Prednisolone acetate

Overdose

Management

Overdosage is unlikely with this medicine but there is no specific antidote available. Treatment should be symptomatic.

Shelf life

3 years.

Contraindications

Systemic infections, unless specific anti-infective therapy is employed.

Vaccination with live vaccines.

Patients with ocular herpes simplex due to the possibility of perforation.

Intra-articular and periarticular injections of this medicine, when the joint or surrounding tissues are infected.

Injection into tendon sheaths and bursae when infection is present.

Injection directly into tendons.

Injection into spinal or other non-diarthrodial joints.

Incompatibilities

Not applicable.

List of excipients

Water for injections, sodium chloride for injections, benzyl alcohol, sodium carboxymethylcellulose (Blanose 7M8SF), polysorbate 80 (Tween 80), with sodium hydroxide and/or sterile sodium hydroxide and/or hydrochloric acid as pH adjusters.

Pharmaceutical form

Suspension for Injection

A white or almost white suspension.

Undesirable effects

The incidence of predictable undesirable effects, including hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) suppression, correlates with the relative potency of the drug, dosage, timing of administration and the duration of treatment.

The following side effects may be associated with the long-term systemic use of corticosteroids with the following frequency:

Not known (cannot be estimated from available data)

a) A wide range of psychiatric reactions including affective disorders (such as irritable, euphoric, depressed and labile mood and suicidal thoughts), psychotic reactions (including mania, delusions, hallucinations and aggravation of schizophrenia), behavioural disturbances, irritability, anxiety, sleep disturbances and cognitive dysfunction including confusion and amnesia have been reported. Reactions are common and may occur in both adults and children. In adults, the frequency of severe reactions has been estimated to be 5-6%. Psychological effects have been reported on withdrawal of corticosteroids; the frequency is unknown.

*Scleroderma renal crisis

Amongst the different subpopulations the occurrence of scleroderma renal crisis varies. The highest risk has been reported in patients with diffuse systemic sclerosis. The lowest risk has been reported in patients with limited systemic sclerosis (2%) and juvenile onset systemic sclerosis (1%)

Withdrawal Symptoms

Too rapid a reduction of corticosteroid dosage following prolonged treatment can lead to acute adrenal insufficiency, hypotension and death.

A 'withdrawal syndrome' may also occur including fever, myalgia, arthralgia, rhinitis, conjunctivitis, painful itchy skin nodules and loss of weight.

In some instances, withdrawal symptoms may involve or resemble a clinical relapse of the disease for which the patient has been undergoing treatment.

Other effects that may occur during withdrawal or change of corticosteroid therapy include benign intracranial hypertension with headache and vomiting and papilloedema caused by cerebral oedema.

Latent rhinitis or eczema may be unmasked.

Paediatric population:

Increased intracranial pressure with papilloedema in children (pseudotumour cerebri) -usually after treatment withdrawal.

Growth retardation in infancy, childhood and adolescence.

Reporting of suspected adverse reactions

Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the Yellow Card Scheme at: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard.

Preclinical safety data

There is no pre-clinical data of relevance to a prescriber which is additional to that already included in other sections of the SmPC.

Therapeutic indications

This medicine is indicated in adults for the local treatment, by intra-articular or periarticular injection, of the following conditions: rheumatoid arthritis; osteoarthritis; synovitis not associated with infection; tennis elbow; golfer's elbow, and bursitis.

This medicine is also suitable for administration by the intramuscular route in conditions requiring systemic corticosteroids, e.g. suppression of inflammatory and allergic disorders such as bronchial asthma, anaphylaxis, ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease.

Pharmacotherapeutic group

Pharmacodynamic properties

Pharmacotherapeutic group: Glucocorticoids

ATC code: H02AB

Prednisolone is a glucocorticoid which has anti-inflammatory activity.

Pharmacokinetic properties

Absorption

Absorption following intramuscular injection is relatively slow. Systemic absorption occurs slowly after local, intra-articular injection.

Distribution

Prednisolone is extensively bound to plasma proteins.

Elimination

Excretion takes place via the urine as free and conjugated metabolites, together with an appreciable proportion of unchanged prednisolone.

