The most common signs expected with overdose of a beta-blocker are bradycardia, hypotension, bronchospasm, acute cardiac insufficiency and hypoglycaemia. There is limited experience with overdose of Niperten, only a few cases of overdose with Niperten have been reported. Bradycardia and/or hypotension were noted. All patients recovered. There is a wide inter-individual variation in sensitivity to one single high dose of Niperten and patients with heart failure are probably very sensitive.
In general, if overdose occurs, discontinuation of Niperten treatment and supportive and symptomatic treatment is recommended.
Based on the expected pharmacologic actions and recommendations for other beta-blockers, the following general measures may be considered when clinically warranted.
Bradycardia: Administer intravenous atropine. If the response is inadequate, isoprenaline or another agent with positive chronotropic properties may be given cautiously. Under some circumstances, transvenous pacemaker insertion may be necessary.
Hypotension: Intravenous fluids and vasopressors should be administered. Intravenous glucagon may be useful.
AV block (second or third degree): Patients should be carefully monitored and treated with isoprenaline infusion or temporary pacing..
Acute worsening of heart failure: Administer i.v. diuretics, inotropic agents, vasodilating agents.
Bronchospasm: Administer bronchodilator therapy such as isoprenaline, beta2-sympathomimetic drugs and/or aminophylline.
Hypoglycaemia: Administer i.v. glucose.
Limited data suggest that Niperten is hardly dialysable.
Niperten is contraindicated in chronic heart failure patients with:
- acute heart failure or during episodes of heart failure decompensation requiring i.v. inotropic therapy
- cardiogenic shock
- second or third degree AV block (without a pacemaker)
- sick sinus syndrome
- sinoatrial block
- Symptomatic bradycardia
- Symptomatic hypotension
- severe bronchial asthma or severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
- late stages of peripheral arterial occlusive disease and Raynaud's syndrome
- untreated phaeochromocytoma
- metabolic acidosis
Not applicable
The following definitions apply to the frequency terminology used hereafter:
Very common (> 1/10)
Common (> 1/100, < 1/10)
Uncommon (> 1/1,000, < 1/100)
Rare (> 1/10,000, < 1/1,000)
Very rare (< 1/10,000)
Psychiatric disorders:
Uncommon: sleep disorders, depression.
Rare: nightmares, hallucinations.
Nervous system disorders:
Common: dizziness*, headache*
Rare: syncope
Eye disorders:
Rare: reduced tear flow (to be considered if the patient uses lenses).
Very rare: conjunctivitis.
Ear and labyrinth disorders:
Rare: hearing disorders.
Cardiac disorders:
Very common: bradycardia (in patients with chronic heart failure).
Common: worsening of pre-existing heart failure (in patients with chronic heart failure).
Uncommon: AV-conduction disturbances, worsening of pre-existing heart failure (in patients with hypertension or angina pectoris); bradycardia (in patients with hypertension or angina pectoris).
Vascular disorders:
Common: feeling of coldness or numbness in the extremities, hypotension especially in patient with heart failure.
Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders:
Uncommon: bronchospasm in patients with bronchial asthma or a history of obstructive airways disease.
Rare: allergic rhinitis.
Gastrointestinal disorders:
Common: gastrointestinal complaints such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, constipation.
Hepatobiliary disorders:
Rare: hepatitis.
Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders:
Rare: hypersensitivity reactions (such as itching, flush, rash).
Very rare: beta-blockers may provoke or worsen psoriasis or induce psoriasis-like rash, alopecia.
Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders:
Uncommon: muscular weakness and cramps.
Reproductive system and breast disorders:
Rare: potency disorders
General disorders:
Common: asthenia (in patients with chronic heart failure), fatigue*.
Uncommon: asthenia (in patients with hypertension or angina pectoris)
Investigations:
Rare: increased triglycerides, increased liver enzymes (ALAT, ASAT).
Applies only to hypertension or angina pectoris:
*These symptoms especially occur at the beginning of the therapy. They are generally mild and usually disappear within 1 - 2 weeks.
Reporting of suspected adverse reactions
Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the national reporting system Yellow Card Scheme Website: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard
Preclinical data reveal no special hazard for humans based on conventional studies of safety pharmacology, repeated dose toxicity, genotoxicity or carcinogenicity..
Like other beta-blockers, Niperten caused maternal (decreased food intake and decreased body weight) and embryo/fetal toxicity (increased incidence of resorptions, reduced birth weight of the offspring, retarded physical development) at high doses but was not teratogenic.
Treatment of Hypertension
Treatment of stable chronic angina
Treatment of stable chronic heart failure with reduced systolic left ventricular function in addition to ACE inhibitors, and diuretics, and optionally cardiac glycosides
Pharmacotherapeutic group: Beta blocking agents, selective
ATC Code: C07AB07
Niperten is a potent highly beta1-selective-adrenoceptor blocking agent, lacking intrinsic stimulating and without relevant membrane stabilising activity. It only shows low affinity to the beta2-receptor of the smooth muscles of bronchi and vessels as well as to the beta2-receptors concerned with metabolic regulation. Therefore, Niperten is generally not to be expected to influence the airway resistance and beta2-mediated metabolic effects. Its beta1-selectivity extends beyond the therapeutic dose range.
