Symptoms and signs
In the event of overdose, there may be severe hypotension, bradycardia, heart failure, cardiogenic shock and cardiac arrest. There may also be respiratory problems, bronchospasm, vomiting, disturbed consciousness and generalized seizures.
Treatment
In addition to general supportive treatment, the vital parameters must be monitored and corrected, if necessary, under intensive care conditions.
Atropine can be used for excessive bradycardia, while to support ventricular function intravenous glucagon, or sympathomimetics (dobutamine, isoprenaline) are recommended. If positive inotropic effect is required, phosphodiesterase inhibitors (PDE) should be considered. If peripheral vasodilation dominates the intoxication profile then norfenephrine or noradrenaline should be administered with continuous monitoring of the circulation. In the case of drug-resistant bradycardia, pacemaker therapy should be initiated.
For bronchospasm, β-sympathomimetics (as aerosol or intravenous) should be given, or aminophylline may be administered intravenously by slow injection or infusion. In the event of seizures, slow intravenous injection of diazepam or clonazepam is recommended.
Rodipal is highly protein-bound. Therefore, it cannot be eliminated by dialysis.
In cases of severe overdose with symptoms of shock, supportive treatment must be continued for a sufficiently long period, i.e. until the patient's condition has stabilised, as a prolongation of elimination half-life and redistribution of Rodipal from deeper compartments are to be expected.
- Heart failure belonging to NYHA Class IV of the heart failure classification with marked fluid retention or overload requiring intravenous inotropic treatment.
- Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with bronchial obstruction.
- Clinically significant hepatic dysfunction.
- Bronchial asthma.
- AV block, degree II or III (unless a permanent pacemaker is in place).
- Severe bradycardia (<50 bpm).
- Sick sinus syndrome (incl. sino-atrial block).
- Cardiogenic shock.
- Severe hypotension (systolic blood pressure below 85 mmHg).
- Prinzmetal's angina.
- Untreated phaeochromocytoma.
- Metabolic acidosis.
- Severe peripheral arterial circulatory disturbances.
Concomitant intravenous treatment with verapamil or diltiazem.
Not applicable
(a) Summary of the safety profile
The frequency of adverse reactions is not dose-dependent, with the exception of dizziness, abnormal vision and bradycardia.
(b) Tabulated list of adverse reactions
The risk of most adverse reactions associated with Rodipal is similar across all indications.
Exceptions are described in subsection (c).
Frequency categories are as follows:
Very common > 1/10
Common > 1/100 and < 1/10
Uncommon > 1/1,000 and < 1/100
Rare > 1/10,000 and < 1/1,000
Very rare < 1/10,000
Infections and infestations
Common: Bronchitis, pneumonia, upper respiratory tract infection, urinary tract infection
Blood and lymphatic system disorders
Common: Anaemia
Rare: Thrombocytopaenia
Very rare: Leukopenia
Immune system disorders
Very rare: Hypersensitivity (allergic reaction)
Metabolism and nutrition disorders
Common: Weight increase, hypercholesterolaemia, impaired blood glucose control (hyperglycaemia, hypoglycaemia) in patients with pre-existing diabetes
Psychiatric disorders
Common: Depression, depressed mood
Uncommon: Sleep disorders, confusion
Nervous system disorders
Very common: Dizziness, headache
Uncommon: Presyncope, syncope, paraesthesia
Eye disorders
Common: Visual impairment, lacrimation decreased (dry eye), eye irritation
Cardiac disorders
Very common: Cardiac failure
Common: Bradycardia, oedema, hypervolaemia, fluid overload
Uncommon: Atrioventricular block, angina pectoris
Vascular disorders
Very common: Hypotension
Common: Orthostatic hypotension, disturbances of peripheral circulation (cold extremities, peripheral vascular disease, exacerbation of intermittent claudication and Reynaud's phenomenon)
Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders
Common: Dyspnoea, pulmonary oedema, asthma in predisposed patients
Rare: Nasal congestion
Gastrointestinal disorders
Common: Nausea, diarrhoea, vomiting, dyspepsia, abdominal pain
Rare: dry mouth
Hepatobiliary disorders
Very rare: Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and gammaglutamyltransferase (GGT) increased
Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders
Uncommon: Skin reactions (e.g. allergic exanthema, dermatitis, urticaria, pruritus, psoriatic and lichen planus like skin lesions and increased sweating), alopecia
Very rare: Severe cutaneous adverse reactions (e.g. Erythema multiforme, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, Toxic epidermal necrolysis)
Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders
Common: Pain in extremities
Renal and urinary disorders
Common: Renal failure and renal function abnormalities in patients with diffuse vascular disease and/or underlying renal insufficiency, micturition disorders
Very rare: Urinary incontinence in women
Reproductive system and breast disorders
Uncommon: Erectile dysfunction
General disorders and administration site conditions
Very common: Asthenia (fatigue)
Common: Pain
(c) Description of selected adverse reactions
Dizziness, syncope, headache and asthenia are usually mild and are more likely to occur at the beginning of treatment.