Prednisolone Acetate price

Date of revision of the text

20/10/2017

Name of the medicinal product

Deltastab 25 mg/ml Suspension for Injection

Prednisolone acetate 25mg/ml Suspension for Injection

Marketing authorisation holder

Amdipharm UK Limited

Capital House

85 King William Street

London

EC4N 7BL

United Kingdom

Special precautions for storage

Store at 15°C -25°C and protect from light.

Nature and contents of container

1ml flint neutral glass ampoules.

10 ampoules are packed in a polystyrene pack within a cardboard sleeve.

Marketing authorisation number(s)

PL 20072/0222

Fertility, pregnancy and lactation

Pregnancy

The ability of corticosteroids to cross the placenta varies between individual drugs. However, 88% of prednisolone is inactivated as it crosses the placenta.

Administration of corticosteroids to pregnant animals can cause abnormalities of foetal development including cleft palate, intra-uterine growth retardation and effects on brain growth and development. There is no evidence that corticosteroids result in an increased incidence of congenital abnormalities such as cleft palate/lip in man. However, when administered for prolonged periods or repeatedly during pregnancy, corticosteroids may increase the risk of intra-uterine growth retardation. Hypoadrenalism may, in theory, occur in the neonate following pre-natal exposure to corticosteroids but usually resolves spontaneously following birth and is rarely clinically important. As with all drugs, corticosteroids should only be prescribed when the benefits to the mother and child outweigh the risks. When corticosteroids are essential, however, patients with normal pregnancies may be treated as though they were in the non-gravid state.

Patients with pre-eclampsia or fluid retention require close monitoring.

Depression of hormone levels has been described in pregnancy but the significance of this finding is not clear.

Breast-feeding

Corticosteroids are excreted in small amounts in breast milk. However, doses of up to 40mg daily of prednisolone are unlikely to cause systemic effects in the infant. Infants of mothers taking higher doses than this may have a degree of adrenal suppression but the benefits of breast-feeding are likely to outweigh any theoretical risk. Monitoring of the infant for adrenal suppression is advised.

Qualitative and quantitative composition

Each ampoule contains 25 mg Prednisolone Acetate

Excipient(s) with known effect

Special warnings and precautions for use

A patient information leaflet should be supplied with this product.

Patients should carry “steroid treatment” cards which give clear guidance on the precautions to be taken to minimise risk and provide details of prescriber, drug, dosage and duration of treatment.

Anti-inflammatory/ immunosuppression effects and infection:

Kaposi's sarcoma has been reported to occur in patients receiving corticosteroid therapy. Discontinuation of corticosteroids may result in clinical remission.

Chronic immunosuppression (e.g. in the setting of organ transplantation), has been associated with an increased risk of malignancy.

Suppression of the inflammatory response and immune function increases the susceptibility to infections and their severity. The resultant opportunistic infections may be fatal. The clinical presentation may often be atypical and serious infections such as septicaemia and tuberculosis may be masked and may reach an advanced stage before being recognised. New infections may appear during their use.

Chickenpox is of particular concern since this normally minor illness may be fatal in immunosuppressed patients. Patients (or parents of children) without a definite history of chickenpox should be advised to avoid close personal contact with chickenpox or herpes zoster and if exposed they should seek urgent medical attention. Passive immunisation with varicella/zoster immunoglobulin (VZIG) is needed by exposed non-immune patients who are receiving systemic corticosteroids or who have used them within the previous three months; this should be given within 10 days of exposure to chickenpox. If a diagnosis of chickenpox is confirmed, the illness warrants special care and urgent treatment. Corticosteroids should not be stopped and the dose may need to be increased.

Patients should be advised to take particular care to avoid exposure to measles and to seek immediate medical advice if exposure occurs. Prophylaxis with intramuscular normal immunoglobulin may be needed.

Live vaccines should not be given to individuals with impaired immune responsiveness. Killed vaccines or toxoids may be given though their effects may be attenuated.

Others

Caution is necessary when corticosteroids, including prednisolone, are prescribed to patients with the following conditions and frequent patient monitoring is necessary:

- Diabetes mellitus or in those with a family history of diabetes.

- Glaucoma or in those with a family history of glaucoma.

- Hypertension or congestive heart failure.

- Liver failure.

- Epilepsy.

- Osteoporosis: This is of special importance in post-menopausal females who are at particular risk.

- Patients with a history of severe affective disorders and particularly those with a previous history of corticosteroid induced psychoses.

