No case of overdose has been reported.
Treatment should be symptomatic and supportive. Electrolyte imbalance, development of an acidotic state, and possible nervous system effects may occur. Serum electrolyte levels (particularly potassium) and blood pH levels must be monitored.
-
- ).
- Severe renal impairment.
- Hyperchloraemic acidosis.
Not applicable.
Summary of the safety profile
In clinical studies involving 2732 patients treated with Азопт as monotherapy or adjunctive therapy to timolol maleate 5 mg/ml, the most frequently reported treatment-related adverse reactions were: dysgeusia (6.0%) (bitter or unusual taste, see description below) and temporary blurred vision (5.4%) upon instillation, lasting from a few seconds to a few minutes (see also section 4.7).
Tabulated summary of adverse reactions
The following adverse reactions have been reported with brinzolamide 10mg/ml eye drops, suspension and are classified according to the following convention: very common (>1/10), common (>1/100 to <1/10), uncommon (>1/1,000 to <1/100), rare (>1/10,000 to <1/1000), very rare (<1/10,000), or not known (cannot be estimated from the available data). Within each frequency grouping, adverse reactions are presented in order of decreasing seriousness. The adverse reactions were obtained from clinical trials and post-marketing spontaneous reports.
| System Organ Classification | MedDRA Preferred Term (v.15.1) |
| Infections and infestations | Uncommon: nasopharyngitis, pharyngitis, sinusitis Not Known: rhinitis |
| Blood and lymphatic system disorders | Uncommon: red blood cell count decreased, blood chloride increased |
| Immune system disorders | Not Known: hypersensitivity |
| Metabolism and nutrition disorders | Not known: decreased appetite |
| Psychiatric disorders | Uncommon: apathy, depression, depressed mood, libido decreased, nightmare, nervousness Rare: insomnia |
| Nervous system disorders | Uncommon: motor dysfunction, amnesia, dizziness, paraesthesia, headache Rare: memory impairment, somnolence Not Known: tremor, hypoaesthesia, ageusia |
| Eye disorders | Common: blurred vision, eye irritation, eye pain, foreign body sensation in eyes, ocular hyperaemia Uncommon: corneal erosion, keratitis, punctate keratitis, keratopathy, deposit eye, corneal staining, corneal epithelium defect, corneal epithelium disorder, blepharitis, eye pruritus, conjunctivitis, eye swelling, meibomianitis, glare, photophobiadry eye, allergic conjunctivitis, pterygium, scleral pigmentation, asthenopia, ocular discomfort, abnormal sensation in eye, keratoconjunctivitis sicca, subconjunctival cyst, conjunctival hyperaemia, eyelids pruritus, eye discharge, eyelid margin crusting, lacrimation increased Rare: corneal oedema, diplopia, visual acuity reduced, photopsia, hypoaesthesia eye, periorbital oedema, intraocular pressure increased, optic nerve cup/disc ratio increased Not Known: corneal disorder, visual disturbance, eye allergy, madarosis, eyelid disorder, erythema of eyelid |
| Ear and labyrinth disorders | Rare: tinnitus Not Known: vertigo |
| Cardiac disorders | Uncommon: cardio-respiratory distress, bradycardia, palpitations Rare: angina pectoris, heart rate irregular Not Known: arrhythmia, tachycardia, hypertension, blood pressure increased, blood pressure decreased, heart rate increased |
| Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders | Uncommon: dyspnoea, epistaxis, oropharyngeal pain, pharyngolaryngeal pain, throat irritation, upper airway cough syndrome, rhinorrhoea, sneezing Rare: bronchial hyperreactivity, upper respiratory tract congestion, sinus congestion, nasal congestion, cough, nasal dryness Not Known: asthma |
| Gastrointestinal disorders | Common: dysgeusia Uncommon: oesophagitis, diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting, dyspepsia, upper abdominal pain, abdominal discomfort, stomach discomfort, flatulence, frequent bowel movements, gastrointestinal disorder, hypoaesthesia oral, paraesthesia oral, dry mouth |
| Hepato-biliary disorders | Not Known: liver function test abnormal |
| Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders | Uncommon: rash, rash maculo-papular, skin tightness Rare: urticaria, alopecia, pruritus generalised Not Known: dermatitis, erythema |
| Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders | Uncommon: back pain, muscle spasms, myalgia Not Known: arthralgia, pain in extremity |
| Renal and urinary disorders | Uncommon: renal pain Not Known: pollakiuria |
| Reproductive system and breast disorders | Uncommon: erectile dysfunction |
| General disorders and administration site conditions | Uncommon: pain, chest discomfort, fatigue, feeling abnormal, Rare: chest pain, feeling jittery, asthenia, irritability Not Known: peripheral oedema, malaise |
| Injury, poisoning and procedural complications | Uncommon: foreign body in eye |
Description of selected adverse events
Dysgeusia (bitter or unusual taste in the mouth following instillation) was the most frequently reported systemic adverse reaction associated with the use of Азопт during clinical studies.).
