Symptoms
Cases of accidental administration of excessive doses to paediatric patients have been reported. In one case agitation occurred in a 29-day-old newborn who had been administered 400 mg intravenously (95 mg/kg).
Management
Treatment of teicoplanin overdose should be symptomatic.
Teicoplanin is not removed by haemodialysis and only slowly by peritoneal dialysis.
Hypersensitivity to teicoplanin or to any of the excipients listed in section 6.
Teicoplanin and aminoglycoside are incompatible when mixed directly and must not be mixed before injection.
If teicoplanin is administered in combination therapy with other antibiotics, the preparation must be administered separately.
Tabulated list of adverse reactions
In the table below all the adverse reactions, which occurred at an incidence greater than placebo and more than one patient are listed using the following convention:
Very common (>1/10); common (>1/100 to <1/10); uncommon (>1/1,000 to <1/100); rare (>1/10,000 to <1/1,000); very rare (<1/10,000); not known (cannot be estimated from the available data).
Within each frequency grouping, undesirable effects are presented in order of decreasing seriousness.
Adverse reactions should be monitored when teicoplanin doses of 12 mg/kg body weight twice a day are administered.
| System organ class | Common (>1/100 to <1/10 ) | Uncommon (>1/1,000 to <1/100) | Rare (>1/10,000 to <1/1,000) | Very rare (<1/10,000) | Not known (cannot be estimated from available data) |
| Infections and infestations | Abscess | Superinfection (overgrowth of non-susceptible organisms) | |||
| Blood and the lymphatic system disorders | Leucopenia, thrombocytopenia, eosinophilia | Agranulocytosis, neutropenia | |||
| Immune system disorders | Anaphylactic reaction (anaphylaxis) | Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS), anaphylactic shock | |||
| Nervous system disorders | Dizziness, headache | Seizures | |||
| Ear and Labyrinth disorders | Deafness, hearing loss , tinnitus, vestibular disorder | ||||
| Vascular disorders | Phlebitis | Thrombophlebitis | |||
| Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders | Bronchospasm | ||||
| Gastro-intestinal disorders | Diarrhoea, vomiting, nausea | ||||
| Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders | Rash, erythema, pruritus | Red man syndrome (e.g. Flushing of the upper part of the body). | Toxic epidermal necrolysis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, erythema multiforme, angioedema, dermatitis exfoliative, urticaria | ||
| Renal and Urinary disorders | Blood creatinine increased | Renal failure (including renal failure acute) | |||
| General disorders and administration site conditions | Pain, pyrexia | Injection site abscess, chills (rigors) | |||
| Investigations | Transaminases increased (transient abnormality of transaminases), blood alkaline phosphatase increased (transient abnormality of alkaline phosphatase), blood creatinine increased (transient rise of serum creatinine) |
Reporting of suspected adverse reactions
Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via Yellow Card Scheme at: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard.
Following repeated parenteral administration to the rat and dog, effects on the kidney were observed and were shown to be dose-dependent and reversible. Studies to investigate the potential to cause ototoxicity in the guinea-pig indicate that a mild impairment of cochlear and vestibular function is possible, in the absence of morphological damage.
Subcutaneous administration of teicoplanin at up to 40 mg/kg/day did not affect male and female fertility in the rat. In embryofetal development studies, no malformations were observed following subcutaneous administration of up to 200 mg/kg/day in the rat and intramuscular administration up to 15 mg/kg/day in the rabbit. However, in the rat, there was an increased incidence of stillbirths at doses of 100 mg/kg/day and above and neonatal mortality at 200 mg/kg/day. This effect was not reported at 50 mg/kg/day. A peri and postnatal study in rats showed no effects on the fertility of the F1 generation or on the survival and development of the F2 generation following subcutaneous administration of up to 40 mg/kg/day.
Teicoplanin did not show any potential to cause antigenicity (in mice, guinea-pigs or rabbits), genotoxicity or local irritancy.
Ортоцид is indicated in adults and in children from birth for the parenteral treatment of the following infections :
- complicated skin and soft tissue infections,
- bone and joint infections,
- hospital acquired pneumonia,
- community acquired pneumonia,
- complicated urinary tract infections,
- infective endocarditis,
- peritonitis associated with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD),
- bacteraemia that occurs in association with any of the indications listed above.
Ортоцид is also indicated as an alternative oral treatment for Clostridium difficile infection-associated diarrhoea and colitis.
