Paracetamol
Liver damage is possible in adults who have taken 10g or more of paracetamol. Ingestion of 5g or more of paracetamol may lead to liver damage if the patient has risk factors (see below).
Risk factors
If the patient:
a) Is on long term treatment with carbamazepine, phenobarbitone, phenytoin, primidone, rifampicin, St John's Wort or other drugs that induce liver enzymes.
or
b) Regularly consumes ethanol in excess of recommended amounts.
or
c) Is likely to be glutathione deplete e.g. eating disorders, cystic fibrosis, HIV infection, starvation, cachexia.
Symptoms
Symptoms of paracetamol overdosage in the first 24 hours are pallor, nausea, vomiting, anorexia and abdominal pain. Liver damage may become apparent 12 to 48 hours after ingestion. Abnormalities of glucose metabolism and metabolic acidosis may occur. In severe poisoning, hepatic failure may progress to encephalopathy, haemorrhage, hypoglycaemia, cerebral oedema, and death. Acute renal failure with acute tubular necrosis, strongly suggested by loin pain, haematuria and proteinuria, may develop even in the absence of severe liver damage.
Cardiac arrhythmias and pancreatitis have been reported.
Management
Immediate treatment is essential in the management of paracetamol overdose. Despite a lack of significant early symptoms, patients should be referred to hospital urgently for immediate medical attention. Symptoms may be limited to nausea or vomiting and may not reflect the severity of overdose or the risk of organ damage. Management should be in accordance with established treatment guidelines, see BNF overdose section.
Treatment with activated charcoal should be considered if the overdose has been taken within 1 hour. Plasma paracetamol concentration should be measured at 4 hours or later after ingestion (earlier concentrations are unreliable). Treatment with N-acetylcysteine may be used up to 24 hours after ingestion of paracetamol, however, the maximum protective effect is obtained up to 8 hours post-ingestion. The effectiveness of the antidote declines sharply after this time. If required the patient should be given intravenous N- acetylcysteine, in line with the established dosage schedule.
If vomiting is not a problem, oral methionine may be a suitable alternative for remote areas, outside hospital. Management of patients who present with serious hepatic dysfunction beyond 24h from ingestion should be discussed with the NPIS or a liver unit.
Pseudoephedrine Hydrochloride
Symptoms:
As with other sympathomimetics pseudoephedrine overdose will result in symptoms due to central nervous system and cardiovascular stimulation e.g. excitement, irritability, restlessness, tremor, hallucinations, hypertension, palpitations, arrhythmias and difficulty with micturition. In severe cases, psychosis, convulsions, coma and hypertensive crisis may occur. Serum potassium levels may be low due to extracellular to intracellular shifts in potassium.
Management:
Treatment should consist of standard supportive measures. Beta-blockers should reverse the cardiovascular complications and the hypokalaemia.
This product is contraindicated in patients.
- With a previous history of hypersenstivity to paracetamol, pseudoephedrine or excipients
- With cardiovascular disease including hypertension or severe coronary artery disease.Who are receiving other sympoathomimetics (such as decongestants, appetite suppressants and amphetamine-like psychosimulants)
- With severe renal impairment, hyperthyroidism, prostatic enlargement, diabetes, glaucoma or phaeochromocytoma,
- Who are receiving Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs), or for two weeks after stopping a MAOI drug
- Who are taking beta-blockers or other anti-hypertensives
None known.
The following convention has been utilized for the classification of undesirable effects; very common (>/=1/10), common (>=1/100, <1/10), common (<=1/1000, <1/100), rare (>=1/10000, <1/1000), very rare (<1/10000), not known (cannot be estimated from the available data).
Paracetamol
Adverse events from historical clinical trial data are both infrequent and from small patient exposure. Accordingly, events reported from extensive post- marketing experience at therapeutic/labelled dose and considered attributable are tabulated below by system class. Due to limited clinical trial data, the frequency of these adverse events is not known (cannot be estimated from available data), but post-marketing experience indicates that adverse reactions to paracetamol are rare and serious reactions are very rare.
Post marketing data
| Body System | Undesirable effect |
| Blood and lymphatic system disorders | Thrombocytopenia Agranulocytosis |
| Immune system disorders | Anaphylaxis Cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions including skin rashes, angioedema and Stevens Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis |
| Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders | Bronchospasm* |
| Hepatobiliary disorders | Hepatic dysfunction |
* There have been cases of bronchospasm with paracetamol, but these are more likely in asthmatics sensitive to aspirin or other NSAIDs.
Pseudoephedrine
The frequency of reactions identified during post-marketing use is not known.
| Body System | Undesirable effect |
| Psychiatric disorders | Nervousness, insomnia Agitation, restlessness Hallucinations |
| Nervous System Disorders | Dizziness, Posterior reversible encephalopathy (PRES)/reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome (). |
| Cardiac Disorders | Tachycardia, palpitations |
| Vascular Disorders | Increased blood pressure* |
| Gastrointestinal Disorders | Vomiting, dry mouth, nausea |
| Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders | Rash, allergic dermatitis** |
| Renal and Urinary Disorders | Dysuria, urinary retention*** |
*Increases in systolic blood pressure have been observed. At therapeutic doses, the effects of pseudoephedrine on blood pressure are not clinically significant.
**A variety of allergic skin reactions, with or without systemic features such as bronchospasm and angioedema have been reported following use of pseudoephedrine
***Urinary retention is most likely to occur in those with bladder outlet obstruction, such as prostatic hypertrophy.
Preclinical safety data on paracetamol and pseudoephedrine in the literature have not revealed findings which are of relevance to the recommended dosage and use of the product and which have not been mentioned elsewhere in the summary.
