Octreotide-long

Overdose

A limited number of accidental overdoses of Octreotide-Long LAR have been reported. The doses ranged from 100 mg to 163 mg/month of Octreotide-Long LAR. The only adverse event reported was hot flushes.

Cancer patients receiving doses of Octreotide-Long LAR up to 60 mg/month and up to 90 mg/2 weeks have been reported. These doses were in general well tolerated; however, the following adverse events have been reported: frequent urination, fatigue, depression, anxiety, and lack of concentration.

The management of overdosage is symptomatic.

Incompatibilities

In the absence of compatibility studies, this medicinal product must not be mixed with other medicinal products.

Pharmaceutical form

Undesirable effects

Summary of the safety profile

The most frequent adverse reactions reported during octreotide therapy include gastrointestinal disorders, nervous system disorders, hepatobiliary disorders, and metabolism and nutritional disorders.

The most commonly reported adverse reactions in clinical trials with octreotide administration were diarrhoea, abdominal pain, nausea, flatulence, headache, cholelithiasis, hyperglycaemia and constipation. Other commonly reported adverse reactions were dizziness, localised pain, biliary sludge, thyroid dysfunction (e.g., decreased thyroid stimulating hormone [TSH], decreased total T4, and decreased free T4), loose stools, impaired glucose tolerance, vomiting, asthenia, and hypoglycaemia.

Tabulated list of adverse reactions

The following adverse drug reactions, listed in Table 1, have been accumulated from clinical studies with octreotide:

Adverse drug reactions (Table 1) are ranked under heading of frequency, the most frequent first, using the following convention: very common (>1/10); common (>1/100, <1/10); uncommon (>1/1,000, <1/100); rare (>1/10,000, <1/1,000) very rare (<1/10,000), including isolated reports. Within each frequency grouping, adverse reactions are ranked in order of decreasing seriousness.

Table 1 Adverse drug reactions reported in clinical studies

Post-marketing

Spontaneously reported adverse reactions, presented in Table 2, are reported voluntarily and it is not always possible to reliably establish frequency or a causal relationship to drug exposure.

Table 2 Adverse drug reactions derived from spontaneous reports

Description of selected adverse reactions

Gallbladder and related reactions

Somatostatin analogues have been shown to inhibit gallbladder contractility and decrease bile secretion, which may lead to gallbladder abnormalities or sludge. Development of gallstones has been reported in 15 to 30% of long-term recipients of s.c. Octreotide-Long. The incidence in the general population (aged 40 to 60 years) is about 5 to 20%. Long-term exposure to Octreotide-Long LAR of patients with acromegaly or gastro-entero-pancreatic tumors suggests that treatment with Octreotide-Long LAR does not increase the incidence of gallstone formation, compared with s.c. treatment. If gallstones do occur, they are usually asymptomatic; symptomatic stones should be treated either by dissolution therapy with bile acids or by surgery.

Gastrointestinal disorders

In rare instances, gastrointestinal side effects may resemble acute intestinal obstruction, with progressive abdominal distension, severe epigastric pain, abdominal tenderness and guarding.

The frequency of gastrointestinal adverse events is known to decrease over time with continued treatment.

Hypersensitivity and anaphylactic reactions

Hypersensitivity and allergic reactions have been reported during post-marketing. When these occur, they mostly affect the skin, rarely the mouth and airways. Isolated cases of anaphylactic shock have been reported.

Injection site reactions

Injection site related reactions including pain, redness, haemorrhage, pruritus, swelling or induration were commonly reported in patients receiving Octreotide-Long LAR; however, these events did not require any clinical intervention in the majority of the cases.

Metabolism and nutrition disorders

Although measured faecal fat excretion may increase, there is no evidence to date that long-term treatment with octreotide has led to nutritional deficiency due to malabsorption.

Pancreatic enzymes

In very rare instances, acute pancreatitis has been reported within the first hours or days of Octreotide-Long s.c. treatment and resolved on withdrawal of the drug. In addition, cholelithiasis-induced pancreatitis has been reported for patients on long-term Octreotide-Long s.c. treatment.

