No specific countermeasures after accidental overdose are recommended. In the event of overdose, symptomatic treatment should be implemented. ECG monitoring should be undertaken, because of the possibility of QT interval prolongation. Concomitant administration of charcoal with a dose of 400 mg oral Moxistarxacin will reduce systemic availability of the medicinal product by more than 80%. The use of charcoal early during absorption may be useful to prevent excessive increase in the systemic exposure to Moxistarxacin in cases of oral overdose.
- Pregnancy and lactation.
- Patients below 18 years of age.
- Patients with a history of tendon disease/disorder related to quinolone treatment.
Both in preclinical investigations and in humans, changes in cardiac electrophysiology have been observed following exposure to Moxistarxacin, in the form of QT prolongation. For reasons of drug safety, Moxistarxacin is therefore contraindicated in patients with:
- Congenital or documented acquired QT prolongation
- Electrolyte disturbances, particularly in uncorrected hypokalaemia
- Clinically relevant bradycardia
- Clinically relevant heart failure with reduced left-ventricular ejection fraction
- Previous history of symptomatic arrhythmias
Due to limited clinical data, Moxistarxacin is also contraindicated in patients with impaired liver function (Child Pugh C) and in patients with transaminases increase > 5fold ULN.
Not applicable.
Adverse reactions observed in clinical trials and derived from post-marketing reports with Moxistarxacin 400 mg (oral and sequential therapy) sorted by frequencies are listed below:
Apart from nausea and diarrhoea all adverse reactions were observed at frequencies below 3%.
Within each frequency grouping, undesirable effects are presented in order of decreasing seriousness. Frequencies are defined as:
- Common (> 1/100 to < 1/10)
- Uncommon (> 1/1,000 to < 1/100)
- Rare (> 1/10,000 to < 1/1,000)
- Very rare (< 1/10,000)
| System Organ Class | Common | Uncommon | Rare | Very Rare |
| Infections and infestations | Superinfections due to resistant bacteria or fungi e.g. oral and vaginal candidiasis | |||
| Blood and lymphatic system disorders | Anaemia Leucopenia(s) Neutropenia Thrombocytopenia Thrombocythemia Blood eosinophilia Prothrombin time prolonged / INR increased | Prothrombin level increased / INR decreased Agranulocytosis | ||
| Immune System Disorders | Allergic reaction | Anaphylaxis incl. very rarely life-threatening shock Allergic oedema / angiooedema | ||
| Metabolism and Nutrition Disorders | Hyperlipidemia | Hyperglycemia Hyperuricemia | ||
| Psychiatric disorders | Anxiety reactions Psychomotor hyperactivity / agitation | Emotional lability Depression Hallucination | Depersonalization Psychotic reactions | |
| Nervous System Disorders | Headache Dizziness | Par- and Dysaesthesia Taste disorders (incl. ageusia in very rare cases) Confusion and disorientation Sleep disorders (predominantly insomnia) Tremor Vertigo Somnolence | Hypoaesthesia Smell disorders (incl. anosmia) Abnormal dreams Disturbed coordination (incl. gait disturbances, esp. due to dizziness or vertigo) Seizures incl. grand mal convulsions Disturbed attention Speech disorders Amnesia Peripheral neuropathy and polyneuropathy | Hyperaesthesia |
| Eye Disorders | Visual disturbances incl. diplopia and blurred vision | Transient loss of vision | ||
| Ear and Labyrinth Disorders | Tinnitus Hearing impairment incl. deafness (usually reversible) | |||
| Cardiac Disorders | QT prolongation in patients with hypokalaemia | QT prolongation Palpitations Tachycardia Atrial fibrillation Angina pectoris | Ventricular tachyarrhythmias Syncope (i.e., acute and short lasting loss of consciousness) | Unspecified arrhythmias Torsade de Pointes Cardiac arrest |
| Vascular Disorders | Vasodilatation | Hypertension Hypotension | Vasculitis | |
| Respiratory, Thoracic and Mediastinal Disorders | Dyspnea (including asthmatic conditions) | |||
| Gastrointestinal Disorders | Nausea Vomiting Gastrointestinal and abdominal pains Diarrhoea | Decreased appetite and food intake Constipation Dyspepsia Flatulence Gastritis Increased amylase | Dysphagia Stomatitis Antibiotic associated colitis | |