- Peptic ulceration.

- Previous steroid myopathy.

- Renal insufficiency.

- Tuberculosis: Those with a history of, or X-ray changes characteristic of tuberculosis. The emergence of active tuberculosis can, however, be prevented by the prophylactic use of antituberculous therapy.

- Recent myocardial infarction (rupture).

- The effect of corticosteroids may be enhanced in patients with hypothyroidism in those with chronic liver disease with impaired hepatic function.

- Adrenal cortical atrophy develops during prolonged therapy and may persist for years after stopping treatment.

- Patients with a history of severe affective disorders and particularly those with a previous history of corticosteroid induced psychoses.

Patients/and or carers should be warned that potentially severe psychiatric adverse reactions may occur with systemic steroids.), although dose levels do not allow prediction of the onset, type, severity or duration of reactions. Most reactions recover after either dose reduction or withdrawal, although specific treatment may be necessary. Patients/carers should be encouraged to seek medical advice if worrying psychological symptoms develop, especially if depressed mood or suicidal ideation is suspected. Patients/carers should also be alert to possible psychiatric disturbances that may occur either during or immediately after dose tapering/withdrawal of systemic steroids, although such reactions have been reported infrequently.

Particular care is required when considering the use of systemic corticosteroids in patients with existing or previous history of severe affective disorders in themselves or in their first degree relatives. These would include depressive or manic-depressive illness and previous steroid psychosis.

Withdrawal

In patients who have received more than physiological doses of systemic corticosteroids (approximately 7.5mg prednisolone or equivalent) for greater than three weeks, withdrawal should not be abrupt. How dose reduction should be carried out depends largely on whether the disease is likely to relapse as the dose of systemic corticosteroids is reduced. Clinical assessment of disease activity may be needed during withdrawal. If the disease is unlikely to relapse on withdrawal of systemic corticosteroids but there is uncertainty about HPA suppression, the dose of systemic corticosteroid may be reduced rapidly to physiological doses. Once a daily dose equivalent to 7.5mg of prednisolone is reached, dose reduction should be slower to allow the HPA-axis to recover.

Abrupt withdrawal of systemic corticosteroid treatment, which has continued up to three weeks is appropriate if it is considered that the disease is unlikely to relapse. Abrupt withdrawal of doses of up to 40mg daily of prednisolone or equivalent for three weeks is unlikely to lead to clinically relevant HPA-axis suppression, in the majority of patients. In the following patient groups, gradual withdrawal of systemic corticosteroid therapy should be considered even after courses lasting three weeks or less:

- Patients who have had repeated courses of systemic corticosteroids, particularly if taken for greater than three weeks,

- When a short course has been prescribed within one year of cessation of long-term therapy (months or years),

- Patients who may have reasons for adrenocortical insufficiency other than exogenous corticosteroid therapy,

- Patients receiving doses of systemic corticosteroid greater than 40mg daily of prednisolone,

- Patients repeatedly taking doses in the evening.

During prolonged therapy any intercurrent illness, trauma or surgical procedure will require a temporary increase in dosage; if corticosteroids have been stopped following prolonged therapy they may need to be temporarily reintroduced.

This medicine contains sodium

This medicinal product contains less than 1mmol sodium (23mg) per dose, i.e. essentially sodium free.

Visual disturbance

Visual disturbance may be reported with systemic and topical corticosteroid use. If a patient presents with symptoms such as blurred vision or other visual disturbances, the patient should be considered for referral to an ophthalmologist for evaluation of possible causes which may include cataract, glaucoma or rare diseases such as central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR) which have been reported after use of systemic and topical corticosteroids.

Use in Elderly

The common adverse effects of systemic corticosteroids may be associated with more serious consequences in old age, especially osteoporosis, hypertension, hypokalaemia, diabetes, susceptibility to infection and thinning of the skin. Close clinical supervision is required to avoid life-threatening reactions.

Paediatric population

Corticosteroids cause growth retardation in infancy, childhood and adolescence; this may be irreversible. Treatment should be limited to the minimum dosage for the shortest possible time, in order to minimise suppression of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and growth retardation.

Scleroderma renal crisis

Caution is required in patients with systemic sclerosis because of an increased incidence of (possibly fatal) scleroderma renal crisis with hypertension and decreased urinary output observed with a daily dose of 15 mg or more prednisolone. Blood pressure and renal function (s-creatinine) should therefore be routinely checked. When renal crisis is suspected, blood pressure should be carefully controlled.