Cardiac disorders

Bradycardia is a common adverse reaction with somatostatin analogues. In both acromegalic and carcinoid syndrome patients, ECG changes were observed such as QT prolongation, axis shifts, early repolarisation, low voltage, R/S transition, early R wave progression, and non-specific ST-T wave changes. The relationship of these events to octreotide acetate is not established because many of these patients have underlying cardiac diseases.

Thrombocytopenia

Thrombocytopenia has been reported during post-marketing experience, particularly during treatment with Octreotide-Long (i.v.) in patients with cirrhosis of the liver, and during treatment with Octreotide-Long LAR. This is reversible after discontinuation of treatment.

Reporting of suspected adverse reactions

Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the Yellow Card Scheme at: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard.

Preclinical safety data

Acute and repeated dose toxicology, genotoxicity, carcinogenicity and reproductive toxicology studies in animals revealed no specific safety concerns for humans.

Reproduction studies in animals revealed no evidence of teratogenic, embryo/foetal or other reproduction effects due to octreotide at parental doses of up to 1 mg/kg/day. Some retardation of the physiological growth was noted in the offspring of rats which was transient and attributable to GH inhibition brought about by excessive pharmacodynamic activity.

No specific studies were conducted in juvenile rats. In the pre- and post-natal developmental studies, reduced growth and maturation was observed in the F1 offspring of dams given octreotide during the entire pregnancy and lactation period. Delayed descent of the testes was observed for male F1 offsprings, but fertility of the affected F1 male pups remained normal. Thus, the above mentioned observations were transient and considered to be the consequence of GH inhibition.

Therapeutic indications

Treatment of patients with acromegaly in whom surgery is inappropriate or ineffective, or in the interim period until radiotherapy becomes fully effective.

Treatment of patients with symptoms associated with functional gastro-entero-pancreatic endocrine tumours e.g. carcinoid tumours with features of the carcinoid syndrome.

Treatment of patients with advanced neuroendocrine tumours of the midgut or of unknown primary origin where non-midgut sites of origin have been excluded.

Treatment of TSH-secreting pituitary adenomas:

- when secretion has not normalised after surgery and/or radiotherapy;

- in patients in whom surgery is inappropriate;

- in irradiated patients, until radiotherapy is effective.

Pharmacotherapeutic group

Pharmacodynamic properties

Pharmacotherapeutic group: Somatostatin and analogues, ATC code: H01CB02

Octreotide is a synthetic octapeptide derivative of naturally occurring somatostatin with similar pharmacological effects, but with a considerably prolonged duration of action. It inhibits pathologically increased secretion of growth hormone (GH) and of peptides and serotonin produced within the GEP endocrine system.

In animals, octreotide is a more potent inhibitor of GH, glucagon and insulin release than somatostatin is, with greater selectivity for GH and glucagon suppression.

In healthy subjects octreotide, like somatostatin, has been shown to inhibit:

- release of GH stimulated by arginine, exercise- and insulin-induced hypoglycaemia,

- post-prandial release of insulin, glucagon, gastrin, other peptides of the GEP endocrine system, and arginine-stimulated release of insulin and glucagon,

- thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)-stimulated release of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH).

Unlike somatostatin, octreotide inhibits GH secretion preferentially over insulin and its administration is not followed by rebound hypersecretion of hormones (i.e. GH in patients with acromegaly).

In patients with acromegaly, Octreotide-Long LAR, a galenical formulation of octreotide suitable for repeated administration at intervals of 4 weeks, delivers consistent and therapeutic octreotide serum concentrations thus consistently lowering GH and normalising IGF 1 serum concentrations in the majority of patients. In most patients, Octreotide-Long LAR markedly reduces the clinical symptoms of the disease, such as headache, perspiration, paraesthesia, fatigue, osteoarthralgia and carpal tunnel syndrome. In previously untreated acromegaly patients with GH-secreting pituitary adenoma, Octreotide-Long LAR treatment resulted in a tumour volume reduction of >20% in a significant proportion (50%) of patients.