Азопт is a sulphonamide inhibitor of carbonic anhydrase with systemic absorption. Gastrointestinal, nervous system, haematological, renal and metabolic effects are generally associated with systemic carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. The same type of adverse reactions that are attributable to oral carbonic anhydrase inhibitors may occur with topical administration.
No unexpected adverse reactions have been observed with Азопт when used as adjunctive therapy to travoprost. The adverse reactions seen with the adjunctive therapy have been observed with each active substance alone.
Paediatric population
In small short-term clinical trials, approximately 12.5% of paediatric patients were observed to experience adverse reactions, the majority of which were local, non-serious ocular reactions such as conjunctival hyperaemia, eye irritation, eye discharge, and lacrimation increased (see also section 5.1).
Reporting of suspected adverse reactions
Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the national reporting system:
United Kingdom
Yellow Card Scheme
Website: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard or search for MHRA Yellow Card in the Google Play or Apple App Store
Ireland
HPRA Pharmacovigilance,
Earlsfort Terrace,
IRL - Dublin 2;
Tel: +353 1 6764971
Fax: +353 1 6762517.
Website: www.hpra.ie;
e-mail: [email protected]
Malta
ADR Reporting
Website: www.medicinesauthority.gov.mt/adrportal
Non-clinical data reveal no special hazard for humans based on conventional studies of safety pharmacology, repeated dose toxicity, genotoxicity, and carcinogenic potential.
Developmental toxicity studies in rabbits with oral doses of brinzolamide of up to 6 mg/kg/day (125 times the recommended human ophthalmic dose) revealed no effect on foetal development despite significant maternal toxicity. Similar studies in rats resulted in slightly reduced ossification of skull and sternebrae of foetuses of dams receiving brinzolamide at doses of 18 mg/kg/day (375 times the recommended human ophthalmic dose), but not 6 mg/kg/day. These findings occurred at doses that caused metabolic acidosis with decreased body weight gain in dams and decreased foetal weights. Dose-related decreases in foetal weights were observed in pups of dams receiving brinzolamide orally ranging from a slight decrease (about 5-6%) at 2 mg/kg/day to nearly 14% at 18 mg/kg/day. During lactation, the no adverse effect level in the offspring was 5 mg/kg/day.
Азопт is indicated to decrease elevated intraocular pressure in:
- ocular hypertension
- open-angle glaucoma
as monotherapy in adult patients unresponsive to beta-blockers or in adult patients in whom beta-blockers are contraindicated, or as adjunctive therapy to beta-blockers or prostaglandin analogues (see also section 5.1).
Pharmacotherapeutic Group: Antiglaucoma preparations and miotics, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, ATC code: S01EC04
Mechanism of action
Carbonic anhydrase (CA) is an enzyme found in many tissues of the body, including the eye. Carbonic anhydrase catalyses the reversible reaction involving the hydration of carbon dioxide and the dehydration of carbonic acid.