| Hepatobiliary Disorders | Increase in transaminases | Hepatic impairment (incl. LDH increase) Increased bilirubin Increased gamma-glutamyl-transferase Increase in blood alkaline phosphatase | Jaundice Hepatitis (predominantly cholestatic) | Fulminant hepatitis potentially leading to life-threatening liver failure |
| Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue Disorders | Pruritus Rash Urticaria Dry skin | Bullous skin reactions like Stevens-Johnson syndrome or toxic epidermal necrolysis | ||
| Musculoskeletal and connective Tissue Disorders | Arthralgia Myalgia | Tendonitis Muscle cramp Muscle twitching Muscle weakness | Tendon rupture Arthritis Muscle rigidity Exacerbation of symptoms of myasthenia gravis | |
| Renal and Urinary Disorders | Dehydration | Renal impairment (incl. increase in BUN and creatinine) Renal failure | ||
| General Disorders and Administration Site Conditions | Feeling unwell (predominantly asthenia or fatigue) Painful conditions (incl. pain in back, chest, pelvic and extremities) Sweating | Oedema |
There have been very rare cases of the following side effects reported following treatment with other fluoroquinolones, which might possibly also occur during treatment with Moxistarxacin: hypernatraemia, hypercalcaemia, haemolytic anaemia, rhabdomyolysis, photosensitivity reactions,.
Reporting of suspected adverse reactions
Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via Yellow Card Scheme Website: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard
Effects on the haematopoetic system (slight decreases in the number of erythrocytes and platelets) were seen in rats and monkeys. As with other quinolones, hepatotoxicity (elevated liver enzymes and vacuolar degeneration) was seen in rats, monkeys and dogs. In monkeys CNS toxicity (convulsions) occurred. These effects were seen only after treatment with high doses of Moxistarxacin or after prolonged treatment.
Moxistarxacin, like other quinolones, was genotoxic in in vitro tests using bacteria or mammalian cells. Since these effects can be explained by an interaction with the gyrase in bacteria and - at higher concentrations - by an interaction with the topoisomerase II in mammalian cells, a threshold concentration for genotoxicity can be assumed. In in vivo tests, no evidence of genotoxicity was found despite the fact that very high Moxistarxacin doses were used. Thus, a sufficient margin of safety to the therapeutic dose in man can be provided. Moxistarxacin was non-carcinogenic in an initiation-promotion study in rats.
Many quinolones are photoreactive and can induce phototoxic, photomutagenic and photocarcinogenic effects. In contrast, Moxistarxacin was proven to be devoid of phototoxic and photogenotoxic properties when tested in a comprehensive programme of in vitro and in vivo studies. Under the same conditions other quinolones induced effects.
At high concentrations, Moxistarxacin is an inhibitor of the rapid component of the delayed rectifier potassium current of the heart and may thus cause prolongations of the QT interval. Toxicological studies performed in dogs using oral doses of >90 mg/kg leading to plasma concentrations >16 mg/l caused QT prolongations, but no arrhythmias. Only after very high cumulative intravenous administration of more than 50fold the human dose (> 300 mg/kg), leading to plasma concentrations of >200 mg/l (more than 40fold the therapeutic level), reversible, non-fatal ventricular arrhythmias were seen.
Quinolones are known to cause lesions in the cartilage of the major diarthrodial joints in immature animals. The lowest oral dose of Moxistarxacin causing joint toxicity in juvenile dogs was four times the maximum recommended therapeutic dose of 400 mg (assuming a 50 kg bodyweight) on a mg/kg basis, with plasma concentrations two to three times higher than those at the maximum therapeutic dose.
Toxicity tests in rats and monkeys (repeated dosing up to six months) revealed no indication regarding an oculotoxic risk. In dogs, high oral doses (> 60 mg/kg) leading to plasma concentrations >20 mg/l caused changes in the electroretinogram and in isolated cases an atrophy of the retina.
