Estraderm

Overdose

This is not likely due to the mode of administration.

Signs and Symptoms: Signs of acute oestrogen overdosage may be either one of, or a combination of, breast discomfort, fluid retention and bloating or nausea.

Treatment: Overdosage can if necessary be reversed by removal of the patch(es).

Shelf life

2 years.

Estraderm price

Contraindications

Estraderm MX should not be used by women with any of the following conditions:

- Known, past or suspected breast cancer;

- Known or suspected oestrogen-dependent malignant tumours (e.g. endometrial cancer);

- Undiagnosed genital bleeding;

- Untreated endometrial hyperplasia;

- Previous or current venous thromboembolism (deep venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism);

- Known thrombophilic disorders ;

- Active or recent arterial thromboembolic disease (e.g. angina, myocardial infarction);

- Acute liver disease, or a history of liver disease as long as liver function tests have failed to return to normal;

- Known hypersensitivity to the active substance or to any of the excipients;

- Porphyria.

Incompatibilities

None known.

List of excipients

Acrylate, methacrylate, isopropyl palmitate, polyethylene terephthalate, ethylenevinylacetate copolymer, silicone coating (on the inner side of the protective release liner which is removed before patch application).

Pharmaceutical form

Estraderm MX is a square-shaped, self-adhesive, transparent, transdermal patch for application to the skin surface. Each patch comprises an impermeable polyester backing film, an adhesive matrix containing oestradiol and an oversized protective liner which is removed prior to application of the patch to the skin. Estraderm MX releases oestradiol into the circulation via intact skin at a low rate for up to 4 days.

Cross section:

Undesirable effects

Adverse drug reactions from multiple sources including clinical trials and post-marketing experience (Table 1) are listed according to the system organ class in MedDRA. Within each system organ class, the adverse drug reactions are ranked by frequency, the most frequent first. Within each frequency grouping, adverse drug reactions are presented in the order of decreasing seriousness. In addition the corresponding frequency using the following convention (CIOMS III) is also provided for each adverse drug reaction: very common (>1/10); common (>1/100, <1/10); uncommon (>1/1,000, <1/100); rare (>1/10,000, <1/1,000); very rare (<1/10,000), and not known (cannot be estimated from the available data).

Table 1

(*) Reported in post-marketing experience.

(**) Application site reactions includes localized bleeding, bruising, burning, discomfort, dryness, eczema, edema, erythema, inflammation, irritation, pain, papules, paraesthesia, pruritus, rash, skin discolouration, skin pigmentation, swelling, urticaria, and vesicles.

Breast cancer risk

- An up to 2-fold increased risk of having breast cancer diagnosed is reported in women taking combined oestrogen-progestagen therapy for more than 5 years.

- Any increased risk in users of oestrogen-only therapy is substantially lower than that seen in users of oestrogen-progestagen combinations.

- The level of risk is dependent on the duration of use.

- Results of the largest randomised placebo-controlled trial (WHI-study) and largest epidemiological study (MWS) are presented.

Million Women study- Estimated additional risk of breast cancer after 5 years' use

US WHI studies - additional risk of breast cancer after 5 years' use

‡When the analysis was restricted to women who had not used HRT prior to the study there was no increased risk apparent during the first 5 years of treatment: after 5 years the risk was higher than in non-users.

* WHI study in women with no uterus, which did not show an increase in risk of breast cancer.

Endometrial cancer risk

Postmenopausal women with a uterus

The endometrial cancer risk is about 5 in every 1000 women with a uterus not using HRT.

In women with a uterus, use of oestrogen-only HRT is not recommended because it increases the risk of endometrial cancer.

Depending on the duration of oestrogen-only use and oestrogen dose, the increase in risk of endometrial cancer in epidemiology studies varied from between 5 and 55 extra cases diagnosed in every 1000 women between the ages of 50 and 65.

