Signs and symptoms of overdosage may include drowsiness, sweating, hypotension and hypothermia.
Treatment is symptomatic.
Tetrabenazine AOP Orphan Pharmaceuticals can block the action of reserpine. Thus these substances should not be taken concomitantly.
Use of monoamine oxidase inhibitors
Presence of a hypokinetic-rigid-syndrome (Parkinsonism)
Untreated or inadequately treated depression. Patients who are actively suicidal.
Breast feeding
Pheochromocytoma
Pro-lactin-dependent tumours, e.g. pituitary or breast cancer
Not applicable
The following undesirable effects are ranked according to system organ class and to their frequency:
Very common (>1/10)
Common (>1/100 and <1/10)
Uncommon (>1/1000 and <1/100)
Rare (>1/10,000 and <1/1000)
Very rare (<1/10,000)
Not known (it is not possible to estimate the incidence from available data).
| System/Organ categories | Frequency | Event |
| Psychiatric disorders | Very common | Depression |
| Common | Anxiety, insomnia, confusion | |
| Not known | Disorientation, nervousness | |
| Nervous system disorders | Very common | Drowsiness (with higher dosages), Parkinson-like syndrome (with higher dosages) |
| Metabolism and nutrition disorders | Not known | Increased appetite |
| Uncommon | Altered levels of consciousness | |
| Rare | Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) | |
| Not known | Ataxia, akathisia, dystonia, dizziness, amnesia | |
| Vascular disorders | Common | Hypotension |
| Not known | Bradycardia, epigastric pain, dry mouth | |
| Gastro-intestinal disorders | Common | Dysphagia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, constipation |
| Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders | Uncommon | Severe extrapyramidal symptoms including muscular rigidity, autonomic dysfuntion |
| Very rare | Skeletal muscle damage | |
| General disorders and administration site conditions | Uncommon | Hyperhermia |
| Investigations | Not known | Weight increase |
Reporting of suspected adverse reactions
Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the Yellow Card Scheme at: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard or search for MHRA Yellow Card in the Google Play or Apple App Store.
In repeated dose toxicity studies, the effects observed with orally administered Tetrabenazine AOP Orphan Pharmaceuticals were related to depletion of central stores of monoamines. Common symptoms were hypoactivity, lethargy, strabismus, or closed eyes. Primarily pharmacological effects such as sedation were observed and considered dose limiting.
The genotoxic potential of Tetrabenazine AOP Orphan Pharmaceuticals has been studied using a series of conventional tests. In vitro, Tetrabenazine AOP Orphan Pharmaceuticals was negative for point mutations and positive for chromosomal aberrations in Chinese hamster ovary cells, at cytotoxic concentrations only. Tetrabenazine AOP Orphan Pharmaceuticals was not genotoxic in an in vivo chromosomal aberration test.
Tetrabenazine AOP Orphan Pharmaceuticals did not reveal any carcinogenic potential when administered for 26 weeks in the transgenic p53 heterozygous mouse model at doses up to 30 mg/kg/day and in a limited study in male rats Tetrabenazine AOP Orphan Pharmaceuticals was noncarcinogenic when administered for 94 weeks at doses up to 12 mg/kg/day.
In a fertility and early embryonic development study at systemic exposures below those observed clinically there was no evidence of effect on pregnancy or in utero survival in rats. Length of the estrous cycle was increased and a delay in fertility was seen in female rats. Reproduction was unaffected in male rats.
In embryo-fetal developmental toxicity studies there was no evidence of embryotoxicity or teratogenicity in either rats or rabbits. In a perinatal and postnatal study in rats, neonatal deaths and delayed pup maturation were observed at systemic exposures below those observed clinically. These effects could either be indirect effects due to inadequate maternal care or a direct effect of Tetrabenazine AOP Orphan Pharmaceuticals on the pups.
Tetrabenazine AOP Orphan Pharmaceuticals is indicated for hyperkinetic motor disorders with Huntington's chorea.
Pharmacotherapeutic group: Other nervous system drugs, ATC Code: NO7XX06
The central effects of Tetrabenazine AOP Orphan Pharmaceuticals closely resemble those of reserpine, but it differs from the latter in having less peripheral activity and being much shorter acting.
Mechanism of action
Animal studies have shown that Tetrabenazine AOP Orphan Pharmaceuticals disturbs the metabolism of biogenic amines, for instance that of serotonin and noradrenaline, and that this activity is limited to the brain. The supposition is that this effect of Tetrabenazine AOP Orphan Pharmaceuticals on amines in the brain explains the clinical effects in the brain.
Tetrabenazine AOP Orphan Pharmaceuticals inhibits the re-uptake of monoamines in the neuroterminal of the presynaptic neurons of the central nervous system. This results in a depletion of monoamines, including dopamine. Dopamine depletion results in hypokinesis leading to a reduction in chorea severity.
Tetrabenazine AOP Orphan Pharmaceuticals inhibits the re-uptake of monoamines in synaptic nerve terminals by a reversible and short-term binding to the vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT). VMAT2 transports monoamines especially in peripheral and central neurons, while VMAT1 regulates the transport in peripheral chromaffine tissues. Tetrabenazine AOP Orphan Pharmaceuticals has a higher affinity for VMAT2 than for VMAT1. Thus, Tetrabenazine AOP Orphan Pharmaceuticals has a short, hardly peripheral effect.