In individual patients with GH-secreting pituitary adenoma, Octreotide-Long LAR was reported to lead to shrinkage of the tumour (prior to surgery). However, surgery should not be delayed.

For patients with functional tumours of the gastro-entero-pancreatic endocrine system, treatment with Octreotide-Long LAR provides continuous control of symptoms related to the underlying disease. The effect of octreotide in different types of gastro-entero-pancreatic tumours are as follows:

Carcinoid tumours

Administration of octreotide may result in improvement of symptoms, particularly of flushing and diarrhoea. In many cases, this is accompanied by a fall in plasma serotonin and reduced urinary excretion of 5 hydroxyindole acetic acid.

VIPomas

The biochemical characteristic of these tumours is overproduction of vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP). In most cases, administration of octreotide results in alleviation of the severe secretory diarrhoea typical of the condition, with consequent improvement in quality of life. This is accompanied by an improvement in associated electrolyte abnormalities, e.g. hypokalaemia, enabling enteral and parenteral fluid and electrolyte supplementation to be withdrawn. In some patients, computed tomography scanning suggests a slowing or arrest of progression of the tumour, or even tumour shrinkage, particularly of hepatic metastases. Clinical improvement is usually accompanied by a reduction in plasma VIP levels, which may fall into the normal reference range.

Glucagonomas

Administration of octreotide results in most cases in substantial improvement of the necrolytic migratory rash which is characteristic of the condition. The effect of octreotide on the state of mild diabetes mellitus which frequently occurs is not marked and, in general, does not result in a reduction of requirements for insulin or oral hypoglycaemic agents. Octreotide produces improvement of diarrhoea, and hence weight gain, in those patients affected. Although administration of octreotide often leads to an immediate reduction in plasma glucagon levels, this decrease is generally not maintained over a prolonged period of administration, despite continued symptomatic improvement.

Gastrinomas/Zollinger-Ellison syndrome

Therapy with proton pump inhibitors or H2 receptor blocking agents generally controls gastric acid hypersecretion. However, diarrhoea, which is also a prominent symptom, may not be adequately alleviated by proton pump inhibitors or H2 receptor blocking agents. Octreotide-Long LAR can help to further reduce gastric acid hypersecretion and improve symptoms, including diarrhoea, as it provides suppression of elevated gastrin levels, in some patients.

Insulinomas

Administration of octreotide produces a fall in circulating immunoreactive insulin. In patients with operable tumours, octreotide may help to restore and maintain normoglycemia pre-operatively. In patients with inoperative benign or malignant tumours, glycaemic control may be improved even without concomitant sustained reduction in circulating insulin levels.

Advanced neuroendocrine tumours of the midgut or of unknown primary origin where non-midgut sites of origin have been excluded

A Phase III, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study (PROMID) demonstrated that Octreotide-Long LAR inhibits tumour growth in patients with advanced neuroendocrine tumours of the midgut. 85 patients were randomised to receive Octreotide-Long LAR 30 mg every 4 weeks (n=42) or placebo (n=43) for 18 months, or until tumour progression or death.

Main inclusion criteria were: treatment naïve; histologically confirmed; locally inoperable or metastatic well-differentiated; functionally active or inactive neuroendocrine tumours/carcinomas; with primary tumour located in the midgut or unknown origin believed to be of midgut origin if a primary within the pancreas, chest, or elsewhere was excluded.

The primary endpoint was time to tumour progression or tumour-related death (TTP).

In the intent-to-treat analysis population (ITT) (all randomised patients), 26 and 41 progressions or tumour-related deaths were seen in the Octreotide-Long LAR and placebo groups, respectively (HR = 0.32; 95% CI, 0.19 to 0.55; p-value =.000015).

In the conservative ITT (cITT) analysis population in which 3 patients were censored at randomization, 26 and 40 progressions or tumour-related deaths were observed in the Octreotide-Long LAR and placebo groups, respectively (HR=0.34; 95% CI, 0.20 to 0.59; p-value =.000072; Fig 1). Median time to tumour progression was 14.3 months (95% CI, 11.0 to 28.8 months) in the Octreotide-Long LAR group and 6.0 months (95% CI, 3.7 to 9.4 months) in the placebo group.