Adding a progestagen to oestrogen-only therapy for at least 12 days per cycle can prevent this increased risk. In the Million Women Study the use of five years of combined (sequential or continuous) HRT did not increase risk of endometrial cancer (RR of 1.0 (0.8-1.2)).

Ovarian cancer

Use of oestrogen-only or combined oestrogen-progestagen HRT has been associated with a slightly increased risk of having ovarian cancer diagnosed.

A meta-analysis from 52 epidemiological studies reported an increased risk of ovarian cancer in women currently using HRT compared to women who have never used HRT (RR 1.43, 95% CI 1.31-1.56). For women aged 50 to 54 years taking 5 years of HRT, this results in about 1 extra case per 2000 users. In women aged 50 to 54 who are not taking HRT, about 2 women in 2000 will be diagnosed with ovarian cancer over a 5-year period.

Risk of venous thromboembolism

HRT is associated with a 1.3-3-fold increased relative risk of developing venous thromboembolism (VTE), i.e. deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism. The occurrence of such an event is more likely in the first year of using HT. Results of the WHI studies are presented:

WHI Studies - Additional risk of VTE over 5 years' use

* Study in women with no uterus.

Risk of coronary artery disease

- The risk of coronary artery disease is slightly increased in users of combined oestrogen-progestagen HRT over the age of 60.

Risk of ischaemic stroke

- The use of oestrogen-only and oestrogen and progestagen therapy is associated with an up to 1.5 fold increased relative risk of ischaemic stroke.

WHI studies combined - Additional risk of ischaemic stroke* over 5 years' use

* No differentiation was made between ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke

The following other adverse reactions have been reported in association with oestrogen alone and oestrogen-progestagen treatments:

- Cerebrovascular accident

- Skin and subcutaneous disorders: chloasma, erythema multiforme, erythema nodosum, vascular purpura

- Gall bladder disease

- Probable dementia over the age of 65

- Dry eyes

- Tear film composition changes

Preclinical safety data

Animal studies with oestradiol have only shown effects which can be expected from an estrogenic substance.

Acute toxicity of oestrogens is low. Because of marked differences between animal species and between animals and humans, preclinical results possess a limited predictive value for the application of oestrogens in humans.

In experimental animals oestradiol displayed an embryolethal effect at relatively low doses; malformations of the urogenital tract and feminisation of male foetuses were observed.

Long-term, continuous administration of natural and synthetic oestrogens in certain animal species increases the frequency of carcinomas of the mammary gland, uterus, cervix, vagina, testis, and liver.

Therapeutic indications

The experience treating women older than 65 years is limited.

Pharmacotherapeutic group

Pharmacodynamic properties

Pharmacotherapeutic group: oestrogens ATC code G 03 C A 03.

The active ingredient, synthetic 17β-estradiol is chemically and biologically identical to endogenous human estradiol. It substitutes for the loss of oestrogen production in menopausal women, and alleviates menopausal symptoms.

Oestrogens prevent bone loss following menopause or ovariectomy. Oestrogen deficiency at menopause is associated with an increasing bone turnover and decline in bone mass. The effect of estrogens on the bone mineral density is dose-dependent.

Estraderm MX 100 is not recommended as the risk/benefit of the higher dose in osteoporosis has not been assessed in clinical studies. However, it may be used if necessary to control concurrent menopausal symptoms.

Protection appears to be effective for as long as treatment is continued. After discontinuation of HRT, bone mass is lost at a rate similar to that in untreated women.

Evidence from the WHI trial and meta-analysed trials shows that current use of HRT, alone or in combination with a prostagen - given to predominantly healthy women - reduces the risk of hip, vertebral, and other osteoporotic fractures. HRT may also prevent fractures in women with low bone density and/or established osteoporosis, but the evidence for that is limited.