Where appropriate, teicoplanin should be administered in combination with other antibacterial agents.
Consideration should be given to official guidance on the appropriate use of antibacterial agents.
Pharmacotherapeutic group: Glycopeptide Antibacterials, ATC code: J01XA 02
Mechanism of action
Teicoplanin inhibits the growth of susceptible organisms by interfering with cell-wall biosynthesis at a site different from that affected by beta-lactams. Peptidoglycan synthesis is blocked by specific binding to D-alanyl-D-alanine residues.
Mechanism of resistance
Resistance to teicoplanin can be based on the following mechanisms:
- Modified target structure: this form of resistance has occurred particularly in Enterococcus faecium. The modification is based on exchange of the terminal D-alanine-D-alanine function of the amino-acid chain in a murein precursor with D-Ala-D-lactate, thus reducing the affinity to vancomycin. The responsible enzymes are a newly synthesised D-lactate dehydrogenase or ligase.
- The reduced sensitivity or resistance of staphylococci to teicoplanin is based on the overproduction of murein precursors to which teicoplanin is bound.
Cross-resistance between teicoplanin and the glycoprotein vancomycin may occur. A number of vancomycin-resistant enterococci are sensitive to teicoplanin (Van-B phenotype).
Susceptibility testing breakpoints
The MICs breakpoints according to the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST), version 7.1, March 10, 2017 are displayed in the following table:
| Microorganism | Susceptible | Resistant |
| Staphylococcus aureus a, b | ≤2 mg/L | >2 mg/L |
| Coagulase-negative staphylococci a, b | ≤4 mg/L | >4 mg/L |
| Enterococcus spp. | ≤2 mg/L | >2 mg/L |
| Streptococcus groupsA, B, C, G b | ≤2 mg/L | >2 mg/L |
| Streptococcus pneumoniae b | ≤2 mg/L | >2 mg/L |
| Viridans group streptococci b | ≤2 mg/L | >2 mg/L |
| Gram-positive anaerobes except Clostridium difficile PK/PD (Non-species related) breakpoints c | IE IE | IE IE |
| a Glycopeptide MICs are method dependent and should be determined by broth microdilution (reference ISO 20776). S. aureus with vancomycin MIC values of 2 mg/L are on the border of the wild type MIC distribution and there may be an impaired clinical response. The resistance breakpoint for S. aureus has been reduced to 2 mg/L to avoid reporting of GISA isolates intermediate as serious infections with GISA isolates are not treatable with increased doses of vancomycin or teicoplanin. b Non-susceptible isolates are rare or not yet reported. The identification and antimicrobial susceptibility test result on any such isolate must be confirmed and the isolate sent to a reference laboratory. “IE" indicates that there is insufficient evidence that the organism or group is a good target for therapy with the agent. A MIC with a comment but without an accompanying S, I or R categorisation may be reported. | ||
Pharmacokinetic/Pharmacodynamic relationship
Teicoplanin antimicrobial activity depends essentially on the duration of time during which the substance level is higher than the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the pathogen.
Susceptibility
The prevalence of resistance may vary geographically and over time for selected species and local information on resistance is desirable, particularly when treating severe infections. As necessary, expert advice should be sought when the local prevalence of resistance is such that the utility of the agent in at least some of types of infections is questionable.
| Commonly susceptible species Aerobic Gram-positive bacteria Corynebacterium jeikeium a Enterococcus faecalis Staphylococcus aureus (including methicillin-resistant strains) Streptococcus agalactiae Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. equisimilis a (Group C & G streptococci) Streptococcus pneumoniae Streptococcus pyogenes Streptococci in the viridans group a b Anaerobic Gram-positive bacteria Clostridium difficile a Peptostreptococcus spp.a |
| Species for which acquired resistance may be a problem Aerobic Gram-positive bacteria Enterococcus faecium Staphylococcus epidermidis Staphylococcus haemolyticus Staphylococcus hominis |
| Inherently resistant bacteria All Gram-negative bacteria Other bacteria Chlamydia spp. Chlamydophila spp. Legionella pneumophila Mycoplasma spp. |
| a No current data were available when the tables were published. The primary literature, standard volumes and treatment recommendations assume sensitivity b Collective term for a heterogeneous group of streptococcus species. Resistance rate can vary depending on the actual streptococcus species |
Absorption
Teicoplanin is administered by parenteral route (intravenously or intramuscularly). After intramuscular administration, the bioavailability of teicoplanin (as compared to intravenous administration) is almost complete (90%). After six daily intramuscular administrations of 200 mg the mean (SD) maximum teicoplanin concentration (Cmax) amounts to 12.1 (0.9) mg/L and occurs at 2 hours after administration.