Inhibition of carbonic anhydrase in the ciliary processes of the eye decreases aqueous humour secretion, presumably by slowing the formation of bicarbonate ions with subsequent reduction in sodium and fluid transport. The result is a reduction in intraocular pressure (IOP) which is a major risk factor in the pathogenesis of optic nerve damage and glaucomatous visual field loss. Brinzolamide, an inhibitor of carbonic anhydrase II (CA-II), the predominant iso-enzyme in the eye, with an in vitro IC50 of 3.2 nM and a Ki of 0.13 nM against CA-II.
Clinical efficacy and safety
The IOP-reducing effect of Азопт as adjunctive therapy to the prostaglandin analogue travoprost was studied.).
A clinical trial was conducted with Азопт in 32 paediatric patients less than 6 years of age, diagnosed with glaucoma or ocular hypertension. Some patients were naive to IOP therapy whilst others were on other IOP-lowering medicinal product(s). Those who had been on previous IOP medicinal product(s) were not required to discontinue their IOP medicinal product(s) until initiation of monotherapy with Азопт.
Among patients who were naive to IOP therapy (10 patients), the efficacy of Азопт was similar to that seen previously in adults, with mean IOP reductions from baseline ranging up to 5 mmHg. Among patients who were on topical IOP-lowering medicinal product(s) (22 patients), mean IOP increased slightly from baseline in the Азопт group.
Following topical ocular administration, brinzolamide is absorbed into the systemic circulation. Due to its high affinity for CA-II, brinzolamide distributes extensively into the red blood cells (RBCs) and exhibits a long half-life in whole blood (mean of approximately 24 weeks). In humans, the metabolite N-desethylbrinzolamide is formed, which also binds to CA and accumulates in RBCs. This metabolite binds mainly to CA-I in the presence of brinzolamide. In plasma, both brinzolamide and N-desethylbrinzolamide concentrations are low and generally below assay quantitation limits (<7.5 ng/ml).
Binding to plasma proteins is not extensive (about 60%). Brinzolamide is eliminated primarily by renal excretion (approximately 60%). About 20% of the dose has been accounted for in urine as metabolite. Brinzolamide and N-desethylbrinzolamide are the predominant components in the urine along with trace levels (<1%) of the N-desmethoxypropyl and O-desmethyl metabolites.
In an oral pharmacokinetic study, healthy volunteers received 1 mg capsules of brinzolamide twice daily for up to 32 weeks and RBC CA activity was measured to assess the degree of systemic CA inhibition.
Brinzolamide saturation of RBC CA-II was achieved within 4 weeks (RBC concentrations of approximately 20 µM). N-Desethylbrinzolamide accumulated in RBCs to steady state within 20-28 weeks reaching concentrations ranging from 6-30 µM. The inhibition of total RBC CA activity at steady state was approximately 70-75%.
Subjects with moderate renal impairment (creatinine clearance of 30-60 ml/minute) were administered 1 mg of brinzolamide twice daily orally for up to 54 weeks. Brinzolamide RBC concentration ranged from about 20 to 40 µM by week 4 of treatment. At steady-state, brinzolamide and its metabolite RBC concentrations ranged from 22.0 to 46.1 and 17.1 to 88.6 µM, respectively.
N-desethylbrinzolamide RBC concentrations increased and total RBC CA activity decreased with decreasing creatinine clearance but brinzolamide RBC concentrations and CA-II activity remained unchanged. In subjects with the highest degree of renal impairment inhibition of total CA activity was greater although it was inferior to 90% at steady-state.
In a topical ocular study, at steady-state, brinzolamide RBC concentrations were similar to those found in the oral study, but levels of N-desethylbrinzolamide were lower. Carbonic anhydrase activity was approximately 40-70% of predose levels.
Systemic effects
Азопт is a sulphonamide inhibitor of carbonic anhydrase and, although administered topically, is absorbed systemically. The same types of adverse reactions that are attributable to sulphonamides may occur with topical administration. If signs of serious reactions or hypersensitivity occur, discontinue the use of this preparation.
Acid-base disturbances have been reported with oral carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. Use with caution in patients with risk of renal impairment because the possible risk of metabolic acidosis.