Pharmacokinetic properties

Absorption

Steady-state serum oestradiol concentrations are reached within 8 hours after application of Estraderm MX 50 to the skin, and remain stable during 4 days. The mean E2 concentration during steady-state of Estraderm MX 50 is 41 pg/mL in healthy postmenopausal women, corresponding to a mean increase of 37 pg/mL over the mean baseline value of 4 pg/mL (range 2.1 to 9.0 pg/mL). The E2:E1 ratio increases from a postmenopausal value of 0.3 to a value of 1.3, similar to the physiological ratio of E2 to E1 observed before the menopause in women with normally functioning ovaries. During continuous treatment of postmenopausal women with Estraderm MX 50 twice weekly for 12 weeks, mean E2 plasma concentrations rise by 36 pg/mL above baseline at the end of the treatment phase, without any indication that accumulation of E2 levels occurs.

With Estraderm MX 25, E2 plasma levels half those observed with Estraderm MX 50 are measured, and with Estraderm MX 100 plasma E2 levels are slightly more than double those measured with Estraderm MX 50.

Plasma oestradiol concentrations return to baseline value within 24 hours after removal of the patch.

Distribution

In plasma, oestradiol is largely bound to sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) and albumin. Only a fraction is free and biologically active.

Metabolism

Transdermally applied oestradiol is metabolised in the same way as the endogenous hormone. Oestradiol is metabolised to oestrone, then later - primarily in the liver - to oestriol, epioestriol and catechol oestrogens, which are then conjugated to sulphates and glucoronides. Cytochrome 450 isoforms CYP1A2 and CYP3A4 catalyse the hydroxylation of oestradiol forming oestriol. Oestriol is glucuronidated by UGT1A1 and UGT2B7 in humans. Metabolic plasma clearance ranges from 650 to 900 L/(day x m²). Oestradiol metabolites are also subject to enterohepatic circulation. Oestradiol metabolites are far less active than oestradiol.

Elimination

Oestradiol and its metabolites are mainly excreted in the urine. The plasma elimination half-life of oestradiol is about 1 hour. Oestradiol conjugates excreted in the urine return to pre-application levels on the second or third day after removal of the system.

Date of revision of the text

25/04/2016

Name of the medicinal product

Estraderm MX® 50

Marketing authorisation holder

Merus Labs Luxco II S.à.R.L.

26-28, rue Edward Steichen

L-2540 Luxembourg

Special precautions for storage

Store below 25°C.

Keep out of the reach of children both before and after use.

Nature and contents of container

Each system is individually heat sealed in a paper/aluminium/polyethylene foil pouch. Eight or twenty four Estraderm MX pouches are placed in an appropriately sized carton which comprises the finished product (one or three month's treatment respectively).

Marketing authorisation number(s)

Estraderm MX 50:PL 44374/0004

Special warnings and precautions for use

For the treatment of postmenopausal symptoms, HRT should only be initiated for symptoms that adversely affect quality of life. In all cases, a careful appraisal of the risks and benefits should be undertaken at least annually and HRT should only be continued as long as the benefit outweighs the risk.

Evidence regarding the risks associated with HRT in the treatment of premature menopause is limited. Due to the low level of absolute risk in younger women, however, the balance of benefits and risks for these women may be more favourable than in older women.

Medical Examination / follow-up

Before initiating or reinstituting HRT, a complete personal and family medical history should be taken. Physical (including pelvic and breast) examination should be guided by this and by the contraindications and warnings for use. During treatment, periodic check-ups are recommended of a frequency and nature adapted to the individual woman. Women should be advised what changes in their breasts should be reported to their doctor or nurse (see 'Breast cancer' below). Investigations, including appropriate imaging tools e.g. mammography, should be carried out in accordance with currently accepted screening practices, modified to the clinical needs of the individual.

