Pomalidomide doses as high as 50 mg as a single dose in healthy volunteers, and 10 mg as once-daily multiple doses in multiple myeloma patients have been studied without reported serious adverse events related to overdose. Pomalidomide was removed by haemodialysis.
In the event of overdose, supportive care is advised.
4 years.
- Pregnancy.
- Women of childbearing potential, unless all the conditions of the pregnancy prevention programme are met.
- Male patients unable to follow or comply with the required contraceptive measures.
Not applicable.
Capsule content:
Mannitol
Pregelatinised starch
Sodium stearyl fumarate
Capsule shell:
1 mg capsule shell contains gelatin, titanium dioxide (E171), indigotine (E132) and yellow iron oxide (E172) and white and black ink.
Printing ink:
1 mg capsule shell contains: white ink - shellac, titanium dioxide (E171), simethicone, propylene glycol (E1520) and ammonium hydroxide (E527); black ink - shellac, iron oxide black (E172), propylene glycol (E1520) and ammonium hydroxide (E527).
Hard capsule.
Imnovid 1 mg hard capsule: Dark blue opaque cap and yellow opaque body, imprinted “POML†in white ink and “1 mg†in black ink, size 4, hard gelatin capsule.
Summary of the safety profile
The most commonly reported adverse reactions in clinical studies have been blood and lymphatic system disorders including anaemia (45.7%), neutropenia (45.3%) and thrombocytopenia (27%); in general disorders and administration site conditions including fatigue (28.3%), pyrexia (21%) and oedema peripheral (13%); and in infections and infestations including pneumonia (10.7%). Peripheral neuropathy adverse reactions were reported in 12.3% of patients and venous embolic or thrombotic (VTE) adverse reactions were reported in 3.3% of patients. The most commonly reported Grade 3 or 4 adverse reactions were in the blood and lymphatic system disorders including neutropenia (41.7%), anaemia (27%) and thrombocytopenia (20.7%); in infections and infestations including pneumonia (9%); and in general disorders and administration site conditions including fatigue (4.7%), pyrexia (3%) and oedema peripheral (1.3%). The most commonly reported serious adverse reaction was pneumonia (9.3%). Other serious adverse reactions reported included febrile neutropenia (4.0%), neutropenia (2.0%), thrombocytopenia (1.7%) and VTE adverse reactions (1.7 %).
Adverse reactions tended to occur more frequently within the first 2 cycles of treatment with pomalidomide.
Tabulated list of adverse reactions
In randomised study CC-4047-MM-003, 302 patients with relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma were exposed to 4 mg pomalidomide administered once daily for 21 days of each 28 day cycle in combination with a weekly low dose of dexamethasone.
The adverse reactions observed in patients treated with pomalidomide plus dexamethasone are listed below by system organ class (SOC) and frequency for all adverse reactions and for Grade 3 or 4 adverse reactions.
The frequencies of adverse reactions are those reported in the pomalidomide plus dexamethasone arm of study CC-4047-MM-003 (n = 302) and from post marketing data. Within each SOC and frequency grouping, adverse reactions are presented in order of decreasing seriousness. Frequencies are defined in accordance with current guidance, as: very common (>1/10), common (>1/100 to <1/10); and uncommon (>1/1,000 to <1/100).
|
System Organ Class/ Preferred Term |
All Adverse Reactions /Frequency |
Grade 3−4 Adverse Reactions /Frequency |
|
Infections and infestations |
Very Common Pneumonia (bacterial, viral and fungal infections, including opportunistic infections) Common Neutropenic sepsis Bronchopneumonia Bronchitis Respiratory tract infection Upper respiratory tract infection Nasopharyngitis Herpes zoster Not Known Hepatitis B reactivation |
Common Neutropenic sepsis Pneumonia (bacterial, viral and fungal infections, including opportunistic infections) Bronchopneumonia Respiratory tract infection Upper respiratory tract infection Uncommon Bronchitis Herpes zoster Not Known Hepatitis B reactivation |
|
Neoplasms benign, malignant and unspecified (incl cysts and polyps) |
Uncommon Basal cell carcinoma of the skin Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin |
Uncommon Basal cell carcinoma of the skin Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin |
|
Blood and lymphatic system disorders |
Very Common Neutropenia Thrombocytopenia Leucopenia Anaemia Common Febrile neutropenia Pancytopenia* |
Very Common Neutropenia Thrombocytopenia Anaemia Common Febrile neutropenia Leucopenia Pancytopenia* |
|
Metabolism and nutrition disorders |
Very Common Decreased appetite Common Hyperkalaemia Hyponatraemia Hyperuricaemia* Uncommon Tumour lysis syndrome* |
Common Hyperkalaemia Hyponatraemia Hyperuricaemia* Uncommon Decreased appetite Tumour lysis syndrome* |
|
Psychiatric disorders |
Common Confusional state |
Common Confusional state |
|
Nervous system disorders |
Common Depressed level of consciousness Peripheral sensory neuropathy Dizziness Tremor Intracranial haemorrhage* Uncommon Cerebrovascular accident* |
Common Depressed level of consciousness Uncommon Peripheral sensory neuropathy Dizziness Tremor Cerebrovascular accident* Intracranial haemorrhage* |
|
Ear and labyrinth disorders |
Common Vertigo |
Common Vertigo |
|
Vascular disorders |
Common Deep vein thrombosis |
Uncommon Deep vein thrombosis |
|
Cardiac disorders |
Common Cardiac failure* Atrial fibrillation* Myocardial infarction* |
Common Cardiac failure* Atrial fibrillation* Uncommon Myocardial infarction* |
|
Immune system disorders |
Common Angioedema* Urticaria* |
Uncommon Angioedema* Urticaria* |
|
Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders |
Very Common Dyspnoea Cough Common Pulmonary embolism Epistaxis* Interstitial lung disease* |
Common Dyspnoea Uncommon Pulmonary embolism Cough Epistaxis* Interstitial lung disease* |
|
Gastrointestinal disorders |
Very Common Diarrhoea Nausea Constipation Common Vomiting Gastrointestinal haemorrhage |
Common Diarrhoea Vomiting Constipation Uncommon Nausea Gastrointestinal haemorrhage |
|
Hepatobiliary disorders |
Uncommon Hyperbilirubinaemia Hepatitis* |
Uncommon Hyperbilirubinaemia |
|
Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders |
Common Rash Pruritus Not Known Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms* Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis* Stevens-Johnson Syndrome* |
Common Rash Not Known Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms* Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis* Stevens-Johnson Syndrome* |
|
Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders |
Very Common Bone pain Muscle spasms |
Common Bone pain Uncommon Muscle spasms |
|
Renal and urinary disorders |
Common Renal failure Urinary retention |
Common Renal failure Uncommon Urinary retention |
|
Reproductive system and breast disorders |
Common Pelvic pain |
Common Pelvic pain |
|
General disorders and administration site conditions |
Very Common Fatigue Pyrexia Oedema peripheral |
Common Fatigue Pyrexia Oedema peripheral |
|
Investigations |
Common Neutrophil count decreased White blood cell count decreased Platelet count decreased Alanine aminotransferase increased Blood uric acid increased* |
Common Neutrophil count decreased White blood cell count decreased Platelet count decreased Alanine aminotransferase increased Uncommon Blood uric acid increased* |
* Identified from post marketing data, with frequencies based on clinical trial data.
Description of selected adverse reactions
Teratogenicity
Pomalidomide is structurally related to thalidomide. Thalidomide is a known human teratogenic active substance that causes severe life-threatening birth defects. Pomalidomide was found to be teratogenic in both rats and rabbits when administered during the period of major organogenesis. If pomalidomide is taken during pregnancy, a teratogenic effect of pomalidomide in humans is expected.
Neutropenia and thrombocytopenia
Neutropenia occurred in 45.3% of patients who received pomalidomide plus low dose dexamethasone (Pom + LD-Dex), and in 19.5% of patients who received high dose dexamethasone (HD-Dex). Neutropenia was Grade 3 or 4 in 41.7% of patients who received Pom + LD-Dex, compared with 14.8% who received HD-Dex. In Pom + LD-Dex treated patients neutropenia was infrequently serious (2.0% of patients), did not lead to treatment discontinuation, and was associated with treatment interruption in 21.0% of patients, and with dose reduction in 7.7% of patients.
Febrile neutropenia (FN) was experienced in 6.7% of patients who received Pom + LD-Dex, and in no patients who received HD-Dex. All were reported to be Grade 3 or 4. FN was reported to be serious in 4.0% of patients. FN was associated with dose interruption in 3.7% of patients, and with dose reduction in 1.3% of patients, and with no treatment discontinuations.
Thrombocytopenia occurred in 27.0% of patients who received Pom + LD-Dex, and 26.8% of patients who received HD-Dex. Thrombocytopenia was Grade 3 or 4 in 20.7% of patients who received Pom + LD-Dex and in 24.2% who received HD-Dex. In Pom + LD-Dex treated patients, thrombocytopenia was serious in 1.7% of patients, led to dose reduction in 6.3% of patients, to dose interruption in 8% of patients and to treatment discontinuation in 0.7% of patients.
Infection
Infection was the most common non haematological toxicity; it occurred in 55.0% of patients who received Pom + LD-Dex, and 48.3% of patients who received HD-Dex. Approximately half of those infections were Grade 3 or 4; 24.0% in Pom + LD-Dex-treated patients and 22.8% in patients who received HD-Dex.