In the per-protocol analysis population (PP) in which additional patients were censored at end study therapy, tumour progression or tumour-related death was observed in 19 and 38 Octreotide-Long LAR and placebo recipients, respectively (HR = 0.24; 95% CI, 0.13 to 0.45; p-value =.0000036).

Figure 1 Kaplan-Meier estimates of TTP comparing Octreotide-Long LAR with placebo (conservative ITT population)

Table 3 TTP results by analysis populations

Treatment effect was similar in patients with functionally active (HR = 0.23; 95% CI, 0.09 to 0.57) and inactive tumours (HR = 0.25; 95% CI, 0.10 to 0.59).

After 6 months of treatment, stable disease was observed in 67% of patients in the Octreotide-Long LAR group and 37% of patients in the placebo group.

Based on the significant clinical benefit of Octreotide-Long LAR observed in this pre-planned interim analysis the recruitment was stopped.

The safety of Octreotide-Long LAR in this trial was consistent with its established safety profile.

Treatment of TSH-secreting pituitary adenomas

Octreotide-Long LAR, one i.m. injection every 4 weeks, has been shown to suppress elevated thyroid hormones, to normalise TSH and to improve the clinical signs and symptoms of hyperthyroidism in patients with TSH-secreting adenomas. Treatment effect of Octreotide-Long LAR reached statistical significance as compared to baseline after 28 days and treatment benefit continued for up to 6 months.

Pharmacokinetic properties

After single i.m. injections of Octreotide-Long LAR, the serum octreotide concentration reaches a transient initial peak within 1 hour after administration, followed by a progressive decrease to a low undetectable octreotide level within 24 hours. After this initial peak on day 1, octreotide remains at sub-therapeutic levels in the majority of the patients for the following 7 days. Thereafter, octreotide concentrations increase again, and reach plateau concentrations around day 14 and remain relatively constant during the following 3 to 4 weeks. The peak level during day 1 is lower than levels during the plateau phase and no more than 0.5% of the total drug release occurs during day 1. After about day 42, the octreotide concentration decreases slowly, concomitant with the terminal degradation phase of the polymer matrix of the dosage form.

In patients with acromegaly, plateau octreotide concentrations after single doses of 10 mg, 20 mg and 30 mg Octreotide-Long LAR amount to 358 ng/L, 926 ng/L, and 1,710 ng/L, respectively. Steady-state octreotide serum concentrations, reached after 3 injections at 4 week intervals, are higher by a factor of approximately 1.6 to 1.8 and amount to 1,557 ng/L and 2,384 ng/L after multiple injections of 20 mg and 30 mg Octreotide-Long LAR, respectively.

In patients with carcinoid tumours, the mean (and median) steady-state serum concentrations of octreotide after multiple injections of 10 mg, 20 mg and 30 mg of Octreotide-Long LAR given at 4 week intervals also increased linearly with dose and were 1,231 (894) ng/L, 2,620 (2,270) ng/L and 3,928 (3,010) ng/L, respectively.

No accumulation of octreotide beyond that expected from overlapping release profiles occurred over a duration of up to 28 monthly injections of Octreotide-Long LAR.

The pharmacokinetic profile of octreotide after injection of Octreotide-Long LAR reflects the release profile from the polymer matrix and its biodegradation. Once released into the systemic circulation, octreotide distributes according to its known pharmacokinetic properties, as described for s.c. administration. The volume of distribution of octreotide at steady-state is 0.27 L/kg and the total body clearance is 160 mL/min. Plasma protein binding amounts to 65% and essentially no drug is bound to blood cells.

Pharmacokinetic data with limited blood sampling in pediatric patients with hypothalamic obesity, aged 7-17 years, receiving Octreotide-Long LAR 40 mg once monthly, showed mean octreotide trough plasma concentrations of 1,395 ng/L after the first injection and of 2,973 ng/L at steady state. A high inter-subject variability is observed.

Steady-state trough octreotide concentrations were not correlated with age and BMI, but moderately correlated with body weight (52.3-133 kg) and was significantly different between male and female patients, i.e. about 17% higher for female patients.