Conditions which need supervision

If any of the following conditions are present, have occurred previously, and/or have been aggravated during pregnancy or previous hormone treatment, the patient should be closely supervised. It should be taken into account that these conditions may recur or be aggravated during treatment with Estraderm MX, in particular:

- Leiomyoma (uterine fibroids) or endometriosis

- Risk factors for thromboembolic disorders (see below)

- Risk factors for oestrogen dependent tumours, e.g. 1st degree heredity for breast cancer

- Hypertension

- Liver disorders (e.g. liver adenoma)

- Diabetes mellitus with or without vascular involvement

- Cholelithiasis

- Migraine or (severe) headache

- Systemic lupus erythematosus

- A history of endometrial hyperplasia (see below)

- Epilepsy

- Asthma

- Otosclerosis

Reasons for immediate withdrawal of therapy

Therapy should be discontinued in case a contra-indication is discovered and in the following situations:

- Jaundice or deterioration in liver function

- Significant increase in blood pressure

- New onset of migraine-type headache

- Pregnancy

Endometrial hyperplasia and carcinoma

In women with an intact uterus the risk of endometrial hyperplasia and carcinoma is increased when oestrogens are administered alone for prolonged periods. The reported increase in endometrial cancer risk among oestrogen-only users varies from 2-to 12-fold greater compared with non-users, depending on the duration of treatment and oestrogen dose. After stopping treatment risk may remain elevated for at least 10 years.

The addition of a progestagen cyclically for at least 12 days per month/28 day cycle or continuous combined oestrogen-progestagen therapy in non-hysterectomised women prevents the excess risk associated with oestrogen-only HRT. Withdrawal bleeding usually occurs following the 12 days or more of progestagen administration.

Break-through bleeding and spotting may occur during the first months of treatment. If break-through bleeding or spotting appears after some time on therapy, or continues after treatment has been discontinued, the reason should be investigated, which may include endometrial biopsy to exclude endometrial malignancy.

Unopposed oestrogen stimulation may lead to premalignant or malignant transformation in the residual foci of endometriosis. Therefore, the addition of progestagens to oestrogen replacement therapy should be considered in women who have undergone hysterectomy because of endometriosis, if they are known to have residual endometriosis.

Breast cancer

The overall evidence suggests an increased risk of breast cancer in women taking combined oestrogen - progestagen and possibly also oestrogen-only HRT, that is dependent on the duration of taking HRT.

Combined oestrogen-progestagen therapy

The randomised placebo-controlled trial, the Women's Health Initiative study (WHI), and epidemiological studies are consistent in finding an increased risk of breast cancer in women taking combined oestrogen-progestagen for HRT that becomes apparent after about 3 years.

Oestrogen-only therapy

The WHI trial found no increase in the risk of breast cancer in hysterectomised women using oestrogen-only HRT. Observational studies have mostly reported a small increase in risk of having breast cancer diagnosed that is substantially lower than that found in users of oestrogen-progestagen combinations.

The excess risk becomes apparent within a few years of use but returns to baseline within a few (at most five) years after stopping treatment.

HRT, especially oestrogen-progestagen combined treatment, increases the density of mammographic images which may adversely affect the radiological detection of breast cancer.

Ovarian cancer

Ovarian cancer is much rarer than breast cancer. Epidemiological evidence from a large meta-analysis suggests a slightly increased risk in women taking oestrogen-only or combined oestrogen-progestagen HRT, which becomes apparent within 5 years of use and diminishes over time after stopping.

Some other studies including the WHI trial suggest that the use of combined HRTs may be associated with a similar, or slightly smaller, risk.

Venous thromboembolism

HRT is associated with a 1.3-3 fold risk of developing venous thromboembolism (VTE), i.e. deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism.

The occurrence of such an event is more likely in the first year of HRT than later.

Generally recognised risk factors for VTE include use of oestrogens, older age, major surgery, prolonged immobilisation, obesity (Body Mass Index > 30kg/m²), pregnancy/postpartum period, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and cancer. There is no consensus about the role of varicose veins in VTE.

Patients with known thrombophilic states have an increased risk of VTE and HRT may add to this risk. HRT is therefore contraindicated in these patients. Women already on chronic anticoagulant treatment require careful consideration of the benefit-risk of use of HRT.

