered.

Electrolyte disturbances

Progressively decreasing serum magnesium levels leading to severe (grade 4) hypomagnesaemia have been observed in some patients. Patients should be periodically monitored for hypomagnesaemia and accompanying hypocalcaemia prior to initiating Вектибикс treatment, and periodically thereafter for up to 8 weeks after the completion of treatment. Magnesium repletion is recommended, as appropriate.

Other electrolyte disturbances, including hypokalaemia, have also been observed. Monitoring as above and repletion as appropriate of these electrolytes is also recommended.

Infusion-related reactions

Across monotherapy and combination mCRC clinical studies (n = 2,224), infusion-related reactions (occurring within 24 hours of an infusion) were reported in approximately 5% of Вектибикс-treated patients, of which 1% were severe (NCI-CTC grade 3 and grade 4).

In the post-marketing setting, serious infusion-related reactions have been reported, including rare post-marketing reports with a fatal outcome. If a severe or life-threatening reaction occurs during an infusion or at any time post-infusion [e.g. presence of bronchospasm, angioedema, hypotension, need for parenteral treatment, or anaphylaxis], Вектибикс should be permanently discontinued.

In patients experiencing a mild or moderate (CTCAE v 4.0 grades 1 and 2) infusion-related reaction the infusion rate should be reduced for the duration of that infusion. It is recommended to maintain this lower infusion rate in all subsequent infusions.

Hypersensitivity reactions occurring more than 24 hours after infusion have been reported including a fatal case of angioedema that occurred more than 24 hours after the infusion. Patients should be informed of the possibility of a late onset reaction and instructed to contact their physician if symptoms of a hypersensitivity reaction occur.

Acute renal failure

Acute renal failure has been observed in patients who develop severe diarrhoea and dehydration. Patients who experience severe diarrhoea should be instructed to consult a healthcare professional urgently.

Вектибикс in combination with irinotecan, bolus 5-fluorouracil, and leucovorin (IFL) chemotherapy

Patients receiving Вектибикс in combination with the IFL regimen [bolus 5-fluorouracil (500 mg/m2), leucovorin (20 mg/m2) and irinotecan (125 mg/m2)] experienced a high incidence of severe diarrhoea. Therefore administration of Вектибикс in combination with IFL should be avoided.

Вектибикс in combination with bevacizumab and chemotherapy regimens

A randomised, open-label, multicentre study of 1,053 patients evaluated the efficacy of bevacizumab and oxaliplatin- or irinotecan-containing chemotherapeutic regimens with and without Вектибикс in the first-line treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer. Shortened progression-free survival time and increased deaths were observed in the patients receiving Вектибикс in combination with bevacizumab and chemotherapy. A greater frequency of pulmonary embolism, infections (predominantly of dermatologic origin), diarrhoea, electrolyte imbalances, nausea, vomiting and dehydration was also observed in the treatment arms using Вектибикс in combination with bevacizumab and chemotherapy. An additional analysis of efficacy data by KRAS status did not identify a subset of patients who benefited from Вектибикс in combination with oxaliplatin- or irinotecan-based chemotherapy and bevacizumab. A trend towards worse survival was observed with Вектибикс in the wild-type KRAS subset of the bevacizumab and oxaliplatin cohort, and a trend towards worse survival was observed with Вектибикс in the bevacizumab and irinotecan cohort regardless of KRAS mutational status. Therefore, Вектибикс should not be administered in combination with bevacizumab containing chemotherapy.

Вектибикс in combination with oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy in patients with mutant RAS mCRC or for whom RAS tumour status is unknown

The combination of Вектибикс with oxaliplatin-containing chemotherapy is contraindicated for patients with mutant RAS mCRC or for whom RAS mCRC status is unknown.

In the primary analysis of a study (n = 1,183, 656 patients with wild-type KRAS (exon 2) and 440 patients with mutant KRAS tumours) evaluating panitumumab in combination with infusional 5-fluorouracil, leucovorin, and oxaliplatin (FOLFOX) compared to FOLFOX alone as first-line therapy for mCRC, a shortened progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) time were observed in patients with mutant KRAS tumours who received panitumumab and FOLFOX (n = 221) versus FOLFOX alone (n = 219).

A predefined retrospective subset analysis of 641 patients of the 656 patients with wild-type KRAS (exon 2) tumours from this study identified additional RAS (KRAS [exons 3 and 4] or NRAS [exons 2, 3, 4]) mutations in 16% (n = 108) of patients. A shortening of PFS and OS was observed in patients with mutant RAS tumours who received panitumumab and FOLFOX (n = 51) versus FOLFOX alone (n = 57).

RAS mutational status should be determined using a validated test method by an experienced laboratory. If Вектибикс is to be used in combination with FOLFOX then it is recommended that mutational status be determined by a laboratory that participates in a RAS External Quality Assurance programme or wild-type status be confirmed in a duplicate test.