In Pom + LD-Dex treated patients pneumonia and upper respiratory tract infections were the most commonly reported infections (in 10.7% and 9.3% of patients, respectively);with 24.3% of reported infections being serious and fatal infections (Grade 5) occurring in 2.7% of treated patients. In Pom + LD-Dex treated patients infections led to dose discontinuation in 2.0% of patients, to treatment interruption in 14.3% of patients, and to a dose reduction in 1.3% of patients.
Thromboembolic events
Venous embolic or thrombotic events (VTE) occurred in 3.3% of patients who received Pom + LD-Dex, and 2.0% of patients who received HD-Dex. Grade 3 or 4 reactions occurred in 1.3 % of patients who received Pom + LD-Dex, and no patients who received HD-Dex. In Pom + LD-Dex treated patients, VTE was reported as serious in 1.7% of patients, no fatal reactions were reported in clinical studies, and VTE was not associated with dose discontinuation.
Prophylaxis with acetylsalicylic acid (and other anticoagulants in high risk patients) was mandatory for all patients in clinical studies. Anticoagulation therapy (unless contraindicated) is recommended.
Peripheral neuropathy
Patients with ongoing peripheral neuropathy >Grade 2 were excluded from clinical studies. Peripheral neuropathy, mostly Grade 1 or 2 occurred in 12.3% patients who received Pom + LD-Dex, and 10.7% of patients who received HD-Dex. Grade 3 or 4 reactions occurred in 1.0 % of patients who received Pom + LD-Dex and in 1.3% of patients who received HD-Dex. In patients treated with Pom + LD-Dex, no peripheral neuropathy reactions were reported to have been serious in clinical trials and peripheral neuropathy led to dose discontinuation in 0.3% of patients.
Median time to onset of neuropathy was 2.1 weeks, varying from 0.1 to 48.3 weeks. Median time to onset was earlier in patients who received HD-Dex compared with Pom + LD-Dex (1.3 weeks versus 2.1 weeks).
Median time to resolution was 22.4 weeks in patients who received Pom + LD-Dex and 13.6 weeks in patients who received HD-Dex. The lower limit of the 95% CI was 5.3 week in the Pom +LD-Dex-treated patients and 2.0 weeks in patients who received HD-Dex.
Haemorrhage
Haemorrhagic disorders have been reported with pomalidomide, especially in patients with risk factors such as concomitant medicinal products that increase susceptibility to bleeding. Haemorrhagic events have included epistaxis, intracranial haemorrhage and gastrointestinal haemorrhage.
Allergic reactions and severe skin reactions
Angioedema and severe cutaneous reactions including SJS, TEN and DRESS has been reported with the use of pomalidomide. Patients with a history of severe rash associated with lenalidomide or thalidomide should not receive pomalidomide.
Reporting of suspected adverse reactions
Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the Yellow Card Scheme at www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard (Freephone 0808 100 3352).
Repeat-dose toxicology studies
In rats, chronic administration of pomalidomide at doses of 50, 250, and 1000 mg/kg/day for 6 months was well tolerated. No adverse findings were noted up to 1000 mg/kg/day (175-fold exposure ratio relative to a 4 mg clinical dose).
In monkeys, pomalidomide was evaluated in repeat-dose studies of up to 9 months in duration. In these studies, monkeys exhibited greater sensitivity to pomalidomide effects than rats. The primary toxicities observed in monkeys were associated with the haematopoietic/lymphoreticular systems. In the 9-month study in monkeys with doses of 0.05, 0.1, and 1 mg/kg/day, morbidity and early euthanasia of 6 animals were observed at the dose of 1 mg/kg/day and were attributed to immunosuppressive effects (staphylococcal infection, decreased peripheral blood lymphocytes, chronic inflammation of the large intestine, histologic lymphoid depletion, and hypocellularity of bone marrow) at high exposures of pomalidomide (15-fold exposure ratio relative to a 4 mg clinical dose). These immunosuppressive effects resulted in early euthanasia of 4 monkeys due to poor health condition (watery stool, inappetence, reduced food intake, and weight loss); histopathologic evaluation of these animals showed chronic inflammation of the large intestine and villous atrophy of the small intestine. Staphylococcal infection was observed in 4 monkeys; 3 of these animals responded to antibiotic treatment and 1 died without treatment. In addition, findings consistent with acute myelogenous leukemia led to euthanasia of 1 monkey; clinical observations and clinical pathology and/or bone marrow alterations observed in this animal were consistent with immunosuppression. Minimal or mild bile duct proliferation with associated increases in ALP and GGT were also observed at 1 mg/kg/day. Evaluation of recovery animals indicated that all treatment-related findings were reversible after 8 weeks of dosing cessation, except for proliferation of intrahepatic bile ducts observed in 1 animal in the 1 mg/kg/day group. The No Observed Adverse Effect Level (NOAEL) was 0.1 mg/kg/day (0.5-fold exposure ratio relative to a 4 mg clinical dose).
Genotoxicity/carcinogenicity
Pomalidomide was not mutagenic in bacterial and mammalian mutation assays, and did not induce chromosomal aberrations in human peripheral blood lymphocytes or micronuclei formation in polychromatic erythrocytes in bone marrow of rats administered doses up to 2000 mg/kg/day. Carcinogenicity studies have not been conducted.
Fertility and early embryonic development
In a fertility and early embryonic development study in rats, pomalidomide was administered to males and females at dosages of 25, 250, and 1000 mg/kg/day. Uterine examination on Gestation Day 13 showed a decrease in mean number of viable embryos and an increase in postimplantation loss at all dosage levels. Therefore, the NOAEL for these observed effects was <25 mg/kg/day (AUC 24h was 39960 ng-h/mL (nanogram-hour/millilitres) at this lowest dose tested, and the exposure ratio was 99-fold relative to a 4 mg clinical dose). When treated males on this study were mated with untreated females, all uterine parameters were comparable to the controls. Based on these results, the observed effects were attributed to the treatment of females.
Embryo-foetal development
Pomalidomide was found to be teratogenic in both rats and rabbits when administered during the period of major organogenesis. In the rat embryofoetal developmental toxicity study, malformations of absence of urinary bladder, absence of thyroid gland, and fusion and misalignment of lumbar and thoracic vertebral elements (central and/or neural arches) were observed at all dosage levels (25, 250, and 1000 mg/kg/day).
There was no maternal toxicity observed in this study. Therefore, the maternal NOAEL was 1000 mg/kg/day, and the NOAEL for developmental toxicity was <25 mg/kg/day (AUC24h was 34340 ng-h/mL on Gestation Day 17 at this lowest dose tested, and the exposure ratio was 85-fold relative to a 4 mg clinical dose). In rabbits, pomalidomide at dosages ranging from 10 to 250 mg/kg produced embryo-foetal developmental malforma tions. Increased cardiac anomalies were seen at all doses with significant increases at 250 mg/kg/day. At 100 and 250 mg/kg/day, there were slight increases in post-implantation loss and slight decreases in fetal body weights. At 250 mg/kg/day, fetal malformations included limb anomalies (flexed and/or rotated fore- and/or hindlimbs, unattached or absent digit) and associated skeletal malformations (not ossified metacarpal, misaligned phalanx and metacarpal, absent digit, not ossified phalanx, and short not ossified or bent tibia); moderate dilation of the lateral ventricle in the brain; abnormal placement of the right subclavian artery; absent intermediate lobe in the lungs; low-set kidney; altered liver morphology; incompletely or not ossified pelvis; an increased average for supernumerary thoracic ribs and a reduced average for ossified tarsals. Slight reduction in maternal body weight gain, significant reduction in triglycerides, and significant decrease in absolute and relative spleen weights were observed at 100 and 250 mg/kg/day. The maternal NOAEL was 10 mg/kg/day, and the developmental NOAEL was <10 mg/kg/day (AUC24h was 418 ng-h/mL on Gestation Day 19 at this lowest dose tested, which was similar to that obtained from a 4 mg clinical dose).
Imnovid in combination with dexamethasone is indicated in the treatment of adult patients with relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma who have received at least two prior treatment regimens, including both lenalidomide and bortezomib, and have demonstrated disease progression on the last therapy.
Pharmacotherapeutic group: Immunomodulating agent, ATC code: L04AX06
Mechanism of action
Pomalidomide has direct anti-myeloma tumoricidal activity, immunomodulatory activities and inhibits stromal cell support for multiple myeloma tumour cell growth. Specifically, pomalidomide inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis of haematopoietic tumour cells. Additionally, pomalidomide inhibits the proliferation of lenalidomide-resistant multiple myeloma cell lines and synergises with dexamethasone in both lenalidomide-sensitive and lenalidomide-resistant cell lines to induce tumour cell apoptosis. Pomalidomide enhances T cell- and natural killer (NK) cell-mediated immunity and inhibits production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., TNF-α and IL-6) by monocytes. Pomalidomide also inhibits angiogenesis by blocking the migration and adhesion of endothelial cells.
Clinical efficacy and safety
The efficacy and safety of pomalidomide in combination with dexamethasone were evaluated in a Phase III multi-centre, randomised, open-label study (CC-4047-MM-003), where pomalidomide plus low-dose dexamethasone therapy (Pom+LD-Dex) was compared to high-dose dexamethasone alone (HD-Dex) in previously treated adult patients with relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma, who have received at least two prior treatment regimens, including both lenalidomide and bortezomib, and have demonstrated disease progression on the last therapy. A total of 455 patients were enrolled in the study: 302 in the Pom+LD-Dex arm and 153 in the HD-Dex arm. The majority of patients were male (59%) and white (79%); the median age for the overall population was 64 years (min, max: 35, 87 years).