Brinzolamide has not been studied in pre-term infants (less than 36 weeks gestational age) or those less than 1 week of age. Patients with significant renal tubular immaturity or abnormalities should only receive brinzolamide after careful consideration of the risk benefit balance because of the possible risk of metabolic acidosis.
Oral carbonic anhydrase inhibitors may impair the ability to perform tasks requiring mental alertness and/or physical coordination. Азопт is absorbed systemically and therefore this may occur with topical administration.
Concomitant therapy
There is a potential for an additive effect on the known systemic effects of carbonic anhydrase inhibition in patients receiving an oral carbonic anhydrase inhibitor and Азопт.).
Азопт was primarily evaluated in concomitant administration with timolol during adjunctive glaucoma therapy.).
There is limited experience with Азопт in the treatment of patients with pseudoexfoliative glaucoma or pigmentary glaucoma. Caution should be used in treating these patients and close monitoring of intraocular pressure (IOP) is recommended. Азопт has not been studied in patients with narrow-angle glaucoma and its use is not recommended in these patients.
The possible role of brinzolamide on corneal endothelial function has not been investigated in patients with compromised corneas (particularly in patients with low endothelial cell count). Specifically, patients wearing contact lenses have not been studied and careful monitoring of these patients when using brinzolamide is recommended, since carbonic anhydrase inhibitors may affect corneal hydration and wearing contact lenses might increase the risk for the cornea. Careful monitoring of patients with compromised corneas such as patients with diabetes mellitus or corneal dystrophies is recommended.
Benzalkonium chloride, which is commonly used as a preservative in ophthalmic products, has been reported to cause punctate keratopathy and/or toxic ulcerative keratopathy. Since Азопт contains benzalkonium chloride, close monitoring is required with frequent or prolonged use in dry eye patients, or in conditions where the cornea is compromised.
Азопт has not been studied in patients wearing contact lenses. Азопт contains benzalkonium chloride which may cause eye irritation and is known to discolour soft contact lenses. Contact with soft contact lenses is to be avoided. Patients must be instructed to remove contact lenses prior to the application of Азопт and wait at least 15 minutes after instillation of the dose before reinsertion.
Potential rebound effects following cessation of treatment with Азопт have not been studied; the IOP-lowering effect is expected to last for 5-7 days.
Paediatric population
The safety and efficacy of Азопт in infants, children and adolescents aged 0 to 17 years has not been established and its use is not recommended in infants, children or adolescents
Азопт has a minor influence on the ability to drive and use machines.
).8).
Posology
When used as monotherapy or adjunctive therapy, the dose is one drop of Азопт in the conjunctival sac of the affected eye(s) twice daily. Some patients may have a better response with one drop three times a day.
Special populations
Elderly population
No dose adjustment in elderly patients is necessary.
Hepatic and renal impairment
Азопт has not been studied in patients with hepatic impairment and is therefore not recommended in such patients.
Азопт has not been studied in patients with severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance < 30 ml/min) or in patients with hyperchloraemic acidosis.).
Paediatric population
The safety and efficacy of Азопт in infants, children and adolescents aged 0 to 17 years has not been established.1. Азопт is not recommended for use in infants, children and adolescents.
Method of administration
For ocular use.
Nasolacrimal occlusion or gently closing the eyelid after instillation is recommended. This may reduce the systemic absorption of medicinal products administered via the ocular route and result in a decrease in systemic side effects.
Instruct the patient to shake the bottle well before use. After the cap is removed, if tamper evident snap collar is loose, remove before using the product.
To prevent contamination of the dropper tip and suspension, care must be taken not to touch the eyelids, surrounding areas or other surfaces with the dropper tip of the bottle. Instruct patients to keep the bottle tightly closed when not in use.
When substituting another ophthalmic antiglaucoma agent with Азопт, discontinue the other agent and start the following day with Азопт.
If more than one topical ophthalmic medicinal product is being used, the medicines must be administered at least 5 minutes apart. Eye ointments should be administered last.
If a dose is missed, treatment should be continued with the next dose as planned. The dose should not exceed one drop in the affected eye(s) three times daily.
No special requirements.