Effects on ability to drive and use machines

This medicine has no or negligible influence on the ability to drive and use machines.

Dosage (Posology) and method of administration

Posology

Undesirable effects may be minimised by using the lowest effective dose for the minimum period and by administering the daily requirement as a single morning dose or whenever possible, as a single morning dose on alternate days. Frequent patient review is required to titrate the dose against disease activity.

Paediatric Population

This medicine is not suitable for use in children.

Elderly

Steroids should be used cautiously in the elderly since adverse effects are enhanced by old age.

Method of administration

Intra-articular, periarticular or intramuscular injection.

Adults

For articular use: 5-25mg depending upon the size of the joint. The injections may be repeated when relapse occurs. No more than three joints should be treated in one day.

For intramuscular use: The dosage may vary from 25 to 100mg, given once or twice per week, as needed. It will depend upon the disease and its severity and the clinical response to this medicine. The maximum dosage should not exceed 100mg twice weekly.

Special precautions for disposal and other handling

Shake the ampoule well before use.

Any unused medicinal product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements.

Date of first authorisation/renewal of the authorisation

01/04/1993

Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction

Co-treatment with CYP3A inhibitors, including cobicistat-containing products, is expected to increase the risk of systemic side-effects. The combination should be avoided unless the benefit outweighs the increased risk of systemic corticosteroid side-effects, in which case patients should be monitored for systemic corticosteroid side-effects.

Concomitant use of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) with corticosteroids increases the risk of gastro-intestinal bleeding and ulceration.

Aspirin should be used cautiously in conjunction with glucocorticoids in patients with hypoprothrombinaemia. Concurrent use of aspirin and prednisolone may result in an increased risk of gastrointestinal ulceration and sub therapeutic aspirin serum concentrations.

The renal clearance of salicylates is increased by corticosteroids and steroid withdrawal may result in salicylate intoxication.

The efficacy of coumarin anticoagulants and warfarin may be enhanced by concurrent corticosteroid therapy and close monitoring of the INR or prothrombin time is required to avoid spontaneous bleeding.

The desired effects of hypoglycaemic agents (including insulin), anti-hypertensives and diuretics are antagonised by corticosteroids.

Oestrogens and other oral contraceptives may potentiate the effects of glucocorticoids and dosage adjustments may be required if oral contraceptives are added to or withdrawn from a stable dosage regimen.

Antifungals: There is an increased risk of hypokalaemia with amphotericin, and concomitant use should be avoided. Ketoconazole reduces the metabolic and renal clearance of methylprednisolone and this may also occur with prednisolone.

Erythromycin may inhibit the metabolism of some corticosteroids.

Ciclosporin increases plasma concentration of prednisolone. The same effect is possible with ritonavir.

Rifampicin, rifabutin, carbamazepine, phenobarbitone, phenytoin, primidone, ephedrine and aminoglutethimide enhance the metabolism of corticosteroids and its therapeutic effects may be reduced. Therefore, it may be necessary to adjust the dose of prednisolone accordingly.

Mifepristone may reduce the effect of corticosteroids for 3-4 days.

The growth promoting effect of somatotropin may be inhibited by the concomitant use of corticosteroids.

Steroids may reduce the effects of anticholinesterases in myasthenia gravis and cholecystographic x-ray media.

The hypokalaemic effects of acetazolamide, loop diuretics, thiazide diuretics, and carbenoxolone are enhanced by corticosteroids.

There is also an increased risk of hypokalaemia with the simultaneous use of theophylline and if high doses of corticosteroids are given with high doses of bambuterol, fenoterol, formoterol, ritodrine, salbutamol, salmeterol and terbutaline.

The toxicity of cardiac glycosides is increased if hypokalaemia occurs with corticosteroids.

Concomitant use with methotrexate may increase the risk of haematological toxicity.

Etoposide metabolism may be inhibited by corticosteroids in vitro. This may lead to an increase in both efficacy and toxicity of etoposide. Monitoring would be prudent.

Corticosteroids should not be used concurrently with retinoids and tetracyclines due to increased intracranial pressure.

High doses of corticosteroids impair the immune response and so live vaccines should be avoided.