In patients with congestive heart failure, worsening cardiac failure and fluid retention may occur during up-titration of Rodipal dose.
Cardiac failure is a commonly reported adverse event in both placebo and Rodipal-treated patients (14.5% and 15.4% respectively, in patients with left ventricular dysfunction following acute myocardial infarction).
Reversible deterioration of renal function has been observed with Rodipal therapy in chronic heart failure patients with low blood pressure, ischaemic heart disease and diffuse vascular disease and/or underlying renal insufficiency.
As a class, beta-adrenergic receptor blockers may cause latent diabetes to become manifest, manifest diabetes to be aggravated, and blood glucose counter-regulation to be inhibited.
Rodipal may cause urinary incontinence in women which resolves upon discontinuation of the medication.
Reporting of suspected adverse reactions
Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the national reporting system listed in Appendix V
Rodipal demonstrated no mutagenic or carcinogenic potential.
High doses of Rodipal impaired fertility and affected pregnancy in rats (increased resorptions). Decreased fetal weight and delayed skeletal development were also seen in rats. Embryotoxicity (increased post-implantation loss) occurred in rats and rabbits.
Essential hypertension
Chronic stable angina pectoris
Adjunctive treatment of moderate to severe stable chronic heart failure
Pharmacotherapeutic group: Alpha and beta blocking agents..
ATC code: C07AG02
Rodipal is a vasodilatory non-selective beta-blocker, which reduces the peripheral vascular resistance by selective alpha 1- receptor blockade and suppresses the renin-angiotensin system through non-selective beta-blockade. Plasma renin activity is reduced and fluid retention is rare.
Rodipal has no intrinsic sympathomimetic activity (ISA). Like propranolol, it has membrane stabilising properties.
Rodipal is a racemate of two stereoisomers. Both enantiomers were found to have alpha-adrenergic blocking activity in animal models. Non-selective beta1- and beta2- adrenoceptor blockade is attributed mainly to the S(-) enantiomer.
The antioxidant properties of Rodipal and its metabolites have been demonstrated in in vitro and in vivo animal studies and in vitro in a number of human cell types.
In hypertensive patients, a reduction in blood pressure is not associated with a concomitant increase in peripheral resistance, as observed with pure beta-blocking agents. Heart rate is slightly decreased. Stroke volume remains unchanged. Renal blood flow and renal function remain normal, as does peripheral blood flow, therefore, cold extremities, often observed with beta-blockers, are rarely seen. In hypertensive patients Rodipal increases the plasma norepinephrine concentration.
In prolonged treatment of patients with angina, Rodipal has been seen to have an anti-ischaemic effect and to alleviate pain. Haemodynamic studies demonstrated that Rodipal reduces ventricular pre- and after-load. In patients with left ventricular dysfunction or congestive heart failure, Rodipal has a favourable effect on haemodynamics and left ventricular ejection fraction and dimensions.
Rodipal has no negative effect on the serum lipid profile or electrolytes. The ratio of HDL (high-density lipoproteins) and LDL (low-density lipoproteins) remains normal.
Absorption
Rodipal is rapidly absorbed after oral administration. In healthy subjects, maximum serum concentration is achieved approximately 1 hour after administration. The absolute bioavailability of Rodipal in humans is approximately 25%.
There is a linear relationship between dose and serum concentrations of Rodipal. Food intake did not affect the bioavailability or the maximum serum concentration, although the time needed to reach maximum serum concentration is prolonged.
Distribution
Rodipal is highly lipophilic. The plasma protein binding is about 98 to 99%. The volume of distribution is approximately 2 l / kg and increases in patients with liver cirrhosis.