Name of the medicinal product

Qualitative and quantitative composition

Special warnings and precautions for use

General

As GH-secreting pituitary tumours may sometimes expand, causing serious complications (e.g. visual field defects), it is essential that all patients be carefully monitored. If evidence of tumour expansion appears, alternative procedures may be advisable.

The therapeutic benefits of a reduction in growth hormone (GH) levels and normalisation of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) concentration in female acromegalic patients could potentially restore fertility. Female patients of childbearing potential should be advised to use adequate contraception if necessary during treatment with octreotide.

Thyroid function should be monitored in patients receiving prolonged treatment with octreotide.

Hepatic function should be monitored during octreotide therapy.

Cardiovascular related events

Common cases of bradycardia have been reported. Dose adjustment of medicinal products such as beta blockers, calcium channel blockers, or agents to control fluid and electrolyte balance, may be necessary.

Gallbladder and related events

Cholelithiasis is a very common event during Octreotide-Long treatment and may be associated with cholecystitis and biliary duct dilatation. Ultrasonic examination of the gallbladder before and at about 6-monthly intervals during Octreotide-Long LAR therapy is recommended.

Glucose metabolism

Because of its inhibitory action on growth hormone, glucagon, and insulin release, Octreotide-Long LAR may affect glucose regulation. Post-prandial glucose tolerance may be impaired. As reported for patients treated with s.c. Octreotide-Long, in some instances, the state of persistent hyperglycaemia may be induced as a result of chronic administration. Hypoglycaemia has also been reported.

In patients with concomitant Type I diabetes mellitus, Octreotide-Long LAR is likely to affect glucose regulation, and insulin requirements may be reduced. In non-diabetics and type II diabetics with partially intact insulin reserves, Octreotide-Long s.c. administration may result in increases in post-prandial glycaemia. It is therefore recommended to monitor glucose tolerance and antidiabetic treatment.

In patients with insulinomas, octreotide, because of its greater relative potency in inhibiting the secretion of GH and glucagon than that of insulin, and because of the shorter duration of its inhibitory action on insulin, may increase the depth and prolong the duration of hypoglycaemia. These patients should be closely monitored.

Nutrition

Octreotide may alter absorption of dietary fats in some patients.

Depressed vitamin B12 levels and abnormal Schilling's tests have been observed in some patients receiving octreotide therapy. Monitoring of vitamin B12 levels is recommended during therapy with Octreotide-Long LAR in patients who have a history of vitamin B12 deprivation.

Sodium content

Octreotide-Long LAR contains less than 1 mmol (23 mg) sodium per dose, i.e is essentially “sodium-free”.

Effects on ability to drive and use machines

Octreotide-Long LAR has no or negligible influence on the ability to drive and use machines. Patients should be advised to be cautious when driving or using machines if they experience dizziness, asthenia/fatigue, or headache during treatment with Octreotide-Long LAR.

Dosage (Posology) and method of administration

Posology

Acromegaly

It is recommended to start treatment with the administration of 20 mg Octreotide-Long LAR at 4-week intervals for 3 months. Patients on treatment with s.c. Octreotide-Long can start treatment with Octreotide-Long LAR the day after the last dose of s.c. Octreotide-Long. Subsequent dosage adjustment should be based on serum growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor 1/somatomedin C (IGF-1) concentrations and clinical symptoms.

For patients in whom, within this 3-month period, clinical symptoms and biochemical parameters (GH; IGF-1) are not fully controlled (GH concentrations still above 2.5 microgram/L), the dose may be increased to 30 mg every 4 weeks. If after 3 months, GH, IGF-1, and/or symptoms are not adequately controlled at a dose of 30 mg, the dose may be increased to 40 mg every 4 weeks.

For patients whose GH concentrations are consistently below 1 microgram/L, whose IGF-1 serum concentrations normalised, and in whom most reversible signs/symptoms of acromegaly have disappeared after 3 months of treatment with 20 mg, 10 mg Octreotide-Long LAR may be administered every 4 weeks. However, particularly in this group of patients, it is recommended to closely monitor adequate control of serum GH and IGF-1 concentrations, and clinical signs/symptoms at this low dose of Octreotide-Long LAR.