Patients in the Pom+LD-Dex arm were administered 4 mg pomalidomide orally on Days 1 to 21 of each 28-day cycle. LD-Dex (40 mg) was administered once per day on Days 1, 8, 15 and 22 of a 28-day cycle. For the HD-Dex arm, dexamethasone (40 mg) was administered once per day on Days 1 through 4, 9 through 12, and 17 through 20 of a 28-day cycle. Patients > 75 years of age started treatment with 20 mg dexamethasone. Treatment continued until patients had disease progression.
The primary efficacy endpoint was progression free survival (PFS) by International Myeloma Working Group (IMWG criteria). For the ITT population, median PFS time by Independent Review Adjudication Committee (IRAC) review based on IMWG criteria was 15.7 weeks (95% CI: 13.0, 20.1) in the Pom + LD-Dex arm; the estimated 26-week event-free survival rate was 35.99% (±3.46%). In the HD-Dex arm, median PFS time was 8.0 weeks (95% CI: 7.0, 9.0); the estimated 26-week event-free survival rate was 12.15% (±3.63%).
Progression-free survival was evaluated in several relevant subgroups: gender, race, ECOG performance status, stratification factors (age, disease population, prior anti-myeloma therapies [2, > 2]), selected parameters of prognostic significance (baseline beta-2 microglobulin level, baseline albumin levels, baseline renal impairment, and cytogenetic risk), and exposure and refractoriness to prior anti-myeloma therapies. Regardless of the subgroup evaluated, PFS was generally consistent with that observed in the ITT population for both treatment groups.
Progression Free Survival is summarised in Table 1 for the ITT population. Kaplan-Meier curve for PFS for the ITT population is provided in Figure 1.
Table 1: Progression Free Survival Time by IRAC Review Based on IMWG Criteria (Stratified Log Rank Test) (ITT Population)
|
|
Pom+LD-Dex (N=302) |
HD-Dex (N=153) |
|
Progression free survival (PFS), N |
302 (100.0) |
153 (100.0) |
|
Censored, n (%) |
138 ( 45.7) |
50 ( 32.7) |
|
Progressed/Died, n (%) |
164 ( 54.3) |
103 ( 67.3) |
|
Progression Free Survival Time(weeks) | ||
|
Median a |
15.7 |
8.0 |
|
Two sided 95% CI b |
[ 13.0, 20.1] |
[ 7.0, 9.0] |
|
Hazard Ratio (Pom+LD-Dex:HD-Dex) 2-Sided 95% CI c |
0.45 [0.35,0.59] | |
|
Log-Rank Test Two sided P-Value d |
<0.001 | |
|
Note: CI=Confidence interval; IRAC=Independent Review Adjudication Committee; NE = Not Estimable. a The median is based on Kaplan-Meier estimate. b 95% confidence interval about the median progression free survival time. c Based on Cox proportional hazards model comparing the hazard functions associated with treatment groups, stratified by age (≤75 vs >75),diseases population (refractory to both Lenalidomide and Bortezomib vs not refractory to both drugs), and prior number of anti myeloma therapy (=2 vs >2). d The p-value is based on a stratified log-rank test with the same stratification factors as the above Cox model. Data cutoff: 07 Sep 2012 | ||
Figure 1: Progression Free Survival Based on IRAC Review of Response by IMWG Criteria (Stratified Log Rank Test) (ITT Population)
Overall Survival was the key secondary study endpoint. A total of 226 (74.8%) of the Pom + LD-Dex patients and 95 (62.1%) of the HD-Dex patients were alive as of the cutoff date (07 Sep 2012). Median OS time from Kaplan-Meier estimates has not been reached for the Pom + LD-Dex, but would be expected to be at least 48 weeks, which is the lower boundary of the 95% CI. Median OS time for the HD-Dex arm was 34 weeks (95% CI: 23.4, 39.9). The 1-year event free rate was 52.6% (± 5.72%) for the Pom + LD-Dex arm and 28.4% (± 7.51%) for the HD-Dex arm. The difference in OS between the two treatment arms was statistically significant (p < 0.001).
Overall survival is summarised in Table 2 for the ITT population. Kaplan-Meier curve for OS for the ITT population is provided in Figure 2.
Based on the results of both PFS and OS endpoints, the Data Monitoring Committee established for this study recommended that the study be completed and patients in the HD-Dex arm be crossed over to the Pom + LD-Dex arm.
Table 2: Overall Survival: ITT Population
|
|
Statistics |
Pom+LD-Dex (N=302) |
HD-Dex (N=153) |
|
N |
302 (100.0) |
153 (100.0) | |
|
Censored |
n (%) |
226 ( 74.8) |
95 ( 62.1) |
|
Died |
n (%) |
76 ( 25.2) |
58 ( 37.9) |
|
Survival Time (weeks) |
Mediana |
NE |
34.0 |
|
|
Two sided 95% CIb |
[ 48.1, NE] |
[ 23.4, 39.9] |
|
Hazard Ratio (Pom+LD-Dex:HD-Dex) [Two sided 95% CIc] |
0.53[ 0.37, 0.74] | ||
|
Log-Rank Test Two sided P-Valued |
<0.001 | ||
|
Note: CI=Confidence interval. NE = Not Estimable. a The median is based on Kaplan-Meier estimate. b 95% confidence interval about the median overall survival time. c Based on Cox proportional hazards model comparing the hazard functions associated with treatment groups. d The p-value is based on an unstratified log-rank test. Data cutoff: 07 Sep 2012 | |||
Figure 2: Kaplan-Meier Curve of Overall Survival (ITT Population)
Paediatric population
Absorption
Pomalidomide is absorbed with a maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) occurring between 2 and 3 hours and is at least 73% absorbed following administration of single oral dose. The systemic exposure (AUC) of pomalidomide increases in an approximately linear and dose proportional manner. Following multiple doses, pomalidomide has an accumulation ratio of 27 to 31% on AUC.
Coadministration with a high-fat and high-calorie meal slows the rate of absorption, decreasing mean plasma Cmax by approximately 27%, but has minimal effect on the overall extent of absorption with an 8% decrease in mean AUC. Therefore pomalidomide can be administered without regard to food intake.
Distribution
Pomalidomide has a mean apparent volume of distribution (Vd/F) between 62 and 138 L at steady state. Pomalidomide is distributed in semen of healthy subjects at a concentration of approximately 67% of plasma level at 4 hours post-dose (approximately Tmax) after 4 days of once daily dosing at 2 mg. In vitro binding of pomalidomide enantiomers to proteins in human plasma ranges from 12% to 44% and is not concentration dependent.
Biotransformation
Pomalidomide is the major circulating component (approximately 70% of plasma radioactivity) in vivo in healthy subjects who received a single oral dose of [14C]-pomalidomide (2 mg). No metabolites were present at >10% relative to parent or total radioactivity in plasma.
The predominant metabolic pathways of excreted radioactivity are hydroxylation with subsequent glucuronidation, or hydrolysis. In vitro, CYP1A2 and CYP3A4 were identified as the primary enzymes involved in the CYP-mediated hydroxylation of pomalidomide, with additional minor contributions from CYP2C19 and CYP2D6. Pomalidomide is also a substrate of P-glycoprotein in vitro. Co-administration of pomalidomide with the strong CYP3A4/5 and P-gp inhibitor ketoconazole, or the strong CYP3A4/5 inducer carbamazepine, had no clinically relevant effect on exposure to pomalidomide. Co-administration of the strong CYP1A2 inhibitor fluvoxamine with pomalidomide in the presence of ketoconazole, increased mean exposure to pomalidomide by 107% with a 90% confidence interval [91% to 124%] compared to pomalidomide plus ketoconazole. In a second study to evaluate the contribution of a CYP1A2 inhibitor alone to metabolism changes, co-administration of fluvoxamine alone with pomalidomide increased mean exposure to pomalidomide by 125% with a 90% confidence interval [98% to 157%] compared to pomalidomide alone. If strong inhibitors of CYP1A2 (e.g. ciprofloxacin, enoxacin and fluvoxamine) are co-administered with pomalidomide, reduce the dose of pomalidomide to 50%. Administration of pomalidomide in smokers, with smoking tobacco known to induce the CYP1A2 isoform, had no clinically relevant effect on exposure to pomalidomide compared to that exposure to pomalidomide observed in non-smokers.
Based on in vitro data, pomalidomide is not an inhibitor or inducer of cytochrome P-450 isoenzymes,and does not inhibit any drug transporters that were studied. Clinically relevant drug-drug interactions are not anticipated when pomalidomide is coadministered with substrates of these pathways.
Elimination
Pomalidomide is eliminated with a median plasma half-life of approximately 9.5 hours in healthy subjects and approximately 7.5 hours in patients with multiple myeloma. Pomalidomide has a mean total body clearance (CL/F) of approximately 7-10 L/hr.
Following a single oral administration of [14C]-pomalidomide (2 mg) to healthy subjects, approximately 73% and 15% of the radioactive dose was eliminated in urine and faeces, respectively, with approximately 2% and 8% of the dosed radiocarbon eliminated as pomalidomide in urine and faeces.
Pomalidomide is extensively metabolised prior to excretion, with the resulting metabolites eliminated primarily in the urine. The 3 predominant metabolites in urine (formed via hydrolysis or hydroxylation with subsequent glucuronidation) account for approximately 23%, 17%, and 12%, respectively, of the dose in the urine.