Tetrabenazine AOP Orphan Pharmaceuticals has a low and erratic bioavailability. It appears to be extensively metabolised by firstpass metabolism. The major metabolite, hydroxyTetrabenazine AOP Orphan Pharmaceuticals, is formed by reduction. Little unchanged Tetrabenazine AOP Orphan Pharmaceuticals can be detected in the urine. Since hydroxyTetrabenazine AOP Orphan Pharmaceuticals is reported to be as active as Tetrabenazine AOP Orphan Pharmaceuticals in depleting brain amines, it is likely that this is the major therapeutic agent.
Special populations
Hepatic impairment
Mild and moderate hepatic impairment increases the exposure and prolongs the half-lives of Tetrabenazine AOP Orphan Pharmaceuticals and hydroxyTetrabenazine AOP Orphan Pharmaceuticals (4 patients with Child Pugh score 5-6 and 1 patient with Child Pugh score 9.) Severe hepatic impairment has not been studied.
The dose of Tetrabenazine AOP Orphan Pharmaceuticals should be titrated to determine the most appropriate dose for each patient.
In vitro and in vivo studies indicate that the Tetrabenazine AOP Orphan Pharmaceuticals metabolites α-HTBZ and β-HTBZ are substrates for CYP2D6. Therefore dosing requirements may be influenced by a patient's CYP2D6 metaboliser status and concomitant medications which are strong CYP2D6 inhibitors. When first prescribed, Tetrabenazine AOP Orphan Pharmaceuticals therapy should be titrated slowly over several weeks to allow the identification of a dose that both reduces chorea and is well tolerated. If the adverse effect does not resolve or decrease, consideration should be given to discontinuing Tetrabenazine AOP Orphan Pharmaceuticals.
Once a stable dose has been achieved, treatment should be reassessed periodically in the context of the patient's underlying condition and their concomitant medications.
It is known that dose dependent adverse events such as sedation, depression and the occurrence of a hypokinetic-rigid-syndrome (Parkinsonism) are possible. In such a case, the dose should be reduced and discontinuation of Tetrabenazine AOP Orphan Pharmaceuticals be considered if events do not resolve.
Tetrabenazine AOP Orphan Pharmaceuticals should be used with caution in patients with hepatic impairment .
Depression
Tetrabenazine AOP Orphan Pharmaceuticals may cause depression or worsen pre-existing depression. Cases of suicidal ideation and behaviour have been reported in patients taking the product. Particular caution should be exercised in treating patients with a history of depression or prior suicide attempts or ideation.
If depression or suicidal ideation occurs it may be controlled by reducing the dose of Tetrabenazine AOP Orphan Pharmaceuticals and/or initiating antidepressant therapy. If depression suicidal ideation is profound, or persists, discontinuation of Tetrabenazine AOP Orphan Pharmaceuticals and initiation of antidepressant therapy should be considered.
MAOI antidepressants are contraindicated and should be stopped 14 days before the treatment with Tetrabenazine AOP Orphan Pharmaceuticals starts, and should not be used until at least 14 days have elapsed after the treatment with Tetrabenazine AOP Orphan Pharmaceuticals has ended, to avoid a potentially serious drug interaction (see 4.3, 4.5 and 4.8).
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) is a rare complication of Tetrabenazine AOP Orphan Pharmaceuticals therapy.
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome most often occurs early in treatment or in response to changes in dose or after prolonged treatment, and has also been described after abrupt withdrawal.
The main symptoms of this condition are mental changes, rigidity, hyperthermia, autonomic dysfunction (sweating and fluctuations in blood pressure) and elevated creatinine phosphokinase levels.
If neuroleptic malignant syndrome is suspected Tetrabenazine AOP Orphan Pharmaceuticals should be withdrawn immediately and appropriate treatment initiated.
QTc
Tetrabenazine AOP Orphan Pharmaceuticals causes a small increase (up to 8msec) in the corrected QT interval.
Tetrabenazine AOP Orphan Pharmaceuticals should be used with caution in combination with other drugs known to prolong QTc and in patients with congenital long QT syndromes and a history of cardiac arrhythmias.
Tetrabenazine AOP Orphan Pharmaceuticals tablets contain lactose. Patients with rare hereditary problems of galactose intolerance, the Lapp lactase deficiency, or glucose-galactose malabsorption should not take this medicine.
Patients should be advised that Tetrabenazine AOP Orphan Pharmaceuticals may cause drowsiness and therefore may modify their performance at skilled tasks (driving ability, operation of machinery, etc.) to a varying degree, depending on dose and individual susceptibility.
Posology
Adults
Huntington's chorea
Dosage and administration are individual in each patient and therefore only a guide is given.
An initial starting dose of 12.5 mg/day one to three times a day is recommended. This can be increased every three or four days by 12.5 mg until the optimal effect is observed or up to the occurrence of intolerance effects (sedation, Parkinsonism, depression).
The maximum daily dose is 200 mg a day.
If there is no improvement at the maximum dose in seven days, it is unlikely that the compound will be of benefit to the patient, either by increasing the dose or by extending the duration of treatment.
Elderly
No specific studies have been performed in the elderly, but Tetrabenazine AOP Orphan Pharmaceuticals has been administered to elderly patients in standard dosage without apparent ill effect. Parkinson-like adverse reactions are quite common in these patients and could be dose-limiting.
Paediatric population
No adequate controlled studies have been performed in children. The treatment is not recommended in children.
Hepatic impairment
In patients with mild and moderate hepatic impairment half the initial dose and a slower up-titration of the dose is recommended.2).
Renal impairment
No studies have been performed in patients with renal impairment. Caution is advised in the treatment of these patients.
Method of administration
The tablets are for oral administration. The therapy should be supervised by a doctor experienced in treating hyperkinetic disorders.
Any unused medicinal product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements.