As in all post-operative patients prophylactic measures need to be considered to prevent VTE following surgery. If prolonged immobilisation is to follow elective surgery, temporarily stopping HRT four to six weeks earlier is recommended. Treatment should not be restarted until the woman is completely mobilised.

In women with no personal history of VTE but with a first degree relative with a history of thrombosis at young age, screening may be offered after careful counselling regarding its limitations (only a proportion of thrombophilic defects are identified by screening). If a thrombophilic defect is identified which segregates with thrombosis in family members or if the defect is 'severe' (e.g, antithrombin, protein S, or protein C deficiencies or a combination of defects) HRT is contraindicated.

If VTE develops after initiating therapy, the drug should be discontinued. Patients should be told to contact their doctors immediately when they are aware of a potential thromboembolic symptom (e.g. painful swelling of a leg, sudden pain in the chest, dyspnoea).

Coronary artery disease (CAD)

HRT should not be used to prevent cardiovascular disease.

There is no evidence from randomised controlled trials of protection against myocardial infarction in women with or without existing CAD who received combined oestrogen-progestagen or oestrogen-only HRT.

Combined oestrogen-progestagen therapy

The relative risk of CAD during use of combined oestrogen and progestagen HRT is slightly increased. As the baseline absolute risk of CAD is strongly dependent on age, the number of extra cases of CAD due to oestrogen and progestagen use is very low in healthy women close to menopause, but will rise with more advanced age.

Oestrogen-only

Randomised controlled data found no increased risk of CAD in hysterectomised women using oestrogen-only therapy.

Ischaemic stroke

Combined oestrogen-progestagen and oestrogen-only therapy are associated with an up to 1.5-fold increase in risk of ischaemic stroke. The relative risk does not change with age or time since menopause. However, as the baseline risk of stroke is strongly age-dependent, the overall risk of stroke in women who use HRT will increase with age.

Severe anaphylactic/anaphylactoid reactions and angioedema

Cases of anaphylactic/anaphylactoid reactions, which developed anytime during the course of Estraderm treatment and required emergency medical management, have been reported in the post marketing setting. Involvement of skin (urticaria, pruritus, swelling of the face, throat, lips, tongue, skin and periorbital edema) and either respiratory tract (respiratory compromise) or gastrointestinal tract (abdominal pain, vomiting) has been noted. Angioedema requiring medical intervention involving the eye/eyelid, face, larynx, pharynx, tongue and extremities (hands, legs, ankles and fingers) with or without urticaria has occurred in the post marketing experience of using Estraderm. If angioedema involves the tongue, glottis, or larynx, airway obstruction may occur. Patients who develop angioedema after treatment with Estraderm should not receive Estraderm again.

Oestrogens may induce or exacerbate symptoms of angioedema, in particular in women with hereditary angioedema.

Other conditions

Oestrogens may cause fluid retention, and therefore patients with cardiac or renal dysfunction should be carefully observed.

Women with pre-existing hypertriglyceridemia should be monitored closely during oestrogen replacement or hormone replacement therapy, since rare cases of large increases in plasma triglycerides leading to pancreatitis have been reported with oestrogen therapy in this condition.

Oestrogens increase thyroid binding globulin (TBG), leading to increased circulating total thyroid hormone, as measured by protein-bound iodine (PBI), T4 levels (by column or by radio-immunoassay) or T3 levels (by radio-immunoassay). T3 resin uptake is decreased, reflecting the elevated TBG. Free T4 and free T3 concentrations are unaltered. Other binding proteins may be elevated in serum, i.e. corticoid binding globulin (CBG), sex-hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) leading to increased circulating corticosteroids and sex steroids, respectively. Free or biological active hormone concentrations are unchanged. Other plasma proteins may be increased (angiotensinogen/renin substrate, alpha-I-antitrypsin, ceruloplasmin). These effects may be less common with transdermal oestradiol than with oral oestrogens.