CYP dependent metabolites account for approximately 43% of the total excreted radioactivity, while non-CYP dependent hydrolytic metabolites account for 25%, and excretion of unchanged pomalidomide accounted for 10% (2% in urine and 8% in faeces).
Population Pharmacokinetics
Based on population PK analysis using a two-compartment model, healthy subjects and MM patients had comparable apparent clearance (CL/F) and apparent central volume of distribution (V2/F). In peripheral tissues, pomalidomide was preferentially taken up by tumors with apparent peripheral distribution clearance (Q/F) and apparent peripheral volume of distribution (V3/F) 3.7-fold and 8-fold higher, respectively, than that of healthy subjects.
Paediatric population
No data are available on administration of pomalidomide to paediatric or adolescent patients (< 18 years of age).
Older people
Based on population pharmacokinetic analyses in healthy subjects and multiple myeloma patients, no significant influence of age (19-83 years) on oral clearance of pomalidomide was observed.
Renal impairment
Population pharmacokinetic analyses showed that the pomalidomide pharmacokinetic parameters were not remarkably affected in renally impaired patients (defined by creatinine clearance or estimated glomerular filtration rate [eGFR]) compared to patients with normal renal function (CrCl >60 mL/minute). Mean normalized AUC exposure to pomalidomide was 98.2% with a 90% confidence interval [77.4% to 120.6%] in moderate renal impairment patients (eGFR >30 to ≤45mL/minute/1.73 m2) compared to patients with normal renal function. Mean normalized AUC exposure to pomalidomide was 100.2% with a 90% confidence interval [79.7% to 127.0%] in severe renal impairment patients not requiring dialysis (CrCl <30 or eGFR <30 mL/minute/1.73 m2) compared to patients with normal renal function. Mean normalized AUC exposure to pomalidomide increased by 35.8% with a 90% CI [7.5% to 70.0%] in severe renal impairment patients requiring dialysis (CrCl <30mL/minute requiring dialysis) compared to patients with normal renal function. The mean changes in exposure to pomalidomide in each of these renal impairment groups are not of a magnitude that require dosage adjustments.
Hepatic impairment
The pharmacokinetic parameters were modestly changed in hepatically impaired patients (defined by Child-Pugh criteria) compared to healthy subjects. Mean exposure to pomalidomide increased by 51% with a 90% confidence interval [9% to 110%] in mildly hepatically impaired patients compared to healthy subjects. Mean exposure to pomalidomide increased by 58% with a 90% confidence interval [13% to 119%] in moderately hepatically impaired patients compared to healthy subjects. Mean exposure to pomalidomide increased by 72% with a 90% confidence interval [24% to 138%] in severely hepatically impaired patients compared to healthy subjects. The mean increases in exposure to pomalidomide in each of these impairment groups are not of a magnitude for which adjustments in schedule or dose are required.
23/04/2018
Imnovid 1 mg hard capsules
Haematological events
Neutropenia was the most frequently reported Grade 3 or 4 haematological adverse reaction in patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma, followed by anaemia and thrombocytopenia. Patients should be monitored for haematological adverse reactions, especially neutropenia. Patients should be advised to report febrile episodes promptly. Physicians should observe patients for signs of bleeding including epistaxes, especially with use of concomitant medicinal products known to increase the risk of bleeding. Complete blood counts should be monitored at baseline, weekly for the first 8 weeks and monthly thereafter. A dose modification may be required. Patients may require use of blood product support and /or growth factors.
Thromboembolic events
Patients receiving pomalidomide in combination with dexamethasone have developed venous thromboembolic events (predominantly deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism) and arterial thrombotic events (myocardial infarction and cerebrovascular accident). Patients with known risk factors for thromboembolism - including prior thrombosis - should be closely monitored. Action should be taken to try to minimise all modifiable risk factors (e.g. smoking, hypertension, and hyperlipidaemia). Patients and physicians are advised to be observant for the signs and symptoms of thromboembolism. Patients should be instructed to seek medical care if they develop symptoms such as shortness of breath, chest pain, arm or leg swelling. Anti-coagulation therapy (unless contraindicated) is recommended, (such as acetylsalicylic acid, warfarin, heparin or clopidogrel), especially in patients with additional thrombotic risk factors. A decision to take prophylactic measures should be made after a careful assessment of the individual patient's underlying risk factors. In clinical studies, patients received prophylactic acetylsalicylic acid or alternative anti-thrombotic therapy. The use of erythropoietic agents carries a risk of thrombotic events including thromboembolism. Therefore, erythropoietic agents, as well as other agents that may increase the risk of thromboembolic events, should be used with caution.
Peripheral neuropathy
Patients with ongoing >Grade 2 peripheral neuropathy were excluded from clinical studies with pomalidomide. Appropriate caution should be exercised when considering the treatment of such patients with pomalidomide.
Significant cardiac dysfunction
Patients with significant cardiac dysfunction (congestive heart failure [NY Heart Association Class III or IV]; myocardial infarction within 12 months of starting study; unstable or poorly controlled angina pectoris) were excluded from clinical studies with pomalidomide. Cardiac failure events, including congestive cardiac failure and pulmonary oedema , have been reported, mainly in patients with pre-existing cardiac disease or cardiac risk factors. Appropriate caution should be exercised when considering the treatment of such patients with pomalidomide, including periodic monitoring for signs or symptoms of cardiac failure.
Tumour lysis syndrome
Tumour lysis syndrome may occur.The patients at greatest risk of tumour lysis syndrome are those with high tumour burden prior to treatment. These patients should be monitored closely and appropriate precautions taken.
Second Primary Malignancies
Second primary malignancies, such as non-melanoma skin cancer, have been reported in patients receiving pomalidomide. Physicians should carefully evaluate patients before and during treatment using standard cancer screening for occurrence of second primary malignancies and institute treatment as indicated.
Allergic reactions and severe skin reactions
Angioedema and severe dermatologic reactions including SJS, TEN and DRESS have been reported with the use of pomalidomide. Patients should be advised of the signs and symptoms of these reactions by their prescribers and should be told to seek medical attention immediately if they develop these symptoms. Pomalidomide must be discontinued for exfoliative or bullous rash, or if SJS, TEN or DRESS is suspected, and should not be resumed following discontinuation for these reactions. Patients with a prior history of serious allergic reactions associated with thalidomide or lenalidomide were excluded from clinical studies. Such patients may be at higher risk of hypersensitivity reactions and should not receive pomalidomide. Pomalidomide interruption or discontinuation should be considered for Grade 2-3 skin rash. Pomalidomide must be discontinued permanently for angioedema.
Dizziness and confusion
Dizziness and confusional state have been reported with pomalidomide. Patients must avoid situations where dizziness or confusion may be a problem and not to take other medicinal products that may cause dizziness or confusion without first seeking medical advice.
Interstitial lung disease (ILD)
ILD and related events, including cases of pneumonitis, have been observed with pomalidomide. Careful assessment of patients with an acute onset or unexplained worsening of pulmonary symptoms should be performed to exclude ILD. Pomalidomide should be interrupted pending investigation of these symptoms and if ILD is confirmed, appropriate treatment should be initiated. Pomalidomide should only be resumed after a thorough evaluation of the benefits and the risks.
Hepatic disorders
Markedly elevated levels of alanine aminotransferase and bilirubin have been observed in patients treated with pomalidomide. There have also been cases of hepatitis that resulted in discontinuation of pomalidomide. Regular monitoring of liver function is recommended for the first 6 months of treatment with pomalidomide and as clinically indicated thereafter.
Infections
Reactivation of hepatitis B has been reported rarely in patients receiving pomalidomide in combination with dexamethasone who have previously been infected with the hepatitis B virus (HBV). Some of these cases have progressed to acute hepatic failure, resulting in discontinuation of pomalidomide. Hepatitis B virus status should be established before initiating treatment with pomalidomide. For patients who test positive for HBV infection, consultation with a physician with expertise in the treatment of hepatitis B is recommended. Caution should be exercised when pomalidomide in combination with dexamethasone is used in patients previously infected with HBV, including patients who are anti-HBc positive but HBsAg negative. These patients should be closely monitored for signs and symptoms of active HBV infection throughout therapy.
4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interactionEffect of Imnovid on other medicinal products
Pomalidomide is not anticipated to cause clinically relevant pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions due to P450 isoenzyme inhibition or induction or transporter inhibition when co-administered with substrates of these enzymes or transporters. The potential for such drug-drug interactions, including the potential impact of pomalidomide on the pharmacokinetics of combined oral contraceptives, has not been evaluated clinically.
Effect of other medicinal products on Imnovid
Pomalidomide is partly metabolised by CYP1A2 and CYP3A4/5. It is also a substrate for P-glycoprotein. Co-administration of pomalidomide with the strong CYP3A4/5 and P-gp inhibitor ketoconazole, or the strong CYP3A4/5 inducer carbamazepine, had no clinically relevant effect on exposure to pomalidomide. Co-administration of the strong CYP1A2 inhibitor fluvoxamine with pomalidomide in the presence of ketoconazole, increased mean exposure to pomalidomide by 107% with a 90% confidence interval [91% to 124%] compared to pomalidomide plus ketoconazole. In a second study to evaluate the contribution of a CYP1A2 inhibitor alone to metabolism changes, co-administration of fluvoxamine alone with pomalidomide increased mean exposure to pomalidomide by 125% with a 90% confidence interval [98% to 157%] compared to pomalidomide alone. If strong inhibitors of CYP1A2 (e.g. ciprofloxacin, enoxacin and fluvoxamine) are co-administered with pomalidomide, reduce the dose of pomalidomide by 50%.