Reproductive studies performed in rats, rabbits and monkeys indicate that placental transfer of Moxistarxacin occurs. Studies in rats (p.o. and i.v.) and monkeys (p.o.) did not show evidence of teratogenicity or impairment of fertility following administration of Moxistarxacin. A slightly increased incidence of vertebral and rib malformations was observed in foetuses of rabbits but only at a dose (20 mg/kg i.v.) which was associated with severe maternal toxicity. There was an increase in the incidence of abortions in monkeys and rabbits at human therapeutic plasma concentrations. In rats, decreased foetal weights, an increased prenatal loss, a slightly increased duration of pregnancy and an increased spontaneous activity of some male and female offspring was observed at doses which were 63 times the maximum recommended dose on a mg/kg basis with plasma concentrations in the range of the human therapeutic dose.
Moxistarxacin 400 mg film-coated tablets are indicated for the treatment of the following bacterial infections in patients of 18 years and older caused by bacteria susceptible to Moxistarxacin. Moxistarxacin should be used only when it is considered inappropriate to use antibacterial agents that are commonly recommended for the initial treatment of these infections or when these have failed:
- Acute bacterial sinusitis (adequately diagnosed)
- Acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis (adequately diagnosed)
- Community acquired pneumonia, except severe cases
- Mild to moderate pelvic inflammatory disease (i.e. infections of female upper genital tract, including salpingitis and endometritis), without an associated tubo-ovarian or pelvic abscess.
Moxistarxacin 400 mg film-coated tablets are not recommended for use in monotherapy of mild to moderate pelvic inflammatory disease but should be given in combination with another appropriate antibacterial agent (e.g. a cephalosporin) due to increasing Moxistarxacin resistance of Neisseria gonorrhoeae unless Moxistarxacin-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae can be excluded.
Moxistarxacin 400 mg film-coated tablets may also be used to complete a course of therapy in patients who have shown improvement during initial treatment with intravenous Moxistarxacin for the following indications:
- Community-acquired pneumonia
- Complicated skin and skin structure infections
Moxistarxacin 400 mg film-coated tablets should not be used to initiate therapy for any type of skin and skin structure infection or in severe community-acquired pneumonia.
Consideration should be given to official guidance on the appropriate use of antibacterial agents.
Pharmacotherapeutic group: Quinolone antibacterials, fluoroquinolones, ATC code: J01 MA 14
Mechanism of action
Moxistarxacin has in vitro activity against a wide range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens.
The bactericidal action of Moxistarxacin results from the inhibition of both type II topoisomerases (DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV) required for bacterial DNA replication, transcription and repair. It appears that the C8-methoxy moiety contributes to enhanced activity and lower selection of resistant mutants of Gram-positive bacteria compared to the C8-H moiety. The presence of the bulky bicycloamine substituent at the C-7 position prevents active efflux, associated with the norA or pmrA genes seen in certain Gram-positive bacteria.
Pharmacodynamic investigations have demonstrated that Moxistarxacin exhibits a concentration dependent killing rate. Minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) were found to be in the range of the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC).
Effect on the intestinal flora in humans
The following changes in the intestinal flora were seen in volunteers following oral administration of Moxistarxacin: Escherichia coli, Bacillus spp., Enterococcus spp., and Klebsiella spp. were reduced, as were the anaerobes Bacteroides vulgatus, Bifidobacterium spp., Eubacterium spp., and Peptostreptococcus spp.. For Bacteroides fragilis there was an increase. These changes returned to normal within two weeks.
Mechanism of resistance
Resistance mechanisms that inactivate penicillins, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, macrolides and tetracyclines do not interfere with the antibacterial activity of Moxistarxacin. Other resistance mechanisms such as permeation barriers (common in Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and efflux mechanisms may also effect susceptibility to Moxistarxacin.
In vitro resistance to Moxistarxacin is acquired through a stepwise process by target site mutations in both type II topoisomerases, DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV. Moxistarxacin is a poor substrate for active efflux mechanisms in Gram-positive organisms.
Cross-resistance is observed with other fluoroquinolones. However, as Moxistarxacin inhibits both topoisomerase II and IV with similar activity in some Gram-positive bacteria, such bacteria may be resistant to other quinolones, but susceptible to Moxistarxacin.
Breakpoints
EUCAST clinical MIC and disk diffusion breakpoints for Moxistarxacin (01.01.2012):
| Organism | Susceptible | Resistant |
| Staphylococcus spp. | ≤0.5 mg/l > 24 mm | > 1 mg/l < 21 mm |
| S. pneumoniae | ≤0.5 mg/l > 22 mm | > 0.5 mg/l <22 mm |
| Streptococcus Groups A, B, C, G | ≤0.5 mg/l > 18 mm | > 1 mg/l < 15 mm |
| H. influenzae | ≤ 0.5 mg/l > 25 mm | > 0.5 mg/l < 25 mm |
| M. catarrhalis | ≤0.5 mg/l > 23 mm | > 0.5 mg/l < 23 mm |
| Enterobacteriaceae | ≤0.5 mg/l > 20 mm | > 1 mg/l < 17 mm |
| Non-species related breakpoints* | ≤0.5 mg/l | > 1 mg/l |
| * Non-species related breakpoints have been determined mainly on the basis of pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic data and are independent of MIC distributions of specific species. They are for use only for species that have not been given a species-specific breakpoint and are not for use with species where interpretative criteria remain to be determined. | ||
Microbiological Susceptibility
The prevalence of acquired resistance may vary geographically and with time for selected species and local information of resistance is desirable, particularly when treating severe infections. As necessary, expert advice should be sought where the local prevalence of resistance is such that utility of the agent in at least some types of infections is questionable.
| Commonly susceptible species |
| Aerobic Gram-positive micro-organisms Gardnerella vaginalis Staphylococcus aureus* (methicillin-susceptible) Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B) Streptococcus milleri group* (S. anginosus, S. constellatus and S. intermedius) Streptococcus pneumoniae* Streptococcus pyogenes* (Group A) Streptococcus viridans group (S. viridans, S. mutans, S. mitis, S. sanguinis, S. salivarius, S. thermophilus) |
| Aerobic Gram-negative micro-organisms Acinetobacter baumanii Haemophilus influenzae* Haemophilus parainfluenzae* Legionella pneumophila Moraxella (Branhamella) catarrhalis* |
| Anaerobic micro-organisms Fusobacterium spp. Prevotella spp. |
| “Other†micro-organisms Chlamydophila (Chlamydia) pneumoniae* Chlamydia trachomatis* Coxiella burnetii Mycoplasma genitalium Mycoplasma hominis Mycoplasma pneumoniae* |
| Species for which acquired resistance may be a problem |
| Aerobic Gram-positive micro-organisms Enterococcus faecalis* Enterococcus faecium* Staphylococcus aureus (methicillin-resistant)+ |
| Aerobic Gram-negative micro-organisms Enterobacter cloacae* Escherichia coli*# Klebsiella pneumoniae*# Klebsiella oxytoca Neisseria gonorrhoeae*+ Proteus mirabilis* |
| Anaerobic micro-organisms Bacteroides fragilis* Peptostreptococcus spp.* |
| Inherently resistant organisms |
| Aerobic Gram-negative micro-organisms Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
| *Activity has been satisfactorily demonstrated in susceptible strains in clinical studies in the approved clinical indications. #ESBL-producing strains are commonly resistant to fluoroquinolones +Resistance rate > 50% in one or more countries |
Absorption and Bioavailability
Following oral administration Moxistarxacin is rapidly and almost completely absorbed. The absolute bioavailability amounts to approximately 91%.
Pharmacokinetics are linear in the range of 50 - 800 mg single dose and up to 600 mg once daily dosing over 10 days. Following a 400 mg oral dose peak concentrations of 3.1 mg/l are reached within 0.5 - 4 h post administration. Peak and trough plasma concentrations at steady-state (400 mg once daily) were 3.2 and 0.6 mg/l, respectively. At steady-state the exposure within the dosing interval is approximately 30% higher than after the first dose.
Distribution
Moxistarxacin is distributed to extravascular spaces rapidly; after a dose of 400 mg an AUC of 35 m∙gh/l is observed. The steady-state volume of distribution (Vss) is approximately 2 l/kg. In vitro and ex vivo experiments showed a protein binding of approximately 40 - 42% independent of the concentration of the drug. Moxistarxacin is mainly bound to serum albumin.
The following peak concentrations (geometric mean) were observed following administration of a single oral dose of 400 mg Moxistarxacin:
| Tissue | Concentration | Site: Plasma ratio |
| Plasma | 3.1 mg/l | - |
| Saliva | 3.6 mg/l | 0.75 - 1.3 |
| Blister fluid | 1.61 mg/l | 1.71 |
| Bronchial mucosa | 5.4 mg/kg | 1.7 - 2.1 |
| Alveolar macrophages | 56.7 mg/kg | 18.6 - 70.0 |
| Epithelial lining fluid | 20.7 mg/l | 5 - 7 |
| Maxillary sinus | 7.5 mg/kg | 2.0 |
| Ethmoid sinus | 8.2 mg/kg | 2.1 |
| Nasal polyps | 9.1 mg/kg | 2.6 |
| Interstitial fluid | 1.02 mg/l | 0.8 - 1.42,3 |
| Female genital tract* | 10.24 mg/kg | 1.724 |
| * intravenous administration of a single 400 mg dose 1 10 h after administration 2 unbound concentration 3 from 3 h up to 36 h post dose 4 at the end of infusion | ||
Biotransformation
Moxistarxacin undergoes Phase II biotransformation and is excreted via renal and biliary/faecal pathways as unchanged drug as well as in the form of a sulpho-compound (M1) and a glucuronide (M2). M1 and M2 are the only metabolites relevant in humans, both are microbiologically inactive.
In clinical Phase I and in vitro studies no metabolic pharmacokinetic interactions with other medicinal products undergoing Phase I biotransformation involving cytochrome P450 enzymes were observed. There is no indication of oxidative metabolism.
Elimination
Moxistarxacin is eliminated from plasma with a mean terminal half life of approximately 12 hours. The mean apparent total body clearance following a 400 mg dose ranges from 179 to 246 ml/min. Renal clearance amounted to about 24 - 53 ml/min suggesting partial tubular reabsorption of the drug from the kidneys.
After a 400 mg dose, recovery from urine (approximately 19% for unchanged drug, approximately 2.5% for M1, and approximately 14% for M2) and faeces (approximately 25% of unchanged drug, approximately 36% for M1, and no recovery for M2) totalled to approximately 96%.
Concomitant administration of Moxistarxacin with ranitidine or probenecid did not alter renal clearance of the parent drug.
Elderly and patients with low body weight
Higher plasma concentrations are observed in healthy volunteers with low body weight (such as women) and in elderly volunteers.
Renal impairment
The pharmacokinetic properties of Moxistarxacin are not significantly different in patients with renal impairment (including creatinine clearance > 20 ml/min/1.73 m2). As renal function decreases, concentrations of the M2 metabolite (glucuronide) increase by up to a factor of 2.5 (with a creatinine clearance of < 30 ml/min/1.73 m2).
Hepatic impairment
On the basis of the pharmacokinetic studies carried out so far in patients with liver failure (Child Pugh A, B), it is not possible to determine whether there are any differences compared with healthy volunteers. Impaired liver function was associated with higher exposure to M1 in plasma, whereas exposure to parent drug was comparable to exposure in healthy volunteers. There is insufficient experience in the clinical use of Moxistarxacin in patients with impaired liver function.
The benefit of Moxistarxacin treatment especially in infections with a low degree of severity should be balanced with the information contained in the warnings and precautions section.
Prolongation of QTc interval and potentially QTc-prolongation-related clinical conditions
Moxistarxacin has been shown to prolong the QTc interval on the electrocardiogram in some patients. In the analysis of ECGs obtained in the clinical trial program, QTc prolongation with Moxistarxacin was 6 msec ± 26 msec, 1.4% compared to baseline. As women tend to have a longer baseline QTc interval compared with men, they may be more sensitive to QTc-prolonging medications. Elderly patients may also be more susceptible to drug-associated effects on the QT interval.
5). The magnitude of QT prolongation may increase with increasing concentrations of the medicinal product. Therefore, the recommended dose should not be exceeded.If signs of cardiac arrhythmia occur during treatment with Moxistarxacin, treatment should be stopped and an ECG should be performed.
Hypersensitivity / allergic reactions
Hypersensitivity and allergic reactions have been reported for fluoroquinolones including Moxistarxacin after first administration. Anaphylactic reactions can progress to a life-threatening shock, even after the first administration. In cases of clinical manifestation of severe hypersensitivity reactions Moxistarxacin should be discontinued and suitable treatment (e.g. treatment for shock) initiated.
Severe liver disorders
Cases of fulminant hepatitis potentially leading to liver failure (including fatal cases) have been reported with Moxistarxacin. Patients should be advised to contact their doctor prior to continuing treatment if signs and symptoms of fulminant hepatic disease develop such as rapidly developing asthenia associated with jaundice, dark urine, bleeding tendency or hepatic encephalopathy.
Liver function tests/investigations should be performed in cases where indications of liver dysfunction occur.
Serious bullous skin reactions
Cases of bullous skin reactions like Stevens-Johnson syndrome or toxic epidermal necrolysis have been reported with Moxistarxacin. Patients should be advised to contact their doctor immediately prior to continuing treatment if skin and/or mucosal reactions occur.
Patients predisposed to seizures
Quinolones are known to trigger seizures. Use should be with caution in patients with CNS disorders or in the presence of other risk factors which may predispose to seizures or lower the seizure threshold. In case of seizures, treatment with Moxistarxacin should be discontinued and appropriate measures instituted.
Peripheral neuropathy
Cases of sensory or sensorimotor polyneuropathy resulting in paraesthesias, hypoaesthesias, dysaesthesias, or weakness have been reported in patients receiving quinolones including Moxistarxacin. Patients under treatment with Moxistarxacin should be advised to inform their doctor prior to continuing treatment if symptoms of neuropathy such as pain, burning, tingling, numbness, or weakness develop in order to prevent the development of an irreversible condition.
Psychiatric reactions
Psychiatric reactions may occur even after the first administration of quinolones, including Moxistarxacin. In very rare cases depression or psychotic reactions have progressed to suicidal thoughts and self-injurious behaviour such as suicide attempts. In the event that the patient develops these reactions, Moxistarxacin should be discontinued and appropriate measures instituted. Caution is recommended if Moxistarxacin is to be used in psychotic patients or in patients with history of psychiatric disease.
Antibiotic-associated diarrhoea incl. colitis
Antibiotic-associated diarrhoea (AAD) and antibiotic-associated colitis (AAC), including pseudomembranous colitis and Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea, has been reported in association with the use of broad spectrum antibiotics including Moxistarxacin and may range in severity from mild diarrhoea to fatal colitis. Therefore it is important to consider this diagnosis in patients who develop serious diarrhoea during or after the use of Moxistarxacin. If AAD or AAC is suspected or confirmed, ongoing treatment with antibacterial agents, including Moxistarxacin, should be discontinued and adequate therapeutic measures should be initiated immediately. Furthermore, appropriate infection control measures should be undertaken to reduce the risk of transmission. Medicinal products inhibiting peristalsis are contraindicated in patients who develop serious diarrhoea.
Patients with myasthenia gravis
Moxistarxacin should be used with caution in patients with myasthenia gravis because the symptoms can be exacerbated.
Tendon inflammation, tendon rupture
Tendon inflammation and rupture (especially Achilles tendon), sometimes bilateral, may occur with quinolone therapy including Moxistarxacin, even within 48 hours of starting treatment and have been reported up to several months after discontinuation of therapy. The risk of tendinitis and tendon rupture is increased in elderly patients and in those treated concurrently with corticosteroids. At the first sign of pain or inflammation, patients should discontinue treatment with Moxistarxacin, rest the affected limb(s) and consult their doctor immediately in order to initiate appropriate treatment (e.g. immobilisation) for the affected tendon.