Chronic heart failure:
In total 2647 patients were included in the CIBIS II trial. 83% (n = 2202) were in NYHA class III and 17% (n = 445) were in NYHA class IV. They had stable symptomatic systolic heart failure (ejection fraction ≤35%, based on echocardiography). Total mortality was reduced from 17.3% to 11.8% (relative reduction 34%). A decrease in sudden death (3.6% vs 6.3%, relative reduction 44%) and a reduced number of heart failure episodes requiring hospital admission (12% vs 17.6%, relative reduction 36%) was observed. Finally, a significant improvement of the functional status according to NYHA classification has been shown. During the initiation and titration of Niperten hospital admission due to bradycardia (0.53%), hypotension (0.23%), and acute decompensation (4.97%) were observed, but they were not more frequent than in the placebo-group (0%, 0.3% and 6.74%). The numbers of fatal and disabling strokes during the total study period were 20 in the Niperten group and 15 in the placebo group.
The CIBIS III trial investigated 1010 patients aged >65 years with mild to moderate chronic heart failure (CHF; NYHA class II or III) and left ventricular ejection fraction ≤35%, who had not been treated previously with ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers, or angiotensin receptor blockers. Patients were treated with a combination of Niperten and enalapril for 6 to 24 months after an initial 6 months treatment with either Niperten or enalapril.
There was a trend toward higher frequency of chronic heart failure worsening when Niperten was used as the initial 6 months treatment. Non inferiority of Niperten-first versus enalapril-first treatment was not proven in the per-protocol analysis, although the two strategies for initiation of CHF treatment showed a similar rate of the primary combined endpoint death and hospitalization at study end (32.4% in the Niperten-first group vs. 33.1 % in the enalapril-first group, per-protocol population). The study shows that Niperten can also be used in elderly chronic heart failure patients with mild to moderate disease.
Hypertension or angina pectoris:
Niperten is used for the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris. As with other Beta- 1-blocking agents, the method of acting in hypertension is unclear. However, it is known that Niperten reduces plasma renin activity markedly.
Antianginal mechanism: Niperten by inhibiting the cardiac beta receptors inhibits the response given to sympathetic activation. That results in the decrease of heart rate and contractility this way decreasing the oxygen demand of the cardiac muscle.
In acute administration in patients with coronary heart disease without chronic heart failure Niperten reduces the heart rate and stroke volume and thus the cardiac output and oxygen consumption. In chronic administration the initially elevated peripheral resistance decreases.
Niperten is absorbed almost completely from the gastrointestinal tract. Together with the very small first pass effect in the liver, this results in a high bioavailability of approximately 90%. The plasma protein binding of Niperten is about 30 %. The distribution volume is 3.5 l/kg. The total clearance is approximately 15 l/h.
The plasma elimination half-life (10-12 hours) provides 24 hours efficacy following a once daily dosage.
Niperten is excreted from the body by two routes, 50 % is metabolised by the liver to inactive metabolites which are then excreted by the kidneys. The remaining 50 % is excreted by the kidneys in an unmetabolised form. Since elimination takes place in the kidneys and the liver to the same extent a dosage adjustment is not required for patients with impaired liver function or renal insufficiency.
In patients with chronic heart failure (NYHA stage III) the plasma levels of Niperten are higher and the half life is prolonged compared to healthy volunteers. Maximum plasma concentration at steady state is 64±21 ng/ml at a daily dose of 10 mg and the half life is 17±5 hours.
Special warnings:
Applies only to chronic heart failure:
The treatment of stable chronic heart failure with Niperten has to be initiated with special titration phase.
Applies to all indications:
Especially in patients with ischemic heart disease the cessation of therapy with Niperten must not be done abruptly unless clearly indicated, because this may lead to transition worsening of heart condition.
Precautions:
Applies only to hypertension or angina pectoris:
Niperten must be used with caution in patients with hypertension or angina pectoris and accompanying heart failure.
Applies only to chronic heart failure:
The initiation of treatment with Niperten necessitates regular monitoring. For posology and method of administration please.
There is no therapeutic experience of Niperten treatment of heart failure in patients with the following diseases and conditions:
- insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (type I)
- severely impaired renal function
- severely impaired hepatic function
- restrictive cardiomyopathy
- congenital heart disease
- haemodynamically significant organic valvular disease
- myocardial infarction within 3 months
Applies to all indications:
Niperten must be used with caution in:
- bronchospasm (bronchial asthma, obstructive airways diseases).
In bronchial asthma or other chronic obstructive lung diseases, which may cause symptoms, bronchodilating therapy is recommended to be given concomitantly. Occasionally an increase of the airway resistance may occur in patients with asthma, therefore the dose of beta2-stimulants may have to be increased.