Dexamethasone
Co-administration of multiple doses of up to 4 mg pomalidomide with 20 mg to 40 mg dexamethasone (a weak to moderate inducer of several CYP enzymes including CYP3A) to patients with multiple myeloma had no effect on the pharmacokinetics of pomalidomide compared with pomalidomide administered alone.
The effect of dexamethasone on warfarin is unknown. Close monitoring of warfarin concentration is advised during treatment.
4.6 Fertility, pregnancy and lactationWomen of childbearing potential / Contraception in males and females
Women of childbearing potential should use effective method of contraception. If pregnancy occurs in a woman treated with pomalidomide, treatment must be stopped and the patient should be referred to a physician specialised or experienced in teratology for evaluation and advice. If pregnancy occurs in a partner of a male patient taking pomalidomide, it is recommended to refer the female partner to a physician specialised or experienced in teratology for evaluation and advice. Pomalidomide is present in human semen. As a precaution, all male patients taking pomalidomide should use condoms throughout treatment duration, during dose interruption and for 7 days after cessation of treatment if their partner is pregnant or of childbearing potential and has no contraception.
Pregnancy
A teratogenic effect of pomalidomide in humans is expected.4.
Breast-feeding
It is not known if pomalidomide is excreted in human milk. Pomalidomide was detected in milk of lactating rats following administration to the mother. Because of the potential for adverse reactions in nursing infants from pomalidomide, a decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or to discontinue the medicinal product, taking into account the importance of the medicinal product to the mother.
Fertility
Pomalidomide was found to impact negatively on fertility and be teratogenic in animals.
4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machinesImnovid has minor or moderate influence on the ability to drive and use machines.
Fatigue, depressed level of consciousness, confusion, and dizziness have been reported with the use of pomalidomide. If affected, patients should be instructed not to drive cars, use machines or perform hazardous tasks while being treated with pomalidomide.
4.8 Undesirable effectsSummary of the safety profile
The most commonly reported adverse reactions in clinical studies have been blood and lymphatic system disorders including anaemia (45.7%), neutropenia (45.3%) and thrombocytopenia (27%); in general disorders and administration site conditions including fatigue (28.3%), pyrexia (21%) and oedema peripheral (13%); and in infections and infestations including pneumonia (10.7%). Peripheral neuropathy adverse reactions were reported in 12.3% of patients and venous embolic or thrombotic (VTE) adverse reactions were reported in 3.3% of patients. The most commonly reported Grade 3 or 4 adverse reactions were in the blood and lymphatic system disorders including neutropenia (41.7%), anaemia (27%) and thrombocytopenia (20.7%); in infections and infestations including pneumonia (9%); and in general disorders and administration site conditions including fatigue (4.7%), pyrexia (3%) and oedema peripheral (1.3%). The most commonly reported serious adverse reaction was pneumonia (9.3%). Other serious adverse reactions reported included febrile neutropenia (4.0%), neutropenia (2.0%), thrombocytopenia (1.7%) and VTE adverse reactions (1.7 %).
Adverse reactions tended to occur more frequently within the first 2 cycles of treatment with pomalidomide.
Tabulated list of adverse reactions
In randomised study CC-4047-MM-003, 302 patients with relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma were exposed to 4 mg pomalidomide administered once daily for 21 days of each 28 day cycle in combination with a weekly low dose of dexamethasone.
The adverse reactions observed in patients treated with pomalidomide plus dexamethasone are listed below by system organ class (SOC) and frequency for all adverse reactions and for Grade 3 or 4 adverse reactions.
The frequencies of adverse reactions are those reported in the pomalidomide plus dexamethasone arm of study CC-4047-MM-003 (n = 302) and from post marketing data. Within each SOC and frequency grouping, adverse reactions are presented in order of decreasing seriousness. Frequencies are defined in accordance with current guidance, as: very common (>1/10), common (>1/100 to <1/10); and uncommon (>1/1,000 to <1/100).
|
System Organ Class/ Preferred Term |
All Adverse Reactions /Frequency |
Grade 3−4 Adverse Reactions /Frequency |
|
Infections and infestations |
Very Common Pneumonia (bacterial, viral and fungal infections, including opportunistic infections) Common Neutropenic sepsis Bronchopneumonia Bronchitis Respiratory tract infection Upper respiratory tract infection Nasopharyngitis Herpes zoster Not Known Hepatitis B reactivation |
Common Neutropenic sepsis Pneumonia (bacterial, viral and fungal infections, including opportunistic infections) Bronchopneumonia Respiratory tract infection Upper respiratory tract infection Uncommon Bronchitis Herpes zoster Not Known Hepatitis B reactivation |
|
Neoplasms benign, malignant and unspecified (incl cysts and polyps) |
Uncommon Basal cell carcinoma of the skin Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin |
Uncommon Basal cell carcinoma of the skin Squamous cell carcinoma of the skin |
|
Blood and lymphatic system disorders |
Very Common Neutropenia Thrombocytopenia Leucopenia Anaemia Common Febrile neutropenia Pancytopenia* |
Very Common Neutropenia Thrombocytopenia Anaemia Common Febrile neutropenia Leucopenia Pancytopenia* |
|
Metabolism and nutrition disorders |
Very Common Decreased appetite Common Hyperkalaemia Hyponatraemia Hyperuricaemia* Uncommon Tumour lysis syndrome* |
Common Hyperkalaemia Hyponatraemia Hyperuricaemia* Uncommon Decreased appetite Tumour lysis syndrome* |
|
Psychiatric disorders |
Common Confusional state |
Common Confusional state |
|
Nervous system disorders |
Common Depressed level of consciousness Peripheral sensory neuropathy Dizziness Tremor Intracranial haemorrhage* Uncommon Cerebrovascular accident* |
Common Depressed level of consciousness Uncommon Peripheral sensory neuropathy Dizziness Tremor Cerebrovascular accident* Intracranial haemorrhage* |
|
Ear and labyrinth disorders |
Common Vertigo |
Common Vertigo |
|
Vascular disorders |
Common Deep vein thrombosis |
Uncommon Deep vein thrombosis |
|
Cardiac disorders |
Common Cardiac failure* Atrial fibrillation* Myocardial infarction* |
Common Cardiac failure* Atrial fibrillation* Uncommon Myocardial infarction* |
|
Immune system disorders |
Common Angioedema* Urticaria* |
Uncommon Angioedema* Urticaria* |
|
Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders |
Very Common Dyspnoea Cough Common Pulmonary embolism Epistaxis* Interstitial lung disease* |
Common Dyspnoea Uncommon Pulmonary embolism Cough Epistaxis* Interstitial lung disease* |
|
Gastrointestinal disorders |
Very Common Diarrhoea Nausea Constipation Common Vomiting Gastrointestinal haemorrhage |
Common Diarrhoea Vomiting Constipation Uncommon Nausea Gastrointestinal haemorrhage |
|
Hepatobiliary disorders |
Uncommon Hyperbilirubinaemia Hepatitis* |
Uncommon Hyperbilirubinaemia |
|
Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders |
Common Rash Pruritus Not Known Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms* Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis* Stevens-Johnson Syndrome* |
Common Rash Not Known Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms* Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis* Stevens-Johnson Syndrome* |
|
Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders |
Very Common Bone pain Muscle spasms |
Common Bone pain Uncommon Muscle spasms |
|
Renal and urinary disorders |
Common Renal failure Urinary retention |
Common Renal failure Uncommon Urinary retention |
|
Reproductive system and breast disorders |
Common Pelvic pain |
Common Pelvic pain |
|
General disorders and administration site conditions |
Very Common Fatigue Pyrexia Oedema peripheral |
Common Fatigue Pyrexia Oedema peripheral |
|
Investigations |
Common Neutrophil count decreased White blood cell count decreased Platelet count decreased Alanine aminotransferase increased Blood uric acid increased* |
Common Neutrophil count decreased White blood cell count decreased Platelet count decreased Alanine aminotransferase increased Uncommon Blood uric acid increased* |
* Identified from post marketing data, with frequencies based on clinical trial data.
Description of selected adverse reactions
Teratogenicity
Pomalidomide is structurally related to thalidomide. Thalidomide is a known human teratogenic active substance that causes severe life-threatening birth defects. Pomalidomide was found to be teratogenic in both rats and rabbits when administered during the period of major organogenesis. If pomalidomide is taken during pregnancy, a teratogenic effect of pomalidomide in humans is expected.
Neutropenia and thrombocytopenia
Neutropenia occurred in 45.3% of patients who received pomalidomide plus low dose dexamethasone (Pom + LD-Dex), and in 19.5% of patients who received high dose dexamethasone (HD-Dex). Neutropenia was Grade 3 or 4 in 41.7% of patients who received Pom + LD-Dex, compared with 14.8% who received HD-Dex. In Pom + LD-Dex treated patients neutropenia was infrequently serious (2.0% of patients), did not lead to treatment discontinuation, and was associated with treatment interruption in 21.0% of patients, and with dose reduction in 7.7% of patients.
Febrile neutropenia (FN) was experienced in 6.7% of patients who received Pom + LD-Dex, and in no patients who received HD-Dex. All were reported to be Grade 3 or 4. FN was reported to be serious in 4.0% of patients. FN was associated with dose interruption in 3.7% of patients, and with dose reduction in 1.3% of patients, and with no treatment discontinuations.