Ocular toxicities

Serious cases of keratitis and ulcerative keratitis have been rarely reported in the post-marketing setting. Patients presenting with signs and symptoms suggestive of keratitis such as acute or worsening: eye inflammation, lacrimation, light sensitivity, blurred vision, eye pain and/or red eye should be referred promptly to an ophthalmology specialist.

If a diagnosis of ulcerative keratitis is confirmed, treatment with Вектибикс should be interrupted or discontinued. If keratitis is diagnosed, the benefits and risks of continuing treatment should be carefully considered.

Вектибикс should be used with caution in patients with a history of keratitis, ulcerative keratitis or severe dry eye. Contact lens use is also a risk factor for keratitis and ulceration.

Patients with ECOG 2 performance status treated with Вектибикс in combination with chemotherapy

For patients with ECOG 2 performance status, assessment of benefit-risk is recommended prior to initiation of Вектибикс in combination with chemotherapy for treatment of mCRC. A positive benefit-risk balance has not been documented in patients with ECOG 2 performance status.

Elderly patients

No overall differences in safety or efficacy were observed in elderly patients (> 65 years of age) treated with Вектибикс monotherapy. However, an increased number of serious adverse events were reported in elderly patients treated with Вектибикс in combination with FOLFIRI or FOLFOX chemotherapy compared to chemotherapy alone.

Other precautions

This medicinal product contains 0.150 mmol sodium (which is 3.45 mg sodium) per mL of concentrate. To be taken into consideration by patients on a controlled sodium diet.

Effects on ability to drive and use machines

If patients experience treatment-related symptoms affecting their vision and/or ability to concentrate and react, it is recommended that they do not drive or use machines until the effect subsides.

Dosage (Posology) and method of administration

Вектибикс treatment should be supervised by a physician experienced in the use of anti-cancer therapy. Evidence of wild-type RAS (KRAS and NRAS) status is required before initiating treatment with Вектибикс. Mutational status should be determined by an experienced laboratory using validated test methods for detection of KRAS (exons 2, 3, and 4) and NRAS (exons 2, 3, and 4) mutations.

Posology

The recommended dose of Вектибикс is 6 mg/kg of bodyweight given once every two weeks. Prior to infusion, Вектибикс should be diluted in sodium chloride 9 mg/mL (0.9%) solution for injection to a final concentration not to exceed 10 mg/mL.

Modification of the dose of Вектибикс may be necessary in cases of severe (> grade 3) dermatological reactions.

Special populations

The safety and efficacy of Вектибикс have not been studied in patients with renal or hepatic impairment.

There is no clinical data to support dose adjustments in the elderly.

Paediatric population

There is no relevant use of Вектибикс in the paediatric population in the indication treatment of colorectal cancer.

Method of administration

Вектибикс must be administered as an intravenous infusion via an infusion pump, using a low protein binding 0.2 or 0.22 micrometre in-line filter, through a peripheral line or indwelling catheter. The recommended infusion time is approximately 60 minutes. If the first infusion is tolerated, then subsequent infusions may be administered over 30 to 60 minutes. Doses higher than 1,000 mg should be infused over approximately 90 minutes.

The infusion line should be flushed with sodium chloride solution before and after Вектибикс administration to avoid mixing with other medicinal products or intravenous solutions.

A reduction in the rate of infusion of Вектибикс may be necessary in cases of infusion-related reactions.

Вектибикс must not be administered as an intravenous push or bolus.

Special precautions for disposal and other handling

Вектибикс is intended for single use only. Вектибикс should be diluted in sodium chloride 9 mg/mL (0.9%) solution for injection by healthcare professional using aseptic technique. Do not shake or vigorously agitate the vial. Вектибикс should be inspected visually prior to administration. The solution should be colourless and may contain visible translucent-to-white, amorphous, proteinaceous particulates (which will be removed by in-line filtration). Do not administer Вектибикс if its appearance is not as described above. Using only a 21-gauge or smaller diameter hypodermic needle, withdraw the necessary amount of Вектибикс for a dose of 6 mg/kg. Do not use needle-free devices (e.g. vial adapters) to withdraw vial contents. Dilute in a total volume of 100 mL. The final concentration should not exceed 10 mg/mL. Doses higher than 1,000 mg should be diluted in 150 mL sodium chloride 9 mg/mL (0.9%) solution for injection. The diluted solution should be mixed by gentle inversion, do not shake.

Discard the vial and any liquid remaining in the vial after the single-use.

No incompatibilities have been observed between Вектибикс and sodium chloride 9 mg/mL (0.9%) solution for injection in polyvinyl chloride bags or polyolefin bags.

Any unused medicinal product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements.