No specific antidote is available for overdose with ivacaftor. Treatment of overdose consists of general supportive measures including monitoring of vital signs, liver function tests and observation of the clinical status of the patient.
4 years.
Not applicable.
Tablet core
Cellulose, microcrystalline
Lactose monohydrate
Hypromellose acetate succinate
Croscarmellose sodium
Sodium laurilsulfate
Colloidal silicon dioxide
Magnesium stearate
Tablet film coat
Polyvinyl alcohol
Titanium dioxide (E171)
Macrogol (PEG 3350)
Talc
Indigo carmine aluminum lake (E132)
Carnauba wax
Printing ink
Shellac
Iron oxide black (E172)
Propylene glycol
Ammonium hydroxide
Film-coated tablet (tablet)
Light blue, capsule-shaped film-coated tablets, printed with “V 150†in black ink on one side and plain on the other (16.5 mm x 8.4 mm in modified tablet shape).
Summary of the safety profile
The most common adverse reactions experienced by patients aged 6 years and older who received ivacaftor in the pooled 48-week placebo-controlled Phase 3 studies that occurred with an incidence of at least 3% and up to 9% higher than in the placebo arm were headache (23.9%), oropharyngeal pain (22.0%), upper respiratory tract infection (22.0%), nasal congestion (20.2%), abdominal pain (15.6%), nasopharyngitis (14.7%), diarrhoea (12.8%), dizziness (9.2%), rash (12.8%) and bacteria in sputum (12.8%). Transaminase elevations occurred in 12.8% of ivacaftor-treated patients versus 11.5% of placebo-treated patients.
In patients aged 2 to less than 6 years the most common adverse reactions were nasal congestion (26.5%), upper respiratory tract infection (23.5%), transaminase elevations (14.7%), rash (11.8%), and bacteria in sputum (11.8%).
Serious adverse reactions in patients who received ivacaftor included abdominal pain and transaminase elevations.
Tabulated list of adverse reactions
Table 1 reflects the adverse reactions observed with ivacaftor in clinical trials (placebo-controlled and uncontrolled studies) in which the length of exposure to ivacaftor ranged from 16 weeks to 144 weeks. The frequency of adverse reactions is defined as follows: very common (>1/10); common (>1/100 to <1/10); uncommon (>1/1,000 to <1/100); rare (>1/10,000 to <1/1,000); very rare (<1/10,000). Within each frequency grouping, adverse reactions are presented in order of decreasing seriousness.
|
Table 1. Adverse reactions in ivacaftor-treated patients aged 2 years and older | ||
|
System organ class |
Adverse reactions |
Frequency |
|
Infections and infestations |
Upper respiratory tract infection |
very common |
|
Nasopharyngitis |
very common | |
|
Rhinitis |
common | |
|
Nervous system disorders |
Headache |
very common |
|
Dizziness |
very common | |
|
Ear and labyrinth disorders |
Ear pain |
common |
|
Ear discomfort |
common | |
|
Tinnitus |
common | |
|
Tympanic membrane hyperaemia |
common | |
|
Vestibular disorder |
common | |
|
Ear congestion |
uncommon | |
|
Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders |
Oropharyngeal pain |
very common |
|
Nasal congestion |
very common | |
|
Sinus congestion |
common | |
|
Pharyngeal erythema |
common | |
|
Gastrointestinal disorders |
Abdominal pain |
very common |
|
Diarrhoea |
very common | |
|
Hepatobiliary disorders |
Transaminase elevations |
very common |
|
Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders |
Rash |
very common |
|
Reproductive system and breast disorders |
Breast mass |
common |
|
Breast inflammation |
uncommon | |
|
Gynaecomastia |
uncommon | |
|
Nipple disorder |
uncommon | |
|
Nipple pain |
uncommon | |
|
Investigations |
Bacteria in sputum |
very common |
Description of selected adverse reactions
Hepatobiliary disorders
Transaminase elevations
During the 48-week placebo-controlled studies 1 and 2 in patients aged 6 years and older, the incidence of maximum transaminase (ALT or AST) >8, >5 or >3 x ULN was 3.7%, 3.7% and 8.3% in ivacaftor-treated patients and 1.0%, 1.9% and 8.7% in placebo-treated patients, respectively. Two patients, one on placebo and one on ivacaftor permanently discontinued treatment for elevated transaminases, each >8 x ULN. No ivacaftor-treated patients experienced a transaminase elevation >3 x ULN associated with elevated total bilirubin >1.5 x ULN. In ivacaftor-treated patients, most transaminase elevations up to 5 x ULN resolved without treatment interruption. Ivacaftor dosing was interrupted in most patients with transaminase elevations >5 x ULN. In all instances where dosing was interrupted for elevated transaminases and subsequently resumed, ivacaftor dosing was able to be resumed successfully.
Paediatric population
The safety data were evaluated in 34 patients between 2 to less than 6 years of age, 61 patients between 6 to less than 12 years of age and 94 patients between 12 to less than 18 years of age.
The safety profile is generally consistent among children and adolescents and is also consistent with adult patients.
During the 24-week open-label Phase 3 clinical study in 34 patients aged 2 to less than 6 years (study 7), the incidence of patients experiencing transaminase elevations (ALT or AST) >3 x ULN was 14.7% (5/34). All 5 patients had maximum ALT or AST levels >8 x ULN, which returned to baseline levels following interruption of dosing with ivacaftor granules. Ivacaftor was permanently discontinued in one patient. In children aged 6 to less than 12 years, the incidence of patients experiencing transaminase elevations (ALT or AST) >3 x ULN was 15.0% (6/40) in ivacaftor-treated patients and 14.6% (6/41) in patients who received placebo. A single ivacaftor-treated patient (2.5%) in this age range had an elevation of ALT and AST >8 x ULN. Peak LFT (ALT or AST) elevations were generally higher in paediatric patients than in older patients. In almost all instances where dosing was interrupted for elevated transaminases and subsequently resumed, ivacaftor dosing was able to be resumed successfully. Cases suggestive of positive rechallenge were observed.
Reporting of suspected adverse reactions
Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the Yellow Card Scheme, Website: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard.
Effects in non-clinical studies were observed only at exposures considered sufficiently in excess of the maximum human exposure indicating little relevance to clinical use.
Ivacaftor produced a concentration-dependent inhibitory effect on hERG (human ether-a-go-go related gene) tail currents, with an IC15 of 5.5 µM, which is comparable to the Cmax (5.0 µM) for ivacaftor at the therapeutic dosage. However, no ivacaftor-induced QT prolongation was observed in a dog telemetry study at single doses of up to 60 mg/kg or in ECG measurements from repeat-dose studies of up to 1 year's duration at the 60 mg/kg/day dose level in dogs (Cmax after 365 days = 36.2 to 47.6 μM). Ivacaftor produced a dose-related but transient increase in blood pressure parameters in dogs at single oral doses of up to 60 mg/kg.
Ivacaftor did not cause reproductive system toxicity in male and female rats at 200 and 100 mg/kg/day, respectively. In females, dosages above this were associated with reductions in the overall fertility index, number of pregnancies, number of corpora lutea and implantation sites, as well as changes in the oestrous cycle. In males, slight decreases of the seminal vesicle weights were observed.
Ivacaftor was not teratogenic when orally dosed to pregnant rats and rabbits during the organogenesis stage of foetal development at doses resulting in exposures approximately 5 times (based on the summed AUCs for ivacaftor and its major metabolites) and 11 times (based on the AUC for ivacaftor), respectively, the exposure in humans at the MRHD. At maternally toxic doses in rats, ivacaftor produced reductions in foetal body weight and an increase in the incidence of cervical ribs, hypoplastic ribs, wavy ribs and sternal irregularities, including fusions. The significance of these findings for humans is unknown.
Ivacaftor did not cause developmental defects in the offspring of pregnant rats dosed orally from pregnancy through parturition and weaning at 100 mg/kg/day. Dosages above this produced 92% and 98% reductions of survival and lactation indices, respectively, as well as reductions in pup body weights.
Findings of cataracts were observed in juvenile rats dosed from postnatal Day 7 through 35 with dose levels of 10 mg/kg/day and higher (resulting in exposures 0.22 times the human exposure at the MRHD based on systemic exposure of ivacaftor and its major metabolites). This finding has not been observed in foetuses derived from rat dams treated on gestation Day 7 to 17, in rat pups exposed to a certain extent through milk ingestion up to postnatal Day 20, in 7-week-old rats, or in 4- to 5-month-old dogs. The potential relevance of these findings in humans is unknown.
Two-year studies in mice and rats to assess the carcinogenic potential of ivacaftor demonstrated that ivacaftor was not carcinogenic in either species. Plasma exposures to ivacaftor in male and female mice at the non-carcinogenic dosage (200 mg/kg/day, the highest dosage tested) were approximately 4- and 7-fold higher, respectively, than the exposure measured in humans following ivacaftor therapy, and at least 1.2- and 2.4-fold higher, respectively, with regard to the summed AUCs for ivacaftor and its major metabolites. Plasma exposures to ivacaftor in male and female rats at the non-carcinogenic dosage (50 mg/kg/day, the highest dosage tested) were approximately 16- and 29-fold higher, respectively, than the exposure measured in humans following ivacaftor therapy, and 6- and 9-fold higher, respectively, with regard to the summed AUCs for ivacaftor and its major metabolites.
Ivacaftor was negative for genotoxicity in a standard battery of in vitro and in vivo tests.
Kalydeco tablets are indicated for the treatment of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) aged 6 years and older and weighing 25 kg or more who have one of the following gating (class III) mutations in the CFTR gene: G551D, G1244E, G1349D, G178R, G551S, S1251N, S1255P, S549N or S549R .
Kalydeco tablets are also indicated for the treatment of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) aged 18 years and older who have an R117H mutation in the CFTR gene.
Pharmacotherapeutic group: Other respiratory system products, ATC code: R07AX02
Mechanism of action
) with reduced channel-open probability compared to normal CFTR. Ivacaftor also potentiated the channel-open probability of R117H-CFTR, which has both low channel-open probability (gating) and reduced channel current amplitude (conductance). In vitro responses seen in single channel patch clamp experiments using membrane patches from rodent cells expressing mutant CFTR forms do not necessarily correspond to in vivo pharmacodynamic response (e.g., sweat chloride) or clinical benefit. The exact mechanism leading ivacaftor to potentiate the gating activity of normal and some mutant CFTR forms in this system has not been completely elucidated.Pharmacodynamic effects
In studies 1 and 2 in patients with the G551D mutation in one allele of the CFTR gene, ivacaftor led to rapid (15 days), substantial (the mean change in sweat chloride from baseline through Week 24 was -48 mmol/L [95% CI -51, -45] and -54 mmol/L [95% CI -62, -47], respectively) and sustained (through 48 weeks) reductions in sweat chloride concentration.
In study 5, part 1 in patients who had a non-G551D gating mutation in the CFTR gene, treatment with ivacaftor led to a rapid (15 days) and substantial mean change from baseline in sweat chloride of -49 mmol/L (95% CI -57, -41) through 8 weeks of treatment. However, in patients with the G970R-CFTR mutation, the mean (SD) absolute change in sweat chloride at Week 8 was -6.25 (6.55) mmol/L. Similar results to part 1 were seen in part 2 of the study. At the 4-week follow-up visit (4 weeks after dosing with ivacaftor ended), mean sweat chloride values for each group were trending to pre-treatment levels.
In study 6 in patients aged 6 years or older with CF who had an R117H mutation in the CFTR gene, the treatment difference in mean change in sweat chloride from baseline through 24 weeks of treatment was -24 mmol/L (95% CI -28, -20).
Clinical efficacy and safety
Study 1 and 2: studies in patients with CF with G551D gating mutations
The efficacy of Kalydeco has been evaluated in two Phase 3 randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multi-centre studies of clinically stable patients with CF who had the G551D mutation in the CFTR gene on at least 1 allele and had FEV1 >40% predicted.
Patients in both studies were randomised 1:1 to receive either 150 mg of ivacaftor or placebo every 12 hours with food containing fat for 48 weeks in addition to their prescribed CF therapies (e.g., tobramycin, dornase alfa). The use of inhaled hypertonic sodium chloride was not permitted.
Study 1 evaluated 161 patients who were 12 years of age or older; 122 (75.8%) patients had the F508del mutation in the second allele. At the start of the study, patients in the placebo group used some medicinal products at a higher frequency than the ivacaftor group. These medications included dornase alfa (73.1% versus 65.1%), salbutamol (53.8% versus 42.2%), tobramycin (44.9% versus 33.7%) and salmeterol/fluticasone (41.0% versus 27.7%). At baseline, mean predicted FEV1 was 63.6% (range: 31.6% to 98.2%) and mean age was 26 years (range: 12 to 53 years).
Study 2 evaluated 52 patients who were 6 to 11 years of age at screening; mean (SD) body weight was 30.9 (8.63) kg; 42 (80.8%) patients had the F508del mutation in the second allele. At baseline, mean predicted FEV1 was 84.2% (range: 44.0% to 133.8%) and mean age was 9 years (range: 6 to 12 years); 8 (30.8%) patients in the placebo group and 4 (15.4%) patients in the ivacaftor group had an FEV1 less than 70% predicted at baseline.
The primary efficacy endpoint in both studies was the mean absolute change from baseline in percent predicted FEV1 through 24 weeks of treatment.
The treatment difference between ivacaftor and placebo for the mean absolute change (95% CI) in percent predicted FEV1 from baseline through Week 24 was 10.6 percentage points (8.6, 12.6) in study 1 and 12.5 percentage points (6.6, 18.3) in study 2. The treatment difference between ivacaftor and placebo for the mean relative change (95% CI) in percent predicted FEV1 from baseline through Week 24 was 17.1% (13.9, 20.2) in study 1 and 15.8% (8.4, 23.2) in study 2. The mean change from baseline through Week 24 in FEV1 (L) was 0.37 L in the ivacaftor group and 0.01 L in the placebo group in study 1 and 0.30 L in the ivacaftor group and 0.07 L in the placebo group in study 2. In both studies, improvements in FEV1 were rapid in onset (Day 15) and durable through 48 weeks.
The treatment difference between ivacaftor and placebo for the mean absolute change (95% CI) in percent predicted FEV1 from baseline through Week 24 in patients 12 to 17 years of age in study 1 was 11.9 percentage points (5.9, 17.9). The treatment difference between ivacaftor and placebo for the mean absolute change (95% CI) in percent predicted FEV1 from baseline through Week 24 in patients with baseline predicted FEV1 greater than 90% in study 2 was 6.9 percentage points (-3.8, 17.6).
The results for clinically relevant secondary endpoints are shown in Table 2.
|
Table 2. Effect of ivacaftor on other efficacy endpoints in studies 1 and 2 | ||||
|
Study 1 |
Study 2 | |||
|
Endpoint |
Treatment differencea (95% CI) |
P value |
Treatment differencea (95% CI) |
P value |
|
Mean absolute change from baseline in CFQ-Rb respiratory domain score (points)c | ||||
|
Through Week 24 |
8.1 (4.7, 11.4) |
<0.0001 |
6.1 (-1.4, 13.5) |
0.1092 |
|
Through Week 48 |
8.6 (5.3, 11.9) |
<0.0001 |
5.1 (-1.6, 11.8) |
0.1354 |
|
Relative risk of pulmonary exacerbation | ||||
|
Through Week 24 |
0.40d |
0.0016 |
NA |
NA |
|
Through Week 48 |
0.46d |
0.0012 |
NA |
NA |
|
Mean absolute change from baseline in body weight (kg) | ||||
|
At Week 24 |
2.8 (1.8, 3.7) |
<0.0001 |
1.9 (0.9, 2.9) |
0.0004 |
|
At Week 48 |
2.7 (1.3, 4.1) |
0.0001 |
2.8 (1.3, 4.2) |
0.0002 |
|
Mean absolute change from baseline in BMI (kg/m2) | ||||
|
At Week 24 |
0.94 (0.62, 1.26) |
<0.0001 |
0.81 (0.34, 1.28) |
0.0008 |
|
At Week 48 |
0.93 (0.48, 1.38) |
<0.0001 |
1.09 (0.51, 1.67) |
0.0003 |
|
Mean change from baseline in z-scores | ||||
|
Weight-for-age z-score at Week 48e |
0.33 (0.04, 0.62) |
0.0260 |
0.39 (0.24, 0.53) |
<0.0001 |
|
Mean absolute change from baseline in CFQ-Rb respiratory domain score (points)c | ||||
|
BMI-for-age z-score at Week 48e |
0.33 (0.002, 0.65) |
0.0490 |
0.45 (0.26, 0.65) |
<0.0001 |
|
CI: confidence interval; NA: not analysed due to low incidence of events a Treatment difference = effect of ivacaftor - effect of placebo b CFQ-R: Cystic Fibrosis Questionnaire-Revised is a disease-specific, health-related quality-of-life measure for CF. c Study 1 data were pooled from CFQ-R for adults/adolescents and CFQ-R for children 12 to 13 years of age; Study 2 data were obtained from CFQ-R for children 6 to 11 years of age. d Hazard ratio for time to first pulmonary exacerbation e In subjects under 20 years of age (CDC growth charts) | ||||
Study 5: study in patients with CF with non-G551D gating mutations
Study 5 was a Phase 3, two-part, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study (part 1) followed by a 16-week open-label extension period (part 2) to evaluate the efficacy and safety of ivacaftor in patients with CF aged 6 years and older who have a non-G551D gating mutation in the CFTR gene (G178R, S549N, S549R, G551S, G970R, G1244E, S1251N, S1255P or G1349D).
In part 1, patients were randomised 1:1 to receive either 150 mg of ivacaftor or placebo every 12 hours with fat-containing food for 8 weeks in addition to their prescribed CF therapies and crossed over to the other treatment for the second 8 weeks after a 4- to 8-week washout period. The use of inhaled hypertonic saline was not permitted. In part 2, all patients received ivacaftor as indicated in part 1 for 16 additional weeks. The duration of continuous ivacaftor treatment was 24 weeks for patients randomised to part 1 placebo/ivacaftor treatment sequence and 16 weeks for patients randomised to part 1 ivacaftor/placebo treatment sequence.
Thirty-nine patients (mean age 23 years) with baseline FEV1 >40% predicted (mean FEV1 78% predicted [range: 43% to 119%]) were enrolled. Sixty-two percent (24/39) of them carried the F508del-CFTR mutation in the second allele. A total of 36 patients continued into part 2 (18 per treatment sequence).
In part 1 of study 5, the mean FEV1 percent predicted at baseline in placebo-treated patients was 79.3% while in ivacaftor-treated patients this value was 76.4%. The mean overall post-baseline value was 76.0% and 83.7%, respectively. The mean absolute change from baseline through Week 8 in percent predicted FEV1 (primary efficacy endpoint) was 7.5% in the ivacaftor period and -3.2% in the placebo period. The observed treatment difference (95% CI) between ivacaftor and placebo was 10.7% (7.3, 14.1) (P<0.0001).
The effect of ivacaftor in the overall population of study 5 (including the secondary endpoints absolute change in BMI at 8 weeks of treatment and absolute change in the respiratory domain score of the CFQ-R through 8 weeks of treatment) and by individual mutation (absolute change in sweat chloride and in percent predicted FEV1 at Week 8) is shown in Table 3. Based on clinical (percent predicted FEV1) and pharmacodynamic (sweat chloride) responses to ivacaftor, efficacy in patients with the G970R mutation could not be established.
|
Table 3. Effect of ivacaftor for efficacy variables in the overall population and for specific CFTR mutations | ||
|
Absolute change in percent predicted FEV1 |
BMI (kg/m2) |
CFQ-R respiratory domain score (points) |
|
Through Week 8 |
At Week 8 |
Through Week 8 |
|
All patients (N=39) Results shown as mean (95% CI) change from baseline ivacaftor vs placebo-treated patients: | ||
|
10.7 (7.3, 14.1) |
0.66 (0.34, 0.99) |
9.6 (4.5, 14.7) |
|
Patients grouped under mutation types (n) Results shown as mean (minimum, maximum) change from baseline for ivacaftor-treated patients at Week 8*: | ||
|
Mutation (n) |
Absolute change in sweat chloride (mmol/L) |
Absolute change in percent predicted FEV1 (percentage points) |
|
At Week 8 |
At Week 8 | |
|
G1244E (5) G1349D (2) G178R (5) G551S (2) G970R (4) S1251N (8) S1255P (2) S549N (6) S549R (4) |
-55 (-75, -34) -80 (-82, -79) -53 (-65, -35) -68†-6 (-16, -2) -54 (-84, -7) -78 (-82, -74) -74 (-93, -53) -61††(-71, -54) |
8 (-1, 18) 20 (3, 36) 8 (-1, 18) 3†3 (-1, 5) 9 (-20, 21) 3 (-1, 8) 11 (-2, 20) 5 (-3, 13) |
|
* Statistical testing was not performed due to small numbers for individual mutations. †Reflects results from the one patient with the G551S mutation with data at the 8-week time point. ††n=3 for the analysis of absolute change in sweat chloride. | ||
In part 2 of study 5, the mean (SD) absolute change in percent predicted FEV1 following 16 weeks (patients randomised to the ivacaftor/placebo treatment sequence in part 1) of continuous ivacaftor treatment was 10.4% (13.2%). At the follow-up visit, 4 weeks after ivacaftor dosing had ended, the mean (SD) absolute change in percent predicted FEV1 from part 2 Week 16 was -5.9% (9.4%). For patients randomised to the placebo/ivacaftor treatment sequence in part 1 there was a further mean (SD) change of 3.3% (9.3%) in percent predicted FEV1 after the additional 16 weeks of treatment with ivacaftor. At the follow up visit, 4 weeks after ivacaftor dosing had ended, the mean (SD) absolute change in percent predicted FEV1 from part 2 Week 16 was -7.4% (5.5%).
Study 3: study in patients with CF with the F508del mutation in the CFTR gene
Study 3 (part A) was a 16-week, 4:1 randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group Phase 2 study of ivacaftor (150 mg every 12 hours) in 140 patients with CF age 12 years and older who were homozygous for the F508del mutation in the CFTR gene and who had FEV1 >40% predicted.
The mean absolute change from baseline through Week 16 in percent predicted FEV1 (primary efficacy endpoint) was 1.5 percentage points in the ivacaftor group and -0.2 percentage points in the placebo group. The estimated treatment difference for ivacaftor versus placebo was 1.7 percentage points (95% CI -0.6, 4.1); this difference was not statistically significant (P = 0.15).
Study 4: open-label extension study
In study 4 patients who completed treatment in studies 1 and 2 with placebo were switched to ivacaftor while patients on ivacaftor continued to receive it for a minimum of 96 weeks, i.e., the length of treatment with ivacaftor was at least 96 weeks for patients in the placebo/ivacaftor group and at least 144 weeks for patients in the ivacaftor/ivacaftor group.
One hundred and forty-four (144) patients from study 1 were rolled over in study 4, 67 in the placebo/ivacaftor group and 77 in the ivacaftor/ivacaftor group. Forty-eight (48) patients from study 2 were rolled over in study 4, 22 in the placebo/ivacaftor group and 26 in the ivacaftor/ivacaftor group.
Table 4 shows the results of the mean (SD) absolute change in percent predicted FEV1 for both groups of patients. For patients in the placebo/ivacaftor group baseline percent predicted FEV1 is that of study 4 while for patients in the ivacaftor/ivacaftor group the baseline value is that of studies 1 and 2.
|
Table 4. Effect of ivacaftor on percent predicted FEV1 in study 4 | |||
|
Original study and treatment group |
Duration of ivacaftor treatment (Weeks) |
Absolute change from baseline in percent predicted FEV1 (percentage points) | |
|
N |
Mean (SD) | ||
|
Study 1 | |||
|
Ivacaftor |
48* |
77 |
9.4 (8.3) |
|
144 |
72 |
9.4 (10.8) | |
|
Placebo |
0* |
67 |
-1.2 (7.8)†|
|
96 |
55 |
9.5 (11.2) | |
|
Study 2 | |||
|
Ivacaftor |
48* |
26 |
10.2 (15.7) |
|
144 |
25 |
10.3 (12.4) | |
|
Placebo |
0* |
22 |
-0.6 (10.1)†|
|
96 |
21 |
10.5 (11.5) | |
|
* Treatment occurred during blinded, controlled, 48-week Phase 3 study. †Change from prior study baseline after 48 weeks of placebo treatment. | |||
When the mean (SD) absolute change in percent predicted FEV1 is compared from study 4 baseline for patients in the ivacaftor/ivacaftor group (n=72) who rolled over from study 1, the mean (SD) absolute change in percent predicted FEV1 was 0.0% (9.05), while for patients in the ivacaftor/ivacaftor group (n=25) who rolled over from study 2 this figure was 0.6% (9.1). This shows that patients in the ivacaftor/ivacaftor group maintained the improvement seen at Week 48 of the initial study (Day 0 through Week 48) in percent predicted FEV1 through Week 144. There were no additional improvements in study 4 (Week 48 through Week 144).
For patients in the placebo/ivacaftor group from study 1, the annualised rate of pulmonary exacerbations was higher in the initial study when patients were on placebo (1.34 events/year) than during the subsequent study 4 when patients rolled over to ivacaftor (0.48 events/year across Day 1 to Week 48, and 0.67 events/year across Weeks 48 to 96). For patients in the ivacaftor/ivacaftor group from study 1, the annualised rate of pulmonary exacerbations was 0.57 events/year across Day 1 to Week 48 when patients were on ivacaftor. When they rolled over into study 4, the rate of annualised pulmonary exacerbations was 0.91 events/year across Day 1 to Week 48 and 0.77 events/year across Weeks 48 to 96.
For patients who rolled over from study 2 the number of events was, overall, low.
Study 6: study in patients with CF with an R117H mutation in the CFTR gene
Study 6 evaluated 69 patients who were 6 years of age or older; 53 (76.8%) of patients had the F508del mutation in the second allele. The confirmed R117H poly-T variant was 5T in 38 patients and 7T in 16 patients. At baseline, mean predicted FEV1 was 73% (range: 32.5% to 105.5%) and mean age was 31 years (range: 6 to 68 years). The mean absolute change from baseline through Week 24 in percent predicted FEV1 (primary efficacy endpoint) was 2.57 percentage points in the ivacaftor group and 0.46 percentage points in the placebo group. The estimated treatment difference for ivacaftor versus placebo was 2.1 percentage points (95% CI -1.1, 5.4).
A pre-planned subgroup analysis was conducted in patients 18 years and older (26 patients on placebo and 24 on ivacaftor). Treatment with ivacaftor resulted in a mean absolute change in percent predicted FEV1 through Week 24 of 4.5 percentage points in the ivacaftor group versus -0.46 percentage points in the placebo group. The estimated treatment difference for ivacaftor versus placebo was 5.0 percentage points (95% CI 1.1, 8.8).
In a subgroup analysis in patients 6 to 11 years of age (8 patients on placebo and 9 patients on ivacaftor), the placebo group showed an improvement in mean percent predicted FEV1 from 94.0% at baseline to 98.4% post-baseline; the ivacaftor group showed a slight decline in mean FEV1 from 97.5% at baseline to 96.2% overall post-baseline. The mean absolute change from baseline through Week 24 in percent predicted FEV1 was -2.8 percentage points in the ivacaftor group and 3.5 percentage points in the placebo group. The treatment difference for ivacaftor versus placebo was -6.3 percentage points (95% CI -12.0, -0.7). No statistical analysis was conducted for subjects 12 to 17 years of age because only 2 patients were enrolled in this study.
In a subgroup analysis in patients with a confirmed R117H-5T genetic variant, the difference in the mean absolute change from baseline through Week 24 in percent predicted FEV1 between ivacaftor and placebo was 5.3% (95% CI 1.3, 9.3). In patients with a confirmed R117H-7T genetic variant, the treatment difference between ivacaftor and placebo was 0.2% (95% CI -8.1, 8.5).
Secondary efficacy variables included absolute change from baseline in sweat chloride through 24 weeks of treatment, absolute change from baseline in BMI at 24 weeks of treatment, absolute change in the CFQ-R respiratory domain score through 24 weeks of treatment and time to first pulmonary exacerbation. No treatment differences for ivacaftor versus placebo were observed except for the respiratory domain of the CFQ-R (the treatment difference through 24 weeks of ivacaftor versus placebo was 8.4 [2.2, 14.6] points) and for the mean change from baseline in sweat chloride (see Pharmacodynamic effects).
Paediatric population
The pharmacokinetics of ivacaftor are similar between healthy adult volunteers and patients with CF.
After oral administration of a single 150 mg dose to healthy volunteers in a fed state, the mean (±SD) for AUC and Cmax were 10600 (5260) ng*hr/mL and 768 (233) ng/mL, respectively. After every 12-hour dosing, steady-state plasma concentrations of ivacaftor were reached by Days 3 to 5, with an accumulation ratio ranging from 2.2 to 2.9.
Absorption
Following multiple oral dose administrations of ivacaftor, the exposure of ivacaftor generally increased with dose from 25 mg every 12 hours to 450 mg every 12 hours. The exposure of ivacaftor increased approximately 2.5- to 4-fold when given with food containing fat. Therefore, ivacaftor should be administered with fat-containing food. The median (range) tmax is approximately 4.0 (3.0; 6.0) hours in the fed state.
Ivacaftor granules (2 x 75 mg sachets) had similar bioavailability as the 150 mg tablet when given with fat-containing food to healthy adult subjects. The geometric least squares mean ratio (90% CI) for the granules relative to tablets was 0.951 (0.839, 1.08) for AUC0-∞ and 0.918 (0.750, 1.12) for Cmax.
The effect of food on ivacaftor absorption is similar for both formulations, i.e., tablets and granules.
Distribution
Ivacaftor is approximately 99% bound to plasma proteins, primarily to alpha 1-acid glycoprotein and albumin. Ivacaftor does not bind to human red blood cells.
After oral administration of 150 mg every 12 hours for 7 days in healthy volunteers in a fed state, the mean (±SD) apparent volume of distribution was 353 (122) L.
Biotransformation
Ivacaftor is extensively metabolised in humans. In vitro and in vivo data indicate that ivacaftor is primarily metabolised by CYP3A. M1 and M6 are the two major metabolites of ivacaftor in humans. M1 has approximately one-sixth the potency of ivacaftor and is considered pharmacologically active. M6 has less than one-fiftieth the potency of ivacaftor and is not considered pharmacologically active.
Elimination
Following oral administration, the majority of ivacaftor (87.8%) was eliminated in the faeces after metabolic conversion. The major metabolites M1 and M6 accounted for approximately 65% of the total dose eliminated with 22% as M1 and 43% as M6. There was negligible urinary excretion of ivacaftor as unchanged parent. The apparent terminal half-life was approximately 12 hours following a single dose in the fed state. The apparent clearance (CL/F) of ivacaftor was similar for healthy subjects and patients with CF. The mean (±SD) CL/F for a single 150 mg dose was 17.3 (8.4) L/hr in healthy subjects.
Linearity/non-linearity
The pharmacokinetics of ivacaftor are generally linear with respect to time or dose ranging from 25 mg to 250 mg.
Hepatic impairment
Following a single dose of 150 mg of ivacaftor, adult subjects with moderately impaired hepatic function (Child-Pugh Class B, score 7 to 9) had similar ivacaftor Cmax (mean [±SD] of 735 [331] ng/mL) but an approximately two-fold increase in ivacaftor AUC0-∞ (mean [±SD] of 16800 [6140] ng*hr/mL) compared with healthy subjects matched for demographics. Simulations for predicting the steady-state exposure of ivacaftor showed that by reducing the dosage from 150 mg q12h to 150 mg once daily, adults with moderate hepatic impairment would have comparable steady-state Cmin values as those obtained with a dose of 150 mg q12h in adults without hepatic impairment. Therefore in patients with moderate hepatic impairment, a reduced dose of 150 mg once daily is recommended. The impact of mild hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh Class A, score 5 to 6) on the pharmacokinetics of ivacaftor has not been studied, but the increase in ivacaftor AUC0-∞ is expected to be less than two-fold. Therefore, no dose adjustment is necessary for patients with mild hepatic impairment.
Studies have not been conducted in patients with severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh Class C, score 10 to 15) but exposure is expected to be higher than in patients with moderate hepatic impairment. The use of ivacaftor in patients with severe hepatic impairment is therefore not recommended unless the benefits outweigh the risks. In such cases, the starting dose should be 150 mg every other day. Dosing intervals should be modified according to clinical response and tolerability.
Renal impairment
Pharmacokinetic studies have not been performed with ivacaftor in patients with renal impairment. In a human pharmacokinetic study, there was minimal elimination of ivacaftor and its metabolites in urine (only 6.6% of total radioactivity was recovered in the urine). There was negligible urinary excretion of ivacaftor as unchanged parent (less than 0.01% following a single oral dose of 500 mg). Therefore, no dose adjustments are recommended for mild and moderate renal impairment. However, caution is recommended when administering ivacaftor to patients with severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance less than or equal to 30 mL/min) or end-stage renal disease.
Paediatric population
Predicted ivacaftor exposure based on observed ivacaftor concentrations in Phase 2 and 3 studies as determined using population PK analysis is presented by age group in Table 5. Exposures in 6- to 11-year-olds are predictions based on simulations from the population PK model using data obtained for this age group.
|
Table 5. Mean (SD) ivacaftor exposure by age group | |||
|
Age group |
Dose |
Cmin, ss (ng/mL) |
AUC, ss (ng.h/mL) |
|
2- to 5-year-olds (<14 kg) |
50 mg q12h |
577 (317) |
10500 (4260) |
|
2- to 5-year-olds (>14 kg to <25 kg) |
75 mg q12h |
629 (296) |
11300 (3820) |
|
6- to 11-year-olds (>14 kg to <25 kg) |
75 mg q12h |
641 (329) |
10760 (4470) |
|
6- to 11-year-olds (>25 kg) |
150 mg q12h |
958 (546) |
15300 (7340) |
|
12- to 17-year-olds |
150 mg q12h |
564 (242) |
9240 (3420) |
|
Adults (>18 years old) |
150 mg q12h |
701 (317) |
10700 (4100) |
04/2017
Kalydeco 150 mg film-coated tablets
Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Europe) Limited
2 Kingdom Street
London W2 6BD
United Kingdom
Tel: +44 (0) 1923 437672
Store below 30°C.
The film-coated tablets are packed in a thermoform (PolyChloroTriFluoroEthylene [PCTFE]/foil) blister or a High-Density PolyEthylene (HDPE) bottle with a polypropylene child-resistant closure, foil-lined induction seal and molecular sieve desiccant.
The following pack sizes are available:
- Blister pack containing 56 film-coated tablets
- Bottle containing 56 film-coated tablets
Not all pack sizes may be marketed
EU/1/12/782/001-002
Pregnancy
There are no or limited amount of data (less than 300 pregnancy outcomes) from the use of ivacaftor in pregnant women. Animals studies do not indicate direct or indirect harmful effects with respect to reproductive toxicity. As a precautionary measure, it is preferable to avoid the use of Kalydeco during pregnancy.
Breast-feeding
It is unknown whether ivacaftor and/or its metabolites are excreted in human milk. Available pharmacokinetic data in animals have shown excretion of ivacaftor into the milk of lactating female rats. As such, a risk to the newborns/infants cannot be excluded. A decision must be made whether to discontinue breast-feeding or to discontinue/abstain from Kalydeco therapy taking into account the benefit of breast-feeding for the child and the benefit of therapy for the woman.
Fertility
Ivacaftor impaired fertility and reproductive performance indices in male and female rats at 200 mg/kg/day (resulting in exposures approximately 8 and 5 times, respectively, the exposure in humans at the MRHD based on summed AUCs of ivacaftor and its major metabolites) when dams were dosed prior to and during early pregnancy. No effects on male or female fertility and reproductive performance indices were observed at ≤100 mg/kg/day (resulting in exposures approximately 6 and 3 times, respectively, the exposure in humans at the MRHD based on summed AUCs of ivacaftor and its major metabolites).
Each film-coated tablet contains 150 mg of ivacaftor.
Excipient with known effect
Each film-coated tablet contains 167.2 mg of lactose (as monohydrate)
Only patients with CF who had a G551D, G1244E, G1349D, G178R, G551S, G970R, S1251N, S1255P, S549N, S549R gating (class III) or an R117H mutation in at least one allele of the CFTR gene were included in studies 1, 2, 5 and 6.
In study 5, four patients with the G970R mutation were included. In three of four patients the change in the sweat chloride test was <5 mmol/L and this group did not demonstrate a clinically relevant improvement in FEV1 after 8 weeks of treatment. Clinical efficacy in patients with the G970R mutation of the CFTR gene could not be established.
Efficacy results from a Phase 2 study in patients with CF who are homozygous for the F508del mutation in the CFTR gene showed no statistically significant difference in FEV1 over 16 weeks of ivacaftor treatment compared to placebo. Therefore, use of Kalydeco in these patients is not recommended.
Efficacy was not demonstrated in patients aged 6 to 11 years with CF who have an R117H mutation while only two adolescent patients were enrolled in study 6.
Less evidence of a positive effect of ivacaftor has been shown for patients with an R117H-7T mutation associated with less severe disease. Whenever possible the phase of the poly-T variant identified with the R117H mutation should be determined as this may be informative in considering treatment of patients with an R117H mutation.
Effect on liver function tests
Moderate transaminase (alanine transaminase [ALT] or aspartate transaminase [AST]) elevations are common in subjects with CF. In placebo-controlled studies (studies 1 and 2), the incidence of transaminase elevations (>3 x upper limit of normal [ULN]) were similar between subjects in the ivacaftor and placebo treatment groups. In the subset of patients with a medical history of elevated transaminases, increased ALT or AST has been reported more frequently in patients receiving ivacaftor compared to placebo. Therefore, liver function tests are recommended for all patients prior to initiating ivacaftor, every 3 months during the first year of treatment and annually thereafter. For all patients with a history of transaminase elevations, more frequent monitoring of liver function tests should be considered.
Patients who develop increased transaminase levels should be monitored closely until the abnormalities resolve. Dosing should be interrupted in patients with ALT or AST of greater than 5 times the ULN. Following resolution of transaminase elevations, the benefits and risks of resuming Kalydeco dosing should be considered.
Hepatic impairment
Use of ivacaftor is not recommended in patients with severe hepatic impairment unless the benefits are expected to outweigh the risks of overexposure. In such cases, the starting dose should be 150 mg every other day.
Renal impairment
Caution is recommended while using ivacaftor in patients with severe renal impairment or end-stage renal disease.
Patients after organ transplantation
Ivacaftor has not been studied in patients with CF who have undergone organ transplantation.
Interactions with medicinal products
CYP3A inducers
Exposure to ivacaftor may be reduced by the concomitant use of CYP3A inducers, potentially resulting in the loss of ivacaftor efficacy. Therefore, co-administration with strong CYP3A inducers is not recommended.
CYP3A inhibitors
The dose of Kalydeco must be adjusted when concomitantly used with strong or moderate CYP3A inhibitors.
Cataracts
Cases of non-congenital lens opacities without impact on vision have been reported in paediatric patients treated with ivacaftor. Although other risk factors were present in some cases (such as corticosteroid use and exposure to radiation), a possible risk attributable to ivacaftor cannot be excluded. Baseline and follow-up ophthalmological examinations are recommended in paediatric patients initiating ivacaftor treatment.
Lactose
Kalydeco contains lactose. Patients with rare hereditary problems of galactose intolerance, the Lapp lactase deficiency or glucose-galactose malabsorption should not take this medicinal product.
Kalydeco has minor influence on the ability to drive or use machines. Ivacaftor may cause dizziness and, therefore, patients experiencing dizziness should be advised not to drive or use machines until symptoms abate.
Kalydeco should only be prescribed by physicians with experience in the treatment of cystic fibrosis. If the patient's genotype is unknown, an accurate and validated genotyping method should be performed before starting treatment to confirm the presence of one of the above-listed gating (class III) mutations or an R117H mutation in at least one allele of the CFTR gene. The phase of the poly-T variant identified with the R117H mutation should be determined in accordance with local clinical recommendations.
Posology
Adults, adolescents and children aged 6 years and older and weighing 25 kg or more
The recommended dose of Kalydeco tablets is 150 mg taken orally every 12 hours (300 mg total daily dose) with fat-containing food.
Missed dose
If a dose is missed within 6 hours of the time it is usually taken, the patient should be told to take it as soon as possible and then take the next dose at the regularly scheduled time. If more than 6 hours have passed since the time the dose is usually taken, the patient should be told to wait until the next scheduled dose.