Thrombocytopenia occurred in 27.0% of patients who received Pom + LD-Dex, and 26.8% of patients who received HD-Dex. Thrombocytopenia was Grade 3 or 4 in 20.7% of patients who received Pom + LD-Dex and in 24.2% who received HD-Dex. In Pom + LD-Dex treated patients, thrombocytopenia was serious in 1.7% of patients, led to dose reduction in 6.3% of patients, to dose interruption in 8% of patients and to treatment discontinuation in 0.7% of patients.
Infection
Infection was the most common non haematological toxicity; it occurred in 55.0% of patients who received Pom + LD-Dex, and 48.3% of patients who received HD-Dex. Approximately half of those infections were Grade 3 or 4; 24.0% in Pom + LD-Dex-treated patients and 22.8% in patients who received HD-Dex.
In Pom + LD-Dex treated patients pneumonia and upper respiratory tract infections were the most commonly reported infections (in 10.7% and 9.3% of patients, respectively);with 24.3% of reported infections being serious and fatal infections (Grade 5) occurring in 2.7% of treated patients. In Pom + LD-Dex treated patients infections led to dose discontinuation in 2.0% of patients, to treatment interruption in 14.3% of patients, and to a dose reduction in 1.3% of patients.
Thromboembolic events
Venous embolic or thrombotic events (VTE) occurred in 3.3% of patients who received Pom + LD-Dex, and 2.0% of patients who received HD-Dex. Grade 3 or 4 reactions occurred in 1.3 % of patients who received Pom + LD-Dex, and no patients who received HD-Dex. In Pom + LD-Dex treated patients, VTE was reported as serious in 1.7% of patients, no fatal reactions were reported in clinical studies, and VTE was not associated with dose discontinuation.
Prophylaxis with acetylsalicylic acid (and other anticoagulants in high risk patients) was mandatory for all patients in clinical studies. Anticoagulation therapy (unless contraindicated) is recommended.
Peripheral neuropathy
Patients with ongoing peripheral neuropathy >Grade 2 were excluded from clinical studies. Peripheral neuropathy, mostly Grade 1 or 2 occurred in 12.3% patients who received Pom + LD-Dex, and 10.7% of patients who received HD-Dex. Grade 3 or 4 reactions occurred in 1.0 % of patients who received Pom + LD-Dex and in 1.3% of patients who received HD-Dex. In patients treated with Pom + LD-Dex, no peripheral neuropathy reactions were reported to have been serious in clinical trials and peripheral neuropathy led to dose discontinuation in 0.3% of patients.
Median time to onset of neuropathy was 2.1 weeks, varying from 0.1 to 48.3 weeks. Median time to onset was earlier in patients who received HD-Dex compared with Pom + LD-Dex (1.3 weeks versus 2.1 weeks).
Median time to resolution was 22.4 weeks in patients who received Pom + LD-Dex and 13.6 weeks in patients who received HD-Dex. The lower limit of the 95% CI was 5.3 week in the Pom +LD-Dex-treated patients and 2.0 weeks in patients who received HD-Dex.
Haemorrhage
Haemorrhagic disorders have been reported with pomalidomide, especially in patients with risk factors such as concomitant medicinal products that increase susceptibility to bleeding. Haemorrhagic events have included epistaxis, intracranial haemorrhage and gastrointestinal haemorrhage.
Allergic reactions and severe skin reactions
Angioedema and severe cutaneous reactions including SJS, TEN and DRESS has been reported with the use of pomalidomide. Patients with a history of severe rash associated with lenalidomide or thalidomide should not receive pomalidomide.
Reporting of suspected adverse reactions
Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the Yellow Card Scheme at www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard (Freephone 0808 100 3352).
4.9 OverdosePomalidomide doses as high as 50 mg as a single dose in healthy volunteers, and 10 mg as once-daily multiple doses in multiple myeloma patients have been studied without reported serious adverse events related to overdose. Pomalidomide was removed by haemodialysis.
In the event of overdose, supportive care is advised.
5. Pharmacological properties 5.1 Pharmacodynamic propertiesPharmacotherapeutic group: Immunomodulating agent, ATC code: L04AX06
Mechanism of action
Pomalidomide has direct anti-myeloma tumoricidal activity, immunomodulatory activities and inhibits stromal cell support for multiple myeloma tumour cell growth. Specifically, pomalidomide inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis of haematopoietic tumour cells. Additionally, pomalidomide inhibits the proliferation of lenalidomide-resistant multiple myeloma cell lines and synergises with dexamethasone in both lenalidomide-sensitive and lenalidomide-resistant cell lines to induce tumour cell apoptosis. Pomalidomide enhances T cell- and natural killer (NK) cell-mediated immunity and inhibits production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., TNF-α and IL-6) by monocytes. Pomalidomide also inhibits angiogenesis by blocking the migration and adhesion of endothelial cells.
Clinical efficacy and safety
The efficacy and safety of pomalidomide in combination with dexamethasone were evaluated in a Phase III multi-centre, randomised, open-label study (CC-4047-MM-003), where pomalidomide plus low-dose dexamethasone therapy (Pom+LD-Dex) was compared to high-dose dexamethasone alone (HD-Dex) in previously treated adult patients with relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma, who have received at least two prior treatment regimens, including both lenalidomide and bortezomib, and have demonstrated disease progression on the last therapy. A total of 455 patients were enrolled in the study: 302 in the Pom+LD-Dex arm and 153 in the HD-Dex arm. The majority of patients were male (59%) and white (79%); the median age for the overall population was 64 years (min, max: 35, 87 years).
Patients in the Pom+LD-Dex arm were administered 4 mg pomalidomide orally on Days 1 to 21 of each 28-day cycle. LD-Dex (40 mg) was administered once per day on Days 1, 8, 15 and 22 of a 28-day cycle. For the HD-Dex arm, dexamethasone (40 mg) was administered once per day on Days 1 through 4, 9 through 12, and 17 through 20 of a 28-day cycle. Patients > 75 years of age started treatment with 20 mg dexamethasone. Treatment continued until patients had disease progression.
The primary efficacy endpoint was progression free survival (PFS) by International Myeloma Working Group (IMWG criteria). For the ITT population, median PFS time by Independent Review Adjudication Committee (IRAC) review based on IMWG criteria was 15.7 weeks (95% CI: 13.0,
This medicinal product does not require any special storage conditions.
The capsules are packaged in Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)/ polychlorotrifluoroethylene (PCTFE) blisters with push through aluminium foil.
Pack size of 21 capsules.
EU/1/13/850/001
Women of childbearing potential / Contraception in males and females
Women of childbearing potential should use effective method of contraception. If pregnancy occurs in a woman treated with pomalidomide, treatment must be stopped and the patient should be referred to a physician specialised or experienced in teratology for evaluation and advice. If pregnancy occurs in a partner of a male patient taking pomalidomide, it is recommended to refer the female partner to a physician specialised or experienced in teratology for evaluation and advice. Pomalidomide is present in human semen. As a precaution, all male patients taking pomalidomide should use condoms throughout treatment duration, during dose interruption and for 7 days after cessation of treatment if their partner is pregnant or of childbearing potential and has no contraception.
Pregnancy
A teratogenic effect of pomalidomide in humans is expected.4.
Breast-feeding
It is not known if pomalidomide is excreted in human milk. Pomalidomide was detected in milk of lactating rats following administration to the mother. Because of the potential for adverse reactions in nursing infants from pomalidomide, a decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or to discontinue the medicinal product, taking into account the importance of the medicinal product to the mother.
Fertility
Pomalidomide was found to impact negatively on fertility and be teratogenic in animals.
Each hard capsule contains 1 mg of pomalidomide.
Teratogenicity
Pomalidomide must not be taken during pregnancy, since a teratogenic effect is expected. Pomalidomide is structurally related to thalidomide. Thalidomide is a known human teratogen that causes severe life-threatening birth defects. Pomalidomide was found to be teratogenic in both rats and rabbits when administered during the period of major organogenesis.
The conditions of the Pregnancy Prevention Programme must be fulfilled for all patients unless there is reliable evidence that the patient does not have childbearing potential.
Criteria for women of non-childbearing potential
A female patient or a female partner of a male patient is considered of non-childbearing potential if she meets at least one of the following criteria:
- Age > 50 years and naturally amenorrhoeic for > 1 year*
- Premature ovarian failure confirmed by a specialist gynaecologist
- Previous bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy, or hysterectomy
- XY genotype, Turner syndrome, uterine agenesis.
*Amenorrhoea following cancer therapy or during breast-feeding does not rule out childbearing potential.
Counselling
For women of childbearing potential, pomalidomide is contraindicated unless all of the following are met:
- She understands the expected teratogenic risk to the unborn child
- She understands the need for effective contraception, without interruption, 4 weeks before starting treatment, throughout the entire duration of treatment, and 4 weeks after the end of treatment
- Even if a woman of childbearing potential has amenorrhoea she must follow all the advice on effective contraception
- She should be capable of complying with effective contraceptive measures
- She is informed and understands the potential consequences of pregnancy and the need to rapidly consult if there is a risk of pregnancy
- She understands the need to commence the treatment as soon as pomalidomide is dispensed following a negative pregnancy test
- She understands the need and accepts to undergo pregnancy testing every 4 weeks except in case of confirmed tubal sterilisation
- She acknowledges that she understands the hazards and necessary precautions associated with the use of pomalidomide.