Biotransformation
In humans and in animal species studied, Rodipal is extensively metabolized to several metabolites which are excreted primarily in bile. The first pass effect after oral administration is about 60-75%. The enterohepatic circulation of the parent substance was demonstrated in animals.
Rodipal is extensively metabolized in the liver, glucuronidation being one of the main reactions. The demethylation and hydroxylation at the phenol ring produce 3 active metabolites with blocking activity of beta-adrenergic receptors.
According to preclinical studies, the beta-blocking activity of the metabolite 4 - hydroxyphenol is approximately 13 times higher than that of Rodipal. The three active metabolites have a weak vasodilating activity, compared with Rodipal. In humans, their concentrations are about 10 times lower than the parent substance. Two of the carbazole-hydroxy metabolites are extremely potent antioxidants, showing a potency 30-80 times that of Rodipal.
Elimination
The average half-life of elimination of Rodipal is approximately 6 hours. The plasma clearance is approximately 500-700 ml / min. Elimination is mainly via the bile, and excretion mainly via the faeces. A minor part is eliminated renally in the form of various metabolites.
Pharmacokinetics in Special Populations
Patients with renal impairment
In some of the hypertensive patients with moderate to severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance < 30 ml/min), an increase in plasma Rodipal concentrations of approximately 40-50 % was seen compared to patients with normal renal function. Peak plasma concentrations in patients with renal insufficiency increased also by an average of 10-20 %. However, there was a large variation in the results. Since Rodipal is primarily excreted via the faeces, significant accumulation in patients with renal impairment is unlikely.
In patients with moderate to severe renal impairment there is no need to modify Rodipal dosage.
Patients with liver failure
In patients with liver cirrhosis, the systemic availability of Rodipal is increased 80% due to reduced first pass effect. Therefore, Rodipal is contraindicated in patients with clinically manifest hepatic impairment.
Use in elderly
Age had a statistically significant effect on pharmacokinetic parameters of Rodipal in hypertensive patients. A study in elderly hypertensive patients showed no difference between the adverse event profile of this group and younger patients. Another study involving elderly patients with coronary artery disease showed no difference in reported adverse reactions vs. those that were reported by younger patients.
Use in pediatrics
The available information on pharmacokinetics in subjects younger than 18 years is limited.
Diabetic patients
In hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes was not observed effect of Rodipal on blood glucose (fasting or postprandial) and glycosylated haemoglobin A1, it was not necessary to change the dose of antidiabetic drugs.
In patients with type 2 diabetes, Rodipal had no statistically significant influence on the glucose tolerance test. In nondiabetic hypertensive patients with altered insulin sensitivity (Syndrome X), Rodipal increased insulin sensitivity. The same results were observed in hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes.
Heart failure
In a study in 24 patients with heart failure, the clearance of R-and S-Rodipal was significantly lower than previously estimated in healthy volunteers. These results suggested that the pharmacokinetics of R-and S-Rodipal is significantly altered by heart failure.
Warnings to be considered particularly in heart failure patients
In chronic heart failure patients Rodipal should be administered principally in addition to diuretics, ACE inhibitors, digitalis and/or vasodilators. Initiation of therapy should be under the supervision of a hospital physician. Therapy should only be initiated, if the patient is stabilized on conventional basic therapy for at least 4 weeks. Patients with severe heart failure, salt and volume depletion, elderly or patients with low basic blood pressure should be monitored for approximately 2 hours after the first dose or after dose increase as hypotension may occur. Hypotension due to excessive vasodilatation is initially treated by reducing the dose of the diuretic. If symptoms still persist, the dose of any ACE inhibitor may be reduced. At the start of therapy or during up-titration of Rodipal worsening of heart failure or fluid retention may occur. In these cases, the dose of diuretic should be increased. However, sometimes it will be necessary to reduce or withdraw Rodipal medication. The Rodipal dose should not be increased before symptoms due to the worsening of heart failure or hypotension due to vasodilatation are under control.
Reversible deterioration of renal function has been observed during Rodipal therapy in heart failure patients with low blood pressure (systolic < 100 mm Hg), ischaemic heart disease and generalized atherosclerosis, and/or underlying renal insufficiency. In heart failure patients with these risk factors, renal function should be monitored during dose titration of Rodipal. If significant worsening of renal function occurs, the Rodipal dose must be reduced or therapy must be discontinued.