Patients with renal impairment
Elderly patients with renal disorders should use Moxistarxacin with caution if they are unable to maintain adequate fluid intake, because dehydration may increase the risk of renal failure.
Vision disorders
If vision becomes impaired or any effects on the eyes are experienced, an eye specialist should be consulted immediately.
Prevention of photosensitivity reactions
Quinolones have been shown to cause photosensitivity reactions in patients. However, studies have shown that Moxistarxacin has a lower risk to induce photosensitivity. Nevertheless patients should be advised to avoid exposure to either UV irradiation or extensive and/or strong sunlight during treatment with Moxistarxacin.
Patients with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
Patients with a family history of, or actual glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency are prone to haemolytic reactions when treated with quinolones. Therefore, Moxistarxacin should be used with caution in these patients.
Patients with pelvic inflammatory disease
For patients with complicated pelvic inflammatory disease (e.g. associated with a tubo-ovarian or pelvic abscess), for whom an intravenous treatment is considered necessary, treatment with [Moxistarxacin] 400 mg film-coated tablets is not recommended.
Pelvic inflammatory disease may be caused by fluoroquinolone-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Therefore in such cases empirical Moxistarxacin should be co-administered with another appropriate antibiotic (e.g. a cephalosporin) unless Moxistarxacin-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae can be excluded. If clinical improvement is not achieved after 3 days of treatment, the therapy should be reconsidered.
Patients with special cSSSi
Clinical efficacy of intravenous Moxistarxacin in the treatment of severe burn infections, fasciitis and diabetic foot infections with osteomyelitis has not been established.
Interference with biological tests
Moxistarxacin therapy may interfere with the Mycobacterium spp. culture test by suppression of mycobacterial growth causing false negative results in samples taken from patients currently receiving Moxistarxacin.
Patients with MRSA infections
Moxistarxacin is not recommended for the treatment of MRSA infections. In case of a suspected or confirmed infection due to MRSA, treatment with an appropriate antibacterial agent should be started.
Paediatric population
Due to adverse effects on the cartilage in juvenile animals the use of Moxistarxacin in children and adolescents < 18 years is contraindicated.
No studies on the effects of Moxistarxacin on the ability to drive and use machines have been performed. However, fluoroquinolones including Moxistarxacin may result in an impairment of the patient's ability to drive or operate machinery due to CNS reactions or acute and short lasting loss of consciousness. Patients should be advised to see how they react to Moxistarxacin before driving or operating machinery.
Posology (adults)
The recommended dose is one 400 mg film-coated tablet once daily.
Renal/hepatic impairment
No adjustment of dosage is required in patients with mild to severely impaired renal function or in patients on chronic dialysis i.e. haemodialysis and continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis.
There is insufficient data in patients with impaired liver function.
Other special populations
No adjustment of dosage is required in the elderly and in patients with low bodyweight.
Paediatric population
Moxistarxacin is contraindicated in children and adolescents (< 18 years). Efficacy and safety of Moxistarxacin in children and adolescents have not been established.
Method of administration
The film-coated tablet should be swallowed whole with sufficient liquid and may be taken independent of meals.
Duration of administration
Moxistarxacin 400 mg film-coated tablets should be used for the following treatment durations:
| - Acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis | 5 - 10 days |
| - Community acquired pneumonia | 10 days |
| - Acute bacterial sinusitis | 7 days |
| - Mild to moderate pelvic inflammatory disease | 14 days |
Moxistarxacin 400 mg film-coated tablets have been studied in clinical trials for up to 14 days treatment.
Sequential (intravenous followed by oral) therapy
In clinical studies with sequential therapy most patients switched from intravenous to oral therapy within 4 days (community-acquired pneumonia) or 6 days (complicated skin and skin structure infections). The recommended total duration of intravenous and oral treatment is 7 - 14 days for community-acquired pneumonia and 7 - 21 days for complicated skin and skin structure infections.
The recommended dose (400 mg once daily) and duration of therapy for the indication being treated should not be exceeded.
No special requirements.