Concomitant use of CYP3A inhibitors
When co-administered with strong inhibitors of CYP3A (e.g., ketoconazole, itraconazole, posaconazole, voriconazole, telithromycin and clarithromycin), the Kalydeco dose should be reduced to 150 mg twice a week.
When co-administered with moderate inhibitors of CYP3A (e.g., fluconazole, erythromycin), the Kalydeco dose should be reduced to 150 mg once daily.
Special populations
Elderly
Although very limited data are available for elderly patients with an R117H-CFTR mutation treated with ivacaftor in study 6, no dose adjustment is considered necessary unless moderate hepatic impairment exists. Caution is recommended for patients with severe renal impairment or end-stage renal disease.
Renal impairment
No dose adjustment is necessary for patients with mild to moderate renal impairment. Caution is recommended while using Kalydeco in patients with severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance less than or equal to 30 mL/min) or end-stage renal disease.
Hepatic impairment
No dose adjustment is necessary for patients with mild hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh Class A). For patients with moderate hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh Class B), a reduced dose of 150 mg once daily is recommended. There is no experience of the use of Kalydeco in patients with severe hepatic impairment and therefore its use is not recommended unless the benefits outweigh the risks. In such cases, the starting dose should be 150 mg every other day. Dosing intervals should be modified according to clinical response and tolerability.
Paediatric population
The safety and efficacy of Kalydeco in children aged less than 2 years with a gating (class III) mutation have not been established. No data are available.
An appropriate dose for children under 6 years of age and weighing less than 25 kg cannot be achieved with Kalydeco tablets.
The efficacy of Kalydeco in patients less than 18 years of age with an R117H mutation in the CFTR gene has not been established.8 and 5.1, but no recommendation on a posology can be made.
Method of administration
For oral use.
Kalydeco should be taken with fat-containing food.
Food containing grapefruit or Seville oranges should be avoided during treatment with Kalydeco.
Patients should be instructed to swallow the tablets whole (i.e., patients should not chew, break or dissolve the tablets).
No special requirements for disposal.
Date of first authorisation: 23 July 2012
Date of latest renewal: 28 April 2017
Ivacaftor is a substrate of CYP3A4 and CYP3A5. It is a weak inhibitor of CYP3A and P-gp and a potential inhibitor of CYP2C9.
Medicinal products affecting the pharmacokinetics of ivacaftor:
CYP3A inducers
Co-administration of ivacaftor with rifampicin, a strong CYP3A inducer, decreased ivacaftor exposure (AUC) by 89% and decreased M1 to a lesser extent than ivacaftor. Co-administration with strong CYP3A inducers, such as rifampicin, rifabutin, phenobarbital, carbamazepine, phenytoin and St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum), is not recommended.
Concomitant use of weak to moderate inducers of CYP3A (e.g., dexamethasone, high-dose prednisone) may decrease the exposure of ivacaftor. No dose adjustment for ivacaftor is recommended. Patients should be monitored for reduced ivacaftor efficacy when ivacaftor is co- administered with moderate CYP3A inducers.
CYP3A inhibitors
Ivacaftor is a sensitive CYP3A substrate. Co-administration with ketoconazole, a strong CYP3A inhibitor, increased ivacaftor exposure (measured as area under the curve [AUC]) by 8.5-fold and increased hydroxymethyl-ivacaftor (M1) to a lesser extent than ivacaftor. A reduction of the Kalydeco dose to 150 mg twice a week is recommended for co-administration with strong CYP3A inhibitors, such as ketoconazole, itraconazole, posaconazole, voriconazole, telithromycin and clarithromycin.
Co-administration with fluconazole, a moderate inhibitor of CYP3A, increased ivacaftor exposure by 3-fold and increased M1 to a lesser extent than ivacaftor. A reduction of the Kalydeco dose to 150 mg once daily is recommended for patients taking concomitant moderate CYP3A inhibitors, such as fluconazole and erythromycin.
Co-administration of ivacaftor with grapefruit juice, which contains one or more components that moderately inhibit CYP3A, may increase exposure to ivacaftor. Food containing grapefruit or Seville oranges should be avoided during treatment with Kalydeco.
Ciprofloxacin
Co-administration of ciprofloxacin with ivacaftor did not affect the exposure of ivacaftor. No dose adjustment is required when Kalydeco is co-administered with ciprofloxacin.
Medicinal products affected by ivacaftor:
CYP3A, P-gp or CYP2C9 substrates
Based on in vitro results, ivacaftor and its M1 metabolite have the potential to inhibit CYP3A and P-gp. Co-administration with (oral) midazolam, a sensitive CYP3A substrate, increased midazolam exposure 1.5-fold, consistent with weak inhibition of CYP3A by ivacaftor. Co-administration with digoxin, a sensitive P-gp substrate, increased digoxin exposure by 1.3-fold, consistent with weak inhibition of P-gp by ivacaftor. Administration of ivacaftor may increase systemic exposure of medicinal products that are sensitive substrates of CYP3A and/or P-gp, which may increase or prolong their therapeutic effect and adverse reactions. When used concomitantly with midazolam, alprazolam, diazepam or triazolam, Kalydeco should be used with caution and patients should be monitored for benzodiazepine-related undesirable effects. Caution and appropriate monitoring are recommended when co-administering Kalydeco with digoxin, ciclosporin or tacrolimus. Ivacaftor may inhibit CYP2C9. Therefore, monitoring of the INR during co-administration with warfarin is recommended.
Other recommendations
Ivacaftor has been studied with an oestrogen/progesterone oral contraceptive and was found to have no significant effect on the exposures of the oral contraceptive. Ivacaftor is not expected to modify the efficacy of oral contraceptives. Therefore, no dose adjustment of oral contraceptives is necessary.
Ivacaftor has been studied with the CYP2D6 substrate desipramine. No significant effect on desipramine exposure was found. Therefore, no dose adjustment of CYP2D6 substrates such as desipramine is necessary.
Paediatric population
Interaction studies have only been performed in adults.