Contact sensitisation is known to occur with all topical applications. Although it is extremely rare, patients who develop contact sensitisation to any of the components of the patch should be warned that a severe hypersensitivity reaction may occur with continuous exposure to the causative agent.

Although observations to date suggest that oestrogens, including transdermal oestradiol, do not impair carbohydrate metabolism, diabetic women should be monitored during initiation of therapy until further information is available.

Thyroid function should be monitored regularly in patients who require thyroid hormone replacement therapy and who are also taking oestrogen in order to ensure that thyroid hormone levels remain within an acceptable range.

Women should be advised that Estraderm MX is not a contraceptive, nor will it restore fertility. Women requiring contraception should be advised to use non-hormonal contraception.

HRT use does not improve cognitive function. There is some evidence of increased risk of probable dementia in women who start using continuous combined or oestrogen-only HRT after the age of 65.

Effects on ability to drive and use machines

None known.

Dosage (Posology) and method of administration

Estraderm MX 50 is an oestrogen only patch.

In women with an intact uterus oestrogen should be supplemented by sequential administration of a progestagen (e.g. medroxyprogesterone acetate 10mg, norethisterone 5mg, norethisterone acetate 1-5mg or dydrogesterone 20mg per day) to be taken at least on the last 12 days of each 4-week treatment cycle. Withdrawal bleeding usually occurs following 12 days or more of progesterone administration. Unless there is a previous diagnosis of endometriosis, it is not recommended to add a progestagen in hysterectomised women.

Dosage

Adults and Elderly

A maximum dose of 100 micrograms per day should not be exceeded.

Effects usually of estrogenic origin e.g. breast discomfort, water retention or bloating are often observed at the start of treatment, especially in patients receiving hormone replacement therapy for the first time. However, if symptoms persist for more than six weeks the dose should be reduced.

Postmenopausal osteoporosis: Estraderm MX 50 is recommended as an effective bone-sparing dose.

General instructions: Estraderm MX is administered as a continuous treatment (uninterrupted application twice weekly).

For most postmenopausal women not taking HRT Estraderm MX therapy may be started at any convenient time. However, for women with an intact uterus who are still menstruating regularly, commencement within 5 days of the onset of bleeding is recommended.

In women with an intact uterus transferring from a continuous sequential HRT regimen, treatment should begin the day following completion of the prior regimen.

In women transferring from a continuous-combined HRT regimen, or hysterectomised women transferring from other oestrogen-only HRT treatment, treatment may be started on any convenient day.

Administration: Estraderm MX should be applied immediately after removal of the protective liner (see Figs.), to an area of clean, dry, and intact skin on the trunk below the waistline. The site chosen should be one at which little wrinkling of skin occurs during movement of the body, e.g. buttock. Estraderm MX should never be applied to, or near the breasts.

Estraderm MX should be applied twice weekly on a continuous basis, each used patch being removed after 3-4 days and a fresh system applied to a slightly different site.

If a woman has forgotten to apply a patch, she should apply a new patch as soon as possible. The subsequent patch should be applied according to the original treatment schedule. The interruption of treatment might increase the likelihood of recurrence of symptoms and include breakthrough spotting and bleeding.

In the event that a patch should fall off a new patch may be applied. The original treatment schedule should be continued.

The patch should not be exposed to sunlight.

Special populations

Patients with renal and /or hepatic impairment.

No studies were performed in patients with renal and hepatic impairment.

All oestrogen preparations are contraindicated in patients with severe hepatic impairment.

Children

Estraderm MX is not indicated for use in children.

Special precautions for disposal and other handling

After use, the Estraderm MX patch should be folded (adhesive surfaces pressed together) and discarded in such a way as to keep them out of the reach and sight of children.

Date of first authorisation/renewal of the authorisation

12 September 1997 / 10 February 2009