In patients with chronic heart failure treated with digitalis, Rodipal should be given with caution, as digitalis and Rodipal both lengthen the AV conduction time.
Other warnings as regards Rodipal and beta-blockers in general
Agents with non-selective beta-blocking activity may provoke chest pain in patients with Prinzmetal's variant angina. There is no clinical experience with Rodipal in these patients, although the alpha-blocking activity of Rodipal may prevent such symptoms. However, caution should be taken in the administration of Rodipal to patients suspected of having Prinzmetal's variant angina.
Patients with a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with a tendency towards bronchospasms who are not treated with oral or inhalation medicine should only be given Rodipal if the expected improvement outweighs the possible risk. Patients should be monitored closely in the initial phase, and titration of Rodipal and Rodipal dose should be reduced in case of bronchospasms.
Rodipal may mask symptoms and signs of acute hypoglycaemia. Impaired blood glucose control may occasionally occur in patients with diabetes mellitus and heart failure in connection with the use of Rodipal. Therefore, close monitoring of diabetic patients receiving Rodipal is required by means of regular blood glucose measurements, especially during dose titration, and adjustment of antidiabetic medication as necessary. Blood glucose levels should also be closely monitored after a longer period of fasting.
Rodipal may mask features (symptoms and signs) of thyrotoxicosis.
Rodipal may cause bradycardia. If there is a decrease in pulse rate to less than 55 beats per minute, and symptoms associated with bradycardia occur, the Rodipal dose should be reduced.
When Rodipal is used concomitantly with calcium channel blocking agents such as verapamil and diltiazem or with other antiarrhythmics, specifically amiodarone, the patient's blood pressure and ECG have to be monitored. Intravenous co-administration should be avoided.
Cimetidine should be administered only with caution concomitantly as effects of Rodipal may be increased.
Persons wearing contact lenses should be advised of a possible reduction of the secretion of lacrimal fluid.
Care should be taken in administrating Rodipal to patients with a history of serious hypersensitivity reactions and in those undergoing desensitisation therapy as beta-blockers may increase both the sensitivity towards allergens and the seriousness of anaphylactic reactions. Cautions should be exercised when prescribing beta-blockers to patients with psoriasis since skin reactions may be aggravated.
Rodipal should be used with caution in patients with peripheral vascular diseases, as beta-blockers may aggravate symptoms of the disease. The same also applies to those with Raynaud's syndrome, as there may be exacerbation or aggravation of symptoms.
Patients who are known as poor metabolizers of debrisoquine, should be closely monitored during initiation of therapy.
Since there is limited clinical experience, Rodipal should not be administered in patients with labile or secondary hypertension, orthostasis, acute inflammatory heart disease, haemodynamic relevant obstruction of heart valves or outflow tract, end-stage peripheral arterial disease, concomitant treatment with α1-receptor antagonist or α2-receptor agonist.
In patients with phaeochromocytoma, an initial treatment with alpha-blockers should be started before using any beta-blocker. Although Rodipal exercises alpha and beta blockade there is not sufficient experience in this disease, therefore caution should be advised in these patients.
Because of its negative dromotropic action, Rodipal should be given with caution to patients with first degree heart block.
Beta-blockers reduce the risk of arrhythmias at anasthesia, however the risk of hypotension may be increased as well. Caution should therefore be observed with the use of certain anaesthetic medicines. Newer studies suggest however, a benefit of beta-blockers in preventing perioperative cardiac morbidity and reduction of the incidence of cardiovascular complications.
As with other beta-blockers, Rodipal should not be discontinued abruptly. This applies in particular to patients with ischaemic heart disease. Rodipal therapy must be discontinued gradually within two weeks, e.g. by reducing the daily dose to half every three days. If necessary, at the same time replacement therapy should be initiated to prevent exacerbation of angina pectoris.
Rodipal contains lactose monohydrate and sucrose. Patients with rare hereditary problems of galactose intolerance, fructose intolerance, the Lapp lactase deficiency or glucose-galactose malabsorption, sucrase-isomaltase insufficiency should not take this medicine.
This medicinal product has minor influence on the ability to drive and use machines. Some individuals may have reduced alertness especially on initiation and adjustment of medication.
Oral use.