After a loading dose of 6 mg/kg administered intravenously every 12 hours for 3 to 5 administrations, Cmax values range from 60 to 70 mg/L and Ctrough are usually above 10 mg/L. After an intravenous loading dose of 12 mg/kg administered every 12 hours for 3 administrations, mean values of Cmax and Ctrough are estimated to be around 100 mg/L and 20 mg/L, respectively.
After a maintenance dose of 6 mg/kg administered once daily Cmax and Ctrough values are approximately 70 mg/L and 15 mg/L, respectively. After a maintenance dose of 12 mg/kg once daily Ctrough values range from 18 to 30 mg/L.
When administered by oral route teicoplanin is not absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. When administered by oral route at 250 or 500 mg single dose to healthy subjects, teicoplanin is not detected in serum or urine but only recovered in feces (about 45% of the administered dose) as unchanged medicinal product.
Distribution
The binding to human serum proteins ranges from 87.6 to 90.8% without any variation in function of the teicoplanin concentrations. Teicoplanin is mainly bound to human serum albumin. Teicoplanin is not distributed in red cells.
The volume of distribution at steady-state (Vss) varies from 0.7 to 1.4 L/kg. The highest values of Vss are observed in the recent studies where the sampling period was superior to 8 days.
Teicoplanin distributed mainly in lung, myocardium and bone tissues with tissue/serum ratios superior to 1. In blister fluids, synovial fluid and peritoneal fluid the tissue/serum ratios ranged from 0.5 to 1. Elimination of teicoplanin from peritoneal fluid occurs at the same rate as from serum. In pleural fluid and subcutaneous fat tissue the tissue/serum ratios are comprised between 0.2 and 0.5. Teicoplanin does not readily penetrate into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
Biotransformation
Unchanged form of teicoplanin is the main compound identified in plasma and urine, indicating minimal metabolism. Two metabolites are formed probably by hydroxylation and represents 2 to 3% of the administered dose.
Elimination
Unchanged teicoplanin is mainly excreted by urinary route (80% within 16 days) while 2.7% of the administered dose is recovered in feces (via bile excretion) within 8 days following administration.
Elimination half-life of teicoplanin varies from 100 to 170 hours in the most recent studies where blood sampling duration is about 8 to 35 days.
Teicoplanin has a low total clearance in the range of 10 to 14 mL/h/kg and a renal clearance in the range of 8 to 12 mL/h/kg indicating that teicoplanin is mainly excreted by renal mechanisms.
Linearity
Teicoplanin exhibited linear pharmacokinetics at dose range of 2 to 25 mg/kg.
Special populations
- Renal impairment:
As teicoplanin is eliminated by renal route, teicoplanin elimination decreases according to the degree of renal impairment. The total and renal clearances of teicoplanin depends on the creatinine clearance.
- Elderly patients:
In the elderly population the teicoplanin pharmacokinetics is not modified unless in case of renal impairment.
- Paediatric population
A higher total clearance (15.8 mL/h/kg for neonates, 14.8 mL/h/kg for a mean age 8 years) and a shorter elimination half-life (40 hours neonates; 58 hours for 8 years) are observed compared to adult patients.
Hypersensitivity reactions
Serious, life-threatening hypersensitivity reactions, sometimes fatal, have been reported with teicoplanin (e.g. anaphylactic shock). If an allergic reaction to teicoplanin occurs, treatment should be discontinued immediately and appropriate emergency measures should be initiated.
Teicoplanin must be administered with caution in patients with known hypersensitivity to vancomycin, as crossed hypersensitivity reactions, including fatal anaphylactic shock, may occur.
However, a prior history of "red man syndrome" with vancomycin is not a contraindication to the use of teicoplanin.
Infusion related reactions
In rare cases (even at the first dose), red man syndrome (a complex of symptoms including pruritus, urticaria, erythema, angioneurotic oedema, tachycardia, hypotension, dyspnoea) has been observed.
Stopping or slowing the infusion may result in cessation of these reactions. Infusion related reactions can be limited if the daily dose is not given via bolus injection but infused over a 30-minute period.