Jia Nuo Mei (Acetaminophen,Pseudoephedrine) Dual Relief is a mild to moderate analgesic, antipyretic and decongestant. Jia Nuo Mei (Acetaminophen,Pseudoephedrine) Dual Relief is recommended for the relief from the symptoms of colds and flu including:
- Nasal congestion
- Sore throat pain
- Headache
- Body aches and pains
- Fever
- Sinus symptoms e.g. sinus pain, pressure and congestion
ATC Code N02B E51
The analgesic and antipyretic actions of paracetamol are believed to be due, at least in part, to inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis in the central nervous system. Paracetamol 1 g has been shown to be an effective analgesic and antipyretic.
Pseudoephedrine is predominantly an indirect-acting sympathomimetic amine. Pseudoephedrine 60 mg has been shown to be an effective nasal decongestant, as measured by nasal airflow, in patients with the common cold and rhinitis.
At therapeutic doses, pseudoephedrine has no clinically significant effect on blood pressure in normotensive patients. Studies in patients with controlled hypertension have demonstrated that pseudoephedrine 60 mg has no, or minimal, effect on blood pressure and does not have sedative effects.
GlaxoSmithKline has conducted a clinical study in patients with symptoms of cold and flu to assess relief of pain and nasal congestion. The study compared Beechams Max Strength Sinus & Pain, [Paracetamol/Pseudoephedrine Hydrochloride 500mg/30mg Tablets] (taken three times daily as required for three days) with paracetamol alone, pseudoephedrine alone and placebo. Results demonstrated that Beechams Max Strength Sinus & Pain gives significantly (p<0.05) greater pain relief than either placebo or pseudoephedrine and that Beechams Max Strength Sinus & Pain has a significantly (p<0.05) greater decongestant effect than either placebo or paracetamol. Beechams Max Strength Sinus & Pain demonstrated an additive effect for relief of pain and nasal congestion compared to paracetamol or pseudoephedrine. For a single dose of Beechams Max Strength Sinus & Pain there was significantly greater (P<0.05) relief of pain and nasal congestion (nasal airflow) compared to placebo at one hour post dose.
Paracetamol is rapidly and completely absorbed from the gastro-intestinal tract with peak plasma levels occurring about 0.25-2 hours after dosing. The absolute bioavailability is about 80% and is independent of dose in normal therapeutic doses (5-20 mg/kg). It is not bound to plasma proteins. The volume of distribution is about 0.9 l/kg. The plasma half-life ranges from 1-3 hours and is largely unaffected by age. It is metabolised in the liver and excreted in the urine as the glucuronide and sulphate conjugates.
In overdose situations, saturation of the detoxification of a minor metabolite, N-acetyl-p-benzoquinoneimine, by conjugation with glutathione occurs and this leads to its accumulation and resultant liver damage.
Pseudoephedrine is rapidly and completely absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract after oral administration, with no presystemic metabolism. Peak plasma levels are achieved after 1-2 hours. No protein binding data are available. The volume of distribution ranges from 2.64 to 3.51 l/kg in both single and multiple dose studies. The plasma half-life varies from 4.3-7.0 hours in adults.
There is little metabolism of pseudoephedrine in man with approximately 90% being excreted in the urine unchanged. Approximately 1% is eliminated by hepatic metabolism, by N-demethylation to norpseudoephedrine.
As a weak base, the extent of renal excretion is dependent on urinary pH. At low urinary pH, tubular resorption is minimal and urine flow rate will not influence clearance of the drug. At high pH (>7.0), pseudoephedrine is extensively reabsorbed in the renal tubule and renal clearance will depend on urine flow rate.
Hepatic disease is unlikely to affect the pharmacokinetics of pseudoephedrine. Renal impairment will result in increased plasma levels. A steady state pharmacokinetic interaction study in healthy volunteers has demonstrated that the rate (Cmax, tmax) and extent (AUC0-6 hours) of absorption from Beechams Max Strength Sinus & Pain tablet [Paracetamol/Pseudoephedrine Hydrochloride 500mg/30mg Tablet] is equivalent to those of paracetamol alone and of pseudoephedrine alone.
In the same study the median tmax values for the paracetamol and pseudoephedrine components of Beechams Max Strength Sinus & Pain were 0.7 hours and 1.2 hours, respectively.
Care is advised in the administration of this product in patients with liver impairment or mild to moderate kidney impairment.
Caution should also be exercised in patients with arrhythmias or prostatic enlargement.
There have been rare cases of posterior reversible encephalopathy (PRES)/reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome (RCVS) reported with sympathomimetic drugs, including pseudoephedrine. Symptoms reported included sudden onset of severe headache, nausea, vomiting, and visual disturbances. Most cases improved or resolved within a few days following appropriate treatment. Pseudoephedrine should be discontinued immediately and medical advice sought if signs/symptoms of PRES/RCVS develop.
If symptoms persist, medical advice must be sought. Keep out of the reach and sight of children.
Patients should be advised not to drive or operate machinery if affected by dizziness.
For oral use.
Adults, including the elderly and children 16 years and over:
Two tablets every four to six hours, to be taken orally. The dose should not be repeated more frequently than every four hours nor should more than three doses be given in any 24 hour period.
Mininum dosing interval: 4 hours
Do not exceed the stated dose
Should not be used with other paracetamol-containing or decongestant products.
Users should be advised to seek medical advice if symptoms persist for more than 7 days.
Not to be used in children under 16 years of age.
Not applicable.