- diabetes mellitus with large fluctuations in blood glucose values; symptoms of hypoglycaemia (e.g. tachycardia, palpitations or sweating) can be masked.
- strict fasting
- ongoing desensitisation therapy
As with other beta-blockers, Niperten may increase both the sensitivity towards allergens and the severity of anaphylactic reactions. Adrenaline treatment does not always give the expected therapeutic effect.
- first degree AV block
- Prinzmetal's angina
- peripheral arterial occlusive disease (intensification of complaints might happen especially during the start of therapy)
- general anaesthesia
In patients undergoing general anaesthesia beta-blockade reduces the incidence of arrhythmias and myocardial ischemia during induction and intubation, and the post-operative period. It is currently recommended that maintenance beta-blockade be continued peri-operatively. The anaesthesist must be aware of beta-blockade because of the potential for interactions with other drugs, resulting in bradyarrhythmias, attenuation of the reflex tachycardia and the decreased reflex ability to compensate for blood loss. If it is thought necessary to withdraw beta-blocker therapy before surgery, this should be done gradually and completed about 48 hours before anaesthesia.
Patients with psoriasis or with a history of psoriasis should only be given beta-blockers (e.g. Niperten) after carefully balancing the benefits against the risks.
In patients with phaeochromocytoma Niperten must not be administered until after alpha-receptor blockade.
Under treatment with Niperten the symptoms of a thyreotoxicosis may be masked.
In a study with coronary heart disease patients Niperten did not impair driving performance. However, due to individual variations in reactions to the drug, the ability to drive a vehicle or to operate machinery may be impaired. This should be considered particularly at start of treatment and upon change of medication as well as in conjunction with alcohol.
Method of administration:
For oral use.
Niperten fumarate tablet should be taken in morning and can be taken with food in morning. They should be swallowed in liquid and should not be chewed.
Posology
Treatment of hypertension and chronic stable angina pectoris
Adults
The dosage should be individually adjusted. It is recommended to start with 5 mg per day. The usual dose is 10 mg once daily with a maximum recommended dose of 20 mg per day.
Patients with renal impairment
In patients with severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance < 20 ml/min) the dose should not exceed 10 mg once daily. This dosage may eventually be divided into halves.
Patients with severe liver impairment
No dosage adjustment is required, however careful monitoring is advised.
Elderly
No dosage adjustment is normally required. It is recommended to start with the lowest possible dose.
Paediatric population
There is no experience with Niperten in children, therefore its use cannot be recommended for children.
Discontinuation of treatment
Treatment should not be stopped abruptly. The dosage should be diminished slowly by a weekly halving of the dose.
Treatment of stable chronic heart failure
Adults
Standard treatment of CHF consists of an ACE inhibitor (or an angiotensin receptor blocker in case of intolerance to ACE inhibitors), a beta-blocker, diuretics, and when appropriate cardiac glycosides. Patients should be stable (without acute failure) when Niperten treatment is initiated.
It is recommended that the treating physician should be experienced in the management of chronic heart failure.
Transient worsening of heart failure, hypotension, or bradycardia may occur during the titration period and thereafter.
Titration phase
The treatment of stable chronic heart failure with Niperten requires a titration phase
The treatment with Niperten is to be started with a gradual uptitration according to the following steps:
- 1.25 mg once daily for 1 week, if well tolerated increase to
- 2.5 mg once daily for a further week, if well tolerated increase to
- 3.75 mg once daily for a further week, if well tolerated increase to
- 5 mg once daily for the 4 following weeks, if well tolerated increase to
- 7.5 mg once daily for the 4 following weeks, if well tolerated increase to
- 10 mg once daily for the maintenance therapy.
The maximum recommended dose is 10 mg once daily.
Close monitoring of vital signs (heart rate, blood pressure) and symptoms of worsening heart failure is recommended during the titration phase. Symptoms may already occur within the first day after initiating the therapy.
Treatment modification
If the maximum recommended dose is not well tolerated, gradual dose reduction may be considered.
In case of transient worsening of heart failure, hypotension, or bradycardia reconsideration of the dosage of the concomitant medication is recommended. It may also be necessary to temporarily lower the dose of Niperten or to consider discontinuation.
The reintroduction and/or uptitration of Niperten should always be considered when the patient becomes stable again.
If discontinuation is considered, gradual dose decrease is recommended, since abrupt withdrawal may lead to acute deterioration of the patients condition.
Treatment of stable chronic heart failure with Niperten is generally a long-term treatment.
Special population
Renal or hepatic impairment
There is no information regarding pharmacokinetics of Niperten in patients with chronic heart failure and with impaired hepatic or renal function. Uptitration of the dose in these populations should therefore be made with additional caution.
Elderly
No dosage adjustment is normally required.
Paediatric population
There is no paediatric experience with Niperten, therefore its use cannot be recommended for children.
No special requirements.
Any unused medicinal product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements.