Severe bullous reactions
Life-threatening or even fatal cutaneous reactions Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN) have been reported with the use of teicoplanin. If symptoms or signs of SJS or TEN (e.g. progressive skin rash often with blisters or mucosal lesions) are present teicoplanin treatment should be discontinued immediately.
Spectrum of antibacterial activity
Teicoplanin has a limited spectrum of antibacterial activity (Gram-positive). It is not suitable for use as a single agent for the treatment of some types of infections unless the pathogen is already documented and known to be susceptible or there is a high suspicion that the most likely pathogen(s) would be suitable for treatment with teicoplanin.
The rational use of teicoplanin should take into account the bacterial spectrum of activity, the safety profile and the suitability of standard antibacterial therapy to treat the individual patient. On this basis it is expected that in most instances teicoplanin will be used to treat severe infections in patients for whom standard antibacterial activity is considered to be unsuitable.
Loading dose regimen
Since data on safety are limited, patients should be carefully monitored for adverse reactions when teicoplanin doses of 12mg/kg body weight twice a day are administered. Under this regimen blood creatinine values should be monitored in addition to the recommended periodic haematological examination.
Teicoplanin should not be administered by intraventricular use.
Thrombocytopenia
Thrombocytopenia has been reported with teicoplanin. Periodic haematological examinations are recommended during treatment, including complete cell blood count.
Nephrotoxicity
Renal failure has been reported in patients treated with teicoplanin. Patients with renal insufficiency, and/or in those receiving teicoplanin in conjunction with or sequentially with other medicinal products with known nephrotoxic potential (aminoglycosides, colistin, amphotericin B, ciclosporin, and cisplatin) should be carefully monitored, and should include auditory tests.
Since teicoplanin is mainly excreted by the kidney, the dose of teicoplanin must be adapted in patients with renal impairment.
Ototoxicity
As with other glycopeptides, ototoxicity (deafness and tinnitus) has been reported in patients treated with teicoplanin. Patients who develop signs and symptoms of impaired hearing or disorders of the inner ear during treatment with teicoplanin should be carefully evaluated and monitored, especially in case of prolonged treatment and in patients with renal insufficiency. Patients receiving teicoplanin in conjunction with or sequentially with other medicinal products with known neurotoxic/ototoxic potential (aminoglycosides, ciclosporin, cisplatin, furosemide and ethacrynic acid) should be carefully monitored and the benefit of teicoplanin evaluated if hearing deteriorates.
Special precautions must be taken when administering teicoplanin in patients who require concomitant treatment with ototoxic and/or nephrotoxic medicinal products for which it is recommended that regular haematology, liver and kidney function tests are carried out.
Superinfection
As with other antibiotics, the use of teicoplanin, especially if prolonged, may result in overgrowth of non-susceptible organisms. If superinfection occurs during therapy, appropriate measures should be taken.
Ортоцид has minor influence on the ability to drive and use machines. Teicoplanin can cause dizziness and headache. The ability to drive or use machines may be affected. Patients experiencing these undesirable effects should not drive or use machines.
Posology
The dose and duration of treatment should be adjusted according to the underlying type and severity of infection and clinical response of the patient, and patient factors such as age and renal function.
Measurement of serum concentrations
Teicoplanin trough serum concentrations should be monitored at steady state after completion of the loading dose regimen in order to ensure that a minimum trough serum concentration has been reached:
- For most Gram-positive infections, teicoplanin trough levels of at least 10 mg/L when measured by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), or at least 15 mg/L when measured by Fluorescence Polarization Immunoassay (FPIA) method.
- For endocarditis and other severe infections, teicoplanin trough levels of 15-30 mg/L when measured by HPLC, or 30-40 mg/L when measured by FPIA method.
During maintenance treatment, teicoplanin trough serum concentrations monitoring may be performed at least once a week to ensure that these concentrations are stable.