The prescriber must ensure that for women of childbearing potential:
- The patient complies with the conditions of the Pregnancy Prevention Programme, including confirmation that she has an adequate level of understanding
- The patient has acknowledged the aforementioned conditions.
For male patients taking pomalidomide, pharmacokinetic data has demonstrated that pomalidomide is present in human semen. As a precaution, all male patients taking pomalidomide must meet the following conditions:
- He understands the expected teratogenic risk if engaged in sexual activity with a pregnant woman or a woman of childbearing potential
- He understands the need for the use of a condom if engaged in sexual activity with a pregnant woman or a woman of childbearing potential not using effective contraception, during treatment and for 7 days after dose interruptions and/or cessation of treatment. Vasectomised males should wear a condom if engaged in sexual activity with a pregnant woman or a woman of childbearing potential as seminal fluid may still contain pomalidomide in the absence of spermatozoa.
- He understands that if his female partner becomes pregnant whilst he is taking pomalidomide or 7 days after he has stopped taking pomalidomide, he should inform his treating physician immediately and that it is recommended to refer the female partner to a physician specialised or experienced in teratology for evaluation and advice.
Contraception
Women of childbearing potential must use one effective method of contraception for 4 weeks before therapy, during therapy, and until 4 weeks after pomalidomide therapy and even in case of dose interruption unless the patient commits to absolute and continuous abstinence confirmed on a monthly basis. If not established on effective contraception, the patient must be referred to an appropriately trained health care professional for contraceptive advice in order that contraception can be initiated.
The following can be considered to be examples of suitable methods of contraception:
- Implant
- Levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system
- Medroxyprogesterone acetate depot
- Tubal sterilisation
- Sexual intercourse with a vasectomised male partner only; vasectomy must be confirmed by two negative semen analyses
- Ovulation inhibitory progesterone-only pills (i.e. desogestrel)
If a patient is currently using combined oral contraception the patient should switch to one of the effective method listed above. The risk of venous thromboembolism continues for 4−6 weeks after discontinuing combined oral contraception. The efficacy of contraceptive steroids may be reduced during cotreatment with dexamethasone.Implants and levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine systems are associated with an increased risk of infection at the time of insertion and irregular vaginal bleeding. Prophylactic antibiotics should be considered particularly in patients with neutropenia.
Insertion of copper-releasing intrauterine devices is not recommended due to the potential risks of infection at the time of insertion and menstrual blood loss which may compromise patients with severe neutropenia or severe thrombocytopenia.
Pregnancy testing
According to local practice, medically supervised pregnancy tests with a minimum sensitivity of 25 mIU/mL must be performed for women of childbearing potential as outlined below. This requirement includes women of childbearing potential who practice absolute and continuous abstinence. Ideally, pregnancy testing, issuing a prescription and dispensing should occur on the same day. Dispensing of pomalidomide to women of childbearing potential should occur within 7 days of the prescription.
Prior to starting treatment
A medically supervised pregnancy test should be performed during the consultation, when pomalidomide is prescribed, or in the 3 days prior to the visit to the prescriber once the patient had been using effective contraception for at least 4 weeks. The test should ensure the patient is not pregnant when she starts treatment with pomalidomide.
Follow-up and end of treatment
A medically supervised pregnancy test should be repeated every 4 weeks, including 4 weeks after the end of treatment, except in the case of confirmed tubal sterilisation. These pregnancy tests should be performed on the day of the prescribing visit or in the 3 days prior to the visit to the prescriber.
Men
Pomalidomide is present in human semen during treatment. As a precaution, and taking into account special populations with potentially prolonged elimination time such as renal impairment, all male patients taking pomalidomide, including those who have had a vasectomy, should use condoms throughout treatment duration, during dose interruption and for 7 days after cessation of treatment if their partner is pregnant or of childbearing potential and has no contraception.
Male patients should not donate semen or sperm during treatment (including during dose interruptions) and for 7 days following discontinuation of pomalidomide.
Additional precautions
Patients should be instructed never to give this medicinal product to another person and to return any unused capsules to their pharmacist at the end of treatment.
Patients should not donate blood, semen or sperm during treatment (including during dose interruptions) and for 7 days following discontinuation of pomalidomide.
Educational materials, prescribing and dispensing restrictions
In order to assist patients in avoiding foetal exposure to pomalidomide, the Marketing Authorisation Holder will provide educational material to health care professionals to reinforce the warnings about the expected teratogenicity of pomalidomide, to provide advice on contraception before therapy is started, and to provide guidance on the need for pregnancy testing. The prescriber must inform the patient about the expected teratogenic risk and the strict pregnancy prevention measures as specified in the Pregnancy Prevention Programme and provide patients with appropriate patient educational brochure, patient card and/or equivalent tool in accordance with the national implemented patient card system. A national controlled distribution system has been implemented in collaboration with each National Competent Authority. The controlled distribution system includes the use of a patient card and/or equivalent tool for prescribing and /or dispensing controls, and the collection of detailed data relating to the indication in order to monitor the off-label use within the national territory. Ideally, pregnancy testing, issuing a prescription and dispensing should occur on the same day. Dispensing of pomalidomide to women of childbearing potential should occur within 7 days of the prescription and following a medically supervised negative pregnancy test result. Prescriptions for women of childbearing potential can be for a maximum duration of 4 weeks, and prescriptions for all other patients can be for a maximum duration of 12 weeks.
Haematological events
Neutropenia was the most frequently reported Grade 3 or 4 haematological adverse reaction in patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma, followed by anaemia and thrombocytopenia. Patients should be monitored for haematological adverse reactions, especially neutropenia. Patients should be advised to report febrile episodes promptly. Physicians should observe patients for signs of bleeding including epistaxes, especially with use of concomitant medicinal products known to increase the risk of bleeding. Complete blood counts should be monitored at baseline, weekly for the first 8 weeks and monthly thereafter. A dose modification may be required. Patients may require use of blood product support and /or growth factors.
Thromboembolic events
Patients receiving pomalidomide in combination with dexamethasone have developed venous thromboembolic events (predominantly deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism) and arterial thrombotic events (myocardial infarction and cerebrovascular accident). Patients with known risk factors for thromboembolism - including prior thrombosis - should be closely monitored. Action should be taken to try to minimise all modifiable risk factors (e.g. smoking, hypertension, and hyperlipidaemia). Patients and physicians are advised to be observant for the signs and symptoms of thromboembolism. Patients should be instructed to seek medical care if they develop symptoms such as shortness of breath, chest pain, arm or leg swelling. Anti-coagulation therapy (unless contraindicated) is recommended, (such as acetylsalicylic acid, warfarin, heparin or clopidogrel), especially in patients with additional thrombotic risk factors. A decision to take prophylactic measures should be made after a careful assessment of the individual patient's underlying risk factors. In clinical studies, patients received prophylactic acetylsalicylic acid or alternative anti-thrombotic therapy. The use of erythropoietic agents carries a risk of thrombotic events including thromboembolism. Therefore, erythropoietic agents, as well as other agents that may increase the risk of thromboembolic events, should be used with caution.
Peripheral neuropathy
Patients with ongoing >Grade 2 peripheral neuropathy were excluded from clinical studies with pomalidomide. Appropriate caution should be exercised when considering the treatment of such patients with pomalidomide.
Significant cardiac dysfunction
Patients with significant cardiac dysfunction (congestive heart failure [NY Heart Association Class III or IV]; myocardial infarction within 12 months of starting study; unstable or poorly controlled angina pectoris) were excluded from clinical studies with pomalidomide. Cardiac failure events, including congestive cardiac failure and pulmonary oedema , have been reported, mainly in patients with pre-existing cardiac disease or cardiac risk factors. Appropriate caution should be exercised when considering the treatment of such patients with pomalidomide, including periodic monitoring for signs or symptoms of cardiac failure.
Tumour lysis syndrome
Tumour lysis syndrome may occur.The patients at greatest risk of tumour lysis syndrome are those with high tumour burden prior to treatment. These patients should be monitored closely and appropriate precautions taken.
Second Primary Malignancies
Second primary malignancies, such as non-melanoma skin cancer, have been reported in patients receiving pomalidomide. Physicians should carefully evaluate patients before and during treatment using standard cancer screening for occurrence of second primary malignancies and institute treatment as indicated.
Allergic reactions and severe skin reactions
Angioedema and severe dermatologic reactions including SJS, TEN and DRESS have been reported with the use of pomalidomide. Patients should be advised of the signs and symptoms of these reactions by their prescribers and should be told to seek medical attention immediately if they develop these symptoms. Pomalidomide must be discontinued for exfoliative or bullous rash, or if SJS, TEN or DRESS is suspected, and should not be resumed following discontinuation for these reactions. Patients with a prior history of serious allergic reactions associated with thalidomide or lenalidomide were excluded from clinical studies. Such patients may be at higher risk of hypersensitivity reactions and should not receive pomalidomide. Pomalidomide interruption or discontinuation should be considered for Grade 2-3 skin rash. Pomalidomide must be discontinued permanently for angioedema.
Dizziness and confusion
Dizziness and confusional state have been reported with pomalidomide. Patients must avoid situations where dizziness or confusion may be a problem and not to take other medicinal products that may cause dizziness or confusion without first seeking medical advice.
Interstitial lung disease (ILD)
ILD and related events, including cases of pneumonitis, have been observed with pomalidomide. Careful assessment of patients with an acute onset or unexplained worsening of pulmonary symptoms should be performed to exclude ILD. Pomalidomide should be interrupted pending investigation of these symptoms and if ILD is confirmed, appropriate treatment should be initiated. Pomalidomide should only be resumed after a thorough evaluation of the benefits and the risks.