For patients on a stable dose of Octreotide-Long LAR, assessment of GH and IGF-1 should be made every 6 months.

Gastro-entero-pancreatic endocrine tumours

Treatment of patients with symptoms associated with functional gastro-entero-pancreatic neuroendocrine tumours

It is recommended to start treatment with the administration of 20 mg Octreotide-Long LAR at 4-week intervals. Patients on treatment with s.c. Octreotide-Long should continue at the previously effective dosage for 2 weeks after the first injection of Octreotide-Long LAR.

For patients in whom symptoms and biological markers are well controlled after 3 months of treatment, the dose may be reduced to 10 mg Octreotide-Long LAR every 4 weeks.

For patients in whom symptoms are only partially controlled after 3 months of treatment, the dose may be increased to 30 mg Octreotide-Long LAR every 4 weeks.

For days when symptoms associated with gastro-entero-pancreatic tumours may increase during treatment with Octreotide-Long LAR, additional administration of s.c. Octreotide-Long is recommended at the dose used prior to the Octreotide-Long LAR treatment. This may occur mainly in the first 2 months of treatment until therapeutic concentrations of octreotide are reached.

Treatment of patients with advanced neuroendocrine tumours of the midgut or of unknown primary origin where non-midgut sites of origin have been excluded

The recommended dose of Octreotide-Long LAR is 30 mg administered every 4 weeks. Treatment with Octreotide-Long LAR for tumour control should be continued in the absence of tumour progression.

Treatment of TSH-secreting adenomas

Treatment with Octreotide-Long LAR should be started at a dose of 20 mg at 4-weekly intervals for 3 months before considering dose adjustment. The dose is then adjusted on the basis of the TSH and thyroid hormone response.

Use in patients with impaired renal function

Impaired renal function did not affect the total exposure (AUC) to octreotide when administered s.c. as Octreotide-Long. Therefore, no dose adjustment of Octreotide-Long LAR is necessary.

Use in patients with impaired hepatic function

In a study with Octreotide-Long administered s.c. and i.v. it was shown that the elimination capacity may be reduced in patients with liver cirrhosis, but not in patients with fatty liver disease. In certain cases patients with impaired hepatic function may require dose adjustment.

Use in the elderly

In a study with Octreotide-Long administered s.c., no dose adjustment was necessary in subjects > 65 years of age. Therefore, no dose adjustment is necessary in this group of patients with Octreotide-Long LAR.

Use in children

There is limited experience with the use of Octreotide-Long LAR in children.

Method of administration

Octreotide-Long LAR may only be administered by deep intramuscular injection. The site of repeat intramuscular injections should be alternated between the left and right gluteal muscle.

Special precautions for disposal and other handling

Any unused medicinal product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements.

Instructions for preparation and intramuscular injection for Octreotide-Long LAR

FOR DEEP INTRAMUSCULAR INJECTION ONLY

Included in the injection kit:

a. One vial containing Octreotide-Long LAR powder,

b. One prefilled syringe containing the vehicle solution for reconstitution,

c. One vial adapter for drug product reconstitution,

d. One safety injection needle.

Follow the instructions below carefully to ensure proper reconstitution of Octreotide-Long LAR before deep intramuscular injection.

There are 3 critical actions in the reconstitution of Octreotide-Long LAR. Not following them could result in failure to deliver the drug appropriately.

- The injection kit must reach room temperature. Remove the injection kit from the fridge and let the kit stand at room temperature for a minimum of 30 minutes before reconstitution, but do not exceed 24 hours.

- After adding the diluent solution, ensure that the powder is fully saturated by letting the vial stand for 5 minutes.

- After saturation, shake the vial moderately in a horizontal direction for a minimum of 30 seconds until a uniform suspension is formed. The Octreotide-Long LAR suspension must only be prepared immediately before administration.

Octreotide-Long LAR should only be administered by a trained healthcare professional.