Adults and elderly patients with normal renal function
| Indications | Loading dose | Maintenance dose | ||
| Loading dose regimen | Targeted trough concentrations at day 3 to 5 | Maintenance dose | Targeted trough concentrations during maintenance | |
| - Complicated skin and soft tissue infections - Pneumonia - Complicated urinary tract infections | 6 mg/kg body weight every 12 hours for 3 intravenous or intramuscular administrations | >15 mg/L1 | 6 mg/kg body weight intravenous or intramuscular once a day | >15 mg/L1 once a week |
| - Bone and joint infections | 12 mg/kg body weight every 12 hours for 3 to 5 intravenous administrations | >20 mg/L1 | 12 mg/kg body weight intravenous or intramuscular once a day | >20 mg/L1 |
| - Infective endocarditis | 12 mg/kg body weight every 12 hours for 3 to 5 intravenous administrations | 30-40 mg/L1 | 12 mg/kg body weight intravenous or intramuscular once a day | >30 mg/L1 |
1 Measured by FPIA
The dose is to be adjusted on bodyweight whatever the weight of the patient.
Duration of treatment
The duration of treatment should be decided based on the clinical response. For infective endocarditis a minimum of 21 days is usually considered appropriate. Treatment should not exceed 4 months.
Combination therapy
Teicoplanin has a limited spectrum of antibacterial activity (Gram positive). It is not suitable for use as a single agent for the treatment of some types of infections unless the pathogen is already documented and known to be susceptible or there is a high suspicion that the most likely pathogen(s) would be suitable for treatment with teicoplanin.
Clostridium difficile infection-associated diarrhoea and colitis
The recommended dose is 100-200 mg administered orally twice a day for 7 to 14 days.
Elderly population
No dose adjustment is required, unless there is renal impairment (see below).
Adults and elderly patients with impaired renal function
Dose adjustment is not required until the fourth day of treatment, at which time dosing should be adjusted to maintain a serum trough concentration of at least 10 mg/L when measured by HPLC, or at least 15 mg/L when measured by FPIA method.
After the fourth day of treatment:
- In mild and moderate renal insufficiency (creatinine clearance 30-80 mL/min): maintenance dose should be halved, either by administering the dose every two days or by administering half of this dose once a day.
- In severe renal insufficiency (creatinine clearance less than 30 mL/min) and in haemodialysed patients: dose should be one-third the usual dose, either by administering the initial unit dose every third day or by administering one-third of this dose once a day.
Teicoplanin is not removed by haemodialysis.
Patients in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD)
After a single intravenous loading dose of 6 mg/kg bodyweight, 20 mg/L is administered in the bag of the dialysis solution in the first week, 20 mg/L in different bags the second week and then 20 mg/L in the overnight bag in the third week.
Paediatric population
The dose recommendations are the same in adults and children above 12 years of age.
Neonates and infants up to the age of 2 months:
Loading dose
One single dose of 16 mg/kg body weight, administered intravenously by infusion on the first day.
Maintenance dose
One single dose of 8 mg/kg body weight administered intravenously by infusion once a day.
Children (2 months to 12 years):
Loading dose
One single dose of 10 mg/kg body weight administered intravenously every 12 hours, repeated 3 times.
Maintenance dose
One single dose of 6-10 mg/kg body weight administered intravenously once a day.
Method of administration
Teicoplanin should be administered by the intravenous or intramuscular route. The intravenous injection may be administered either as a bolus over 3 to 5 minutes or as a 30-minute infusion.
Only the infusion method should be used in neonates.
For Clostridium difficile infection-associated diarrhoea and colitis, the oral route is to be used.
This medicinal product is for single use only.
Preparation of reconstituted solution:
The solution is reconstituted by adding 3.14 mL of water for injection to the 200 mg and 400 mg powder vial. The water is slowly added to the vial which should be rotated until all the powder is dissolved to avoid foaming. If foam is developed, allow the solution to stand for approximately 15 minutes so that the foam disappears. Only clear and yellowish solutions should be used.
| Nominal teicoplanin content of vial | 200 mg | 400 mg |
| Volume of powder vial | 10 mL | 22 mL |
| Volume containing nominal teicoplanin dose (extracted by 5 mL syringe and 23 G needle) | 3.0 mL | 3.0 mL |
The reconstituted solution may be injected directly or alternatively further diluted, or orally administered.
Preparation of the diluted solution before infusion:
Ортоцид can be administered in the following infusion solutions:
- sodium chloride 9 mg/mL (0.9%) solution
- Ringer solution
- Ringer-lactate solution
- 5% dextrose injection
- 10% dextrose injection
- 0.18% sodium chloride and 4% glucose solution
- 0.45% sodium chloride and 5% glucose solution
- Peritoneal dialysis solution containing 1.36% or 3.86% glucose solution.
Any unused product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements.