Hepatic disorders
Markedly elevated levels of alanine aminotransferase and bilirubin have been observed in patients treated with pomalidomide. There have also been cases of hepatitis that resulted in discontinuation of pomalidomide. Regular monitoring of liver function is recommended for the first 6 months of treatment with pomalidomide and as clinically indicated thereafter.
Infections
Reactivation of hepatitis B has been reported rarely in patients receiving pomalidomide in combination with dexamethasone who have previously been infected with the hepatitis B virus (HBV). Some of these cases have progressed to acute hepatic failure, resulting in discontinuation of pomalidomide. Hepatitis B virus status should be established before initiating treatment with pomalidomide. For patients who test positive for HBV infection, consultation with a physician with expertise in the treatment of hepatitis B is recommended. Caution should be exercised when pomalidomide in combination with dexamethasone is used in patients previously infected with HBV, including patients who are anti-HBc positive but HBsAg negative. These patients should be closely monitored for signs and symptoms of active HBV infection throughout therapy.
Imnovid has minor or moderate influence on the ability to drive and use machines.
Fatigue, depressed level of consciousness, confusion, and dizziness have been reported with the use of pomalidomide. If affected, patients should be instructed not to drive cars, use machines or perform hazardous tasks while being treated with pomalidomide.
Treatment must be initiated and monitored under the supervision of physicians experienced in the management of multiple myeloma.
Posology
The recommended starting dose of Imnovid is 4 mg once daily taken orally on Days 1 to 21 of repeated 28-day cycles. The recommended dose of dexamethasone is 40 mg orally once daily on Days 1, 8, 15 and 22 of each 28-day treatment cycle.
Dosing is continued or modified based upon clinical and laboratory findings.
Treatment should be discontinued upon progression of disease.
Pomalidomide dose modification or interruption
Instructions for dose interruptions and reductions for pomalidomide related to haematologic adverse reactions are outlined in the table below:
- Pomalidomide dose modification instructions
|
Toxicity |
Dose modification |
|
Neutropenia - ANC* < 0.5 x 109/l or Febrile neutropenia (fever >38.5°C and ANC <1 x 109/l) |
Interrupt pomalidomide treatment, follow CBC** weekly. |
|
- ANC return to >1 x 109/l |
Resume pomalidomide treatment at 3 mg daily. |
|
- For each subsequent drop < 0.5 x 109/l |
Interrupt pomalidomide treatment |
|
- ANC return to >1 x 109/l |
Resume pomalidomide treatment at 1 mg less than the previous dose. |
|
Thrombocytopenia - Platelet count <25 x 109/l |
Interrupt pomalidomide treatment, follow CBC** weekly |
|
- Platelet count return to >50 x 109/l |
Resume pomalidomide treatment at 3 mg daily |
|
- For each subsequent drop <25 x 109/l |
Interrupt pomalidomide treatment |
|
- Platelet count return to >50 x 109/l |
Resume pomalidomide treatment at 1 mg less than the previous dose |
|
*ANC - Absolute Neutrophil Count; **CBC - Complete Blood Count; | |
To initiate a new cycle of pomalidomide, the neutrophil count must be >1 x 109/l and the platelet count must be > 50 x 109/l.
In case of neutropaenia, the physician should consider the use of growth factors.
For other Grade 3 or 4 adverse reactions judged to be related to pomalidomide, stop treatment and restart treatment at 1 mg less than the previous dose when an adverse reaction has resolved to ≤ Grade 2 at the physician's discretion.
If adverse reactions occur after dose reductions to 1 mg, then the medicinal product should be discontinued.
Pomalidomide interruption or discontinuation should be considered for Grade 2-3 skin rash. Pomalidomide must be discontinued for angioedema, Grade 4 rash, exfoliative or bullous rash, or if Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS), Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN) or Drug Reaction with Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms (DRESS) is suspected, and should not be resumed following discontinuation from these reactions.
If strong inhibitors of CYP1A2 (e.g. ciprofloxacin, enoxacin and fluvoxamine) are co-administered with pomalidomide, reduce the dose of pomalidomide by 50%.
- Dexamethasone dose modification instructions
|
Toxicity |
Dose Modification |
|
Dyspepsia = Grade 1-2
Dyspepsia > Grade 3 |
Maintain dose and treat with histamine (H2) blockers or equivalent. Decrease by one dose level if symptoms persist. Interrupt dose until symptoms are controlled. Add H2 blocker or equivalent and decrease one dose level when dose restarted. |
|
Oedema > Grade 3 |
Use diuretics as needed and decrease dose by one dose level. |
|
Confusion or mood alteration > Grade 2 |
Interrupt dose until symptoms resolve. When dose restarted decrease dose by one dose level. |
|
Muscle weakness > Grade 2 |
Interrupt dose until muscle weakness ≤ Grade 1. Restart with dose decreased by one level. |
|
Hyperglycaemia > Grade 3 |
Decrease dose by one dose level. Treat with insulin or oral hypoglycaemic agents as needed |
|
Acute pancreatitis |
Discontinue patient from dexamethasone treatment regimen. |
|
Other > Grade 3dexamethasone-related adverse events |
Stop dexamethasone dosing until adverse event resolves to ≤ Grade 2. Resume with dose reduced by one level. |
Dexamethasone dose reduction levels:
Dose reduction levels (≤ 75 years of age): Starting dose 40 mg; dose level -1 20 mg; dose level-2 10 mg on Days 1, 8, 15 and 22 of each 28-day treatment cycle.
Dose reduction levels (> 75 years of age): Starting dose 20 mg; dose level -1 12 mg; dose level-2 8 mg on Days 1, 8, 15 and 22 of each 28-day treatment cycle.
If recovery from toxicities is prolonged beyond 14 days, then the dose of dexamethasone will be decreased by one dose level.
Special populations
Paediatric population
There is no relevant use of Imnovid in children aged 0-17 years for the indication of multiple myeloma.
Older people
No dose adjustment is required for pomalidomide. For patients >75 years of age, the starting dose of dexamethasone is 20 mg once daily on Days 1, 8, 15 and 22 of each 28-day treatment cycle.
Renal impairment
No dose adjustment of pomalidomide is required for patients with renal impairment. On haemodialysis days, patients should take their pomalidomide dose following haemodialysis.
Hepatic impairment
Patients with serum total bilirubin > 2.0 mg/dL were excluded from clinical studies. Hepatic impairment has a modest effect on the pharmacokinetics of pomalidomide. No adjustment of the starting dose of pomalidomide is required for patients with hepatic impairment as defined by the Child-Pugh criteria. However, patients with hepatic impairment should be carefully monitored for adverse reactions and dose reduction or interruption of pomalidomide should be used as needed.
Method of administration
Oral use.
Imnovid should be taken at the same time each day. The capsules should not be opened, broken or chewed. This medicinal product should be swallowed whole, preferably with water, with or without food. If the patient forgets to take a dose of Imnovid on one day, then the patient should take the normal prescribed dose as scheduled on the next day. Patients should not adjust the dose to make up for a missing dose on previous days.
It is recommended to press only on one end of the capsule to remove it from the blister thereby reducing the risk of capsule deformation or breakage.
Capsules should not be opened or crushed. If powder from pomalidomide makes contact with the skin, the skin should be washed immediately and thoroughly with soap and water. If pomalidomide makes contact with the mucous membranes, they should be thoroughly flushed with water.
Any unused medicinal product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements. Unused medicinal product should be returned to the pharmacist at the end of treatment.
Date of first authorisation: 05 August 2013
Effect of Imnovid on other medicinal products
Pomalidomide is not anticipated to cause clinically relevant pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions due to P450 isoenzyme inhibition or induction or transporter inhibition when co-administered with substrates of these enzymes or transporters. The potential for such drug-drug interactions, including the potential impact of pomalidomide on the pharmacokinetics of combined oral contraceptives, has not been evaluated clinically.
Effect of other medicinal products on Imnovid
Pomalidomide is partly metabolised by CYP1A2 and CYP3A4/5. It is also a substrate for P-glycoprotein. Co-administration of pomalidomide with the strong CYP3A4/5 and P-gp inhibitor ketoconazole, or the strong CYP3A4/5 inducer carbamazepine, had no clinically relevant effect on exposure to pomalidomide. Co-administration of the strong CYP1A2 inhibitor fluvoxamine with pomalidomide in the presence of ketoconazole, increased mean exposure to pomalidomide by 107% with a 90% confidence interval [91% to 124%] compared to pomalidomide plus ketoconazole. In a second study to evaluate the contribution of a CYP1A2 inhibitor alone to metabolism changes, co-administration of fluvoxamine alone with pomalidomide increased mean exposure to pomalidomide by 125% with a 90% confidence interval [98% to 157%] compared to pomalidomide alone. If strong inhibitors of CYP1A2 (e.g. ciprofloxacin, enoxacin and fluvoxamine) are co-administered with pomalidomide, reduce the dose of pomalidomide by 50%.
Dexamethasone
Co-administration of multiple doses of up to 4 mg pomalidomide with 20 mg to 40 mg dexamethasone (a weak to moderate inducer of several CYP enzymes including CYP3A) to patients with multiple myeloma had no effect on the pharmacokinetics of pomalidomide compared with pomalidomide administered alone.
The effect of dexamethasone on warfarin is unknown. Close monitoring of warfarin concentration is advised during treatment.