Essential Hypertension
Rodipal may be used for the treatment of hypertension alone or in combination with other antihypertensives, especially thiazide diuretics. Once daily dosing is recommended, however the recommended maximum single dose is 25 mg and the recommended maximum daily dose is 50 mg.
Adults:
The recommended initial dose is 12.5 mg once a day for the first two days. Thereafter, the treatment is continued at the dose 25 mg/day. If necessary, the dose may be further increased gradually at intervals of two weeks or more rarely.
Elderly:
The recommended initial dose in hypertension is 12.5 mg once a day which may also be sufficient for continued treatment.
However, if the therapeutic response is inadequate at this dose, the dose may be further increased gradually at intervals of two weeks or more rarely.
Chronic stable angina pectoris:
A twice-daily regimen is recommended.
Adults
The recommended initial dosage is 12.5 mg twice a day for the first two days. Thereafter, the treatment is continued at the dose 25 mg twice a day. If necessary, the dose may be further increased gradually at intervals of two weeks or more rarely to the recommended maximum dose of 100 mg a day divided into two doses (twice daily).
Elderly
The recommended initial dose is 12.5 mg twice daily for two days. Thereafter, the treatment is continued at the dose 25 mg twice daily, which is the recommended maximum daily dose.
Heart Failure:
Rodipal is given in moderate to severe heart failure in addition to conventional basic therapy with diuretics, ACE inhibitors, digitalis, and/or vasodilators. The patient should be clinically stable (no change in NYHA-class, no hospitalisation due to heart failure) and the basic therapy must be stabilized for at least 4 weeks prior to treatment. Additionally the patient should have a reduced left ventricular ejection fraction and heart rate should be > 50 bpm and systolic blood pressure > 85 mm Hg.
The initial dose is 3.125 mg twice a day for two weeks. If this dose is tolerated, the dose may be increased slowly with intervals of not less than two weeks up to 6.25 mg twice a day, then up to 12.5 mg twice a day and finally up to 25 mg twice a day. The dosage should be increased to the highest tolerable level.
The recommended maximum dosage is 25 mg twice a day for patients with a body weight of less than 85 kg, and 50 mg twice a day for patients with a body weight above 85 kg, provided that the heart failure is not severe. A dose increase to 50 mg twice daily should be performed carefully under close medical supervision of the patient.
Transient worsening of symptoms of heart failure may occur at the beginning of treatment or due to a dose increase, especially in patients with severe heart failure and/or under high dose diuretic treatment. This does usually not call for discontinuation of treatment, but dose should not be increased. The patient should be monitored by a physician/cardiologist for two hours after starting treatment or increasing the dose. Before each dose increase, an examination should be performed for potential symptoms of worsening heart failure or for symptoms of excessive vasodilatation (e.g. renal function, body weight, blood pressure, heart rate and rhythm). Worsening of heart failure or fluid retention is treated by increasing the dose of diuretic, and the dose of Rodipal should not be increased until the patient is stabilized. If bradycardia appears or in case of lengthening of AV conduction, the level of digoxin should first be monitored. Occasionally it may be necessary to reduce the Rodipal dose or temporarily discontinue treatment altogether. Even in these cases, Rodipal dose titration can often be successfully continued.
Renal function, thrombocytes and glucose (in case of NIDDM and/or IDDM) should be monitored regularly during dose titration. However, after dose titration the frequency of monitoring can be reduced.
If Rodipal has been withdrawn for more than two weeks, the therapy should be reinitiated with 3.125 mg twice a day and increased gradually according to the above recommendations.
Renal insufficiency
Dosage must be determined for each patient individually, but according to pharmacokinetic parameters there is no evidence that dose adjustment of Rodipal in patients with renal impairment is necessary.
Moderate hepatic dysfunction
Dose adjustment may be required.
Paediatric population (< 18 years)
Rodipal is not recommended for the use in children below 18 years of age due to insufficient data on the efficacy and safety of Rodipal.
Elderly
Elderly patients may be more susceptible to the effects of Rodipal and should be monitored more carefully.
As with other beta-blockers and especially in patients with coronary disease, the withdrawal of Rodipal should be done gradually.
Methods of administration
The tablets should be taken with the adequate supply of fluid. It is recommended that heart failure patients take their Rodipal medication with food to allow the absorption to be slower and the risk of orthostatic hypotension to be reduced.
Any unused medicinal product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements.
