Depo-medrol z lidokaina

Overdose

Methylprednisolone

Following overdosage the possibility of adrenal suppression should be guarded against by gradual diminution of dose levels over a period of time. In such event the patient may require to be supported during any further traumatic episode.

Reports of acute toxicity and/or death following overdosage of corticosteroids are rare. In the event of overdosage, no specific antidote is available; treatment is supportive and symptomatic.

Methylprednisolone is dialysable.

Lidocaine

Overdose with lidocaine can manifest itself in a transient stimulation of the central nervous system with early symptoms: yawning, restlessness, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, dysarthria, ataxia, hearing and visual disturbances. With moderate intoxication also twitching and convulsions can occur. This can be followed by unconsciousness, respiratory depression and coma. In very severe intoxication due to decreased myocardial contractility and delayed impulse conduction, hypotension and cardiovascular collapse can be expected to be followed by a complete heart block and cardiac arrest. Convulsions, hypotension and respiratory depression and cardiac events should be treated as necessary. Continual optimal oxygenation and ventilation and circulatory support as well as treatment of acidosis are of vital importance.

Contraindications

Depo-Medrol z lidokaina is contraindicated:

- in patients with known hypersensitivity to the active substances or to any of the excipients listed in section 6.1

- in patients with known hypersensitivity to other local anaesthetics of the amide type

- in patients who have systemic infection unless specific anti-infective therapy is employed

- for use by the intrathecal route (due to its potential for neurotoxicity)

- for use by the intravenous route

Administration of live or live, attenuated vaccines is contraindicated in patients receiving immunosuppressive doses of corticosteroids.

Incompatibilities

Not applicable.

Undesirable effects

The incidence of predictable undesirable side effects associated with the use of corticosteroids, including hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal suppression correlates with the relative potency of the drug, dosage, timing of administration and duration of treatment.

Side effects for the Depo-Medrone component may be observed including:

†Common (>1/100 to <1/10); Uncommon (>1/1,000 to <1/100); Rare (>1/10,000 to <1/1,000); Not known (frequency cannot be estimated from the available data)

Side effects for the Lidocaine component include:

CERTAIN SIDE EFFECTS REPORTED WITH SOME NON RECOMMENDED ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION:

Intrathecal/Epidural: Usual systemic corticoid adverse reactions, headache, meningismus, meningitis, paraparesis/paraplegia, spinal fluid abnormalities, nausea, vomiting, sweating, arachnoiditis, functional gastrointestinal disorder/bladder dysfunction, convulsions, sensory disturbances. The frequency of these adverse reactions is not known.

Extradural: Wound dehiscence, loss of sphincter control.

Intranasal: Permanent/temporary blindness, allergic reactions, rhinitis.

Ophthalmic (Subconjunctival): Redness and itching, abscess, slough at injection site, residue at injection site, increased intra-ocular pressure, decreased vision - blindness, infection.

Miscellaneous: Scalp, tonsillar fauces, sphenopalatine ganglion: blindness.

Reporting of suspected adverse reactions

Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the Yellow Card Scheme. Website: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard

Preclinical safety data

Methylprednisolone

Based on conventional studies of safety pharmacology and repeated dose toxicity, no unexpected hazards were identified. The toxicities seen in the repeated-dose studies were those expected to occur with continued exposure to exogenous adrenocortical steroids.

Mutagenic potential:

There was no evidence of a potential for genetic and chromosome mutations when tested in limited studies performed in bacteria and mammalian cells.

Carcinogenic potential:

Long-term studies in animals have not been performed to evaluate carcinogenic potential, as the drug is indicated for short-term treatment only. There were no signs indicative of carcinogenic activity in studies conducted to date.

Reproductive toxicity:

Reproductive fertility studies in animals have not been performed to evaluate specifically the potential of impairment of fertility. There is no evidence that corticosteroids impair fertility.

An increased frequency of cleft palate was observed among the offspring of mice treated during pregnancy with methylprednisolone in doses similar to those typically used for oral therapy in humans.

An increased frequency of cardiovascular defects and decreased body weight were observed among the offspring of pregnant rats treated with methylprednisolone in a dose that was similar to that used for oral therapy in humans but was toxic to the mothers. In contrast, no teratogenic effect was noted in rats with doses <1-18 times those typically used for oral therapy in humans in another study. High frequencies of foetal death and a variety of central nervous system and skeletal anomalies were reported in the offspring of pregnant rabbits treated with methylprednisolone in doses less than those used in humans. The relevance of these findings to the risk of malformations in human infants born to mothers treated with methylprednisolone in pregnancy is unknown. Safety margins for the reported teratogenic effects are unknown.

Lidocaine

Carcinogenic potential:

Long-term studies in animals have not been performed to evaluate carcinogenic potential.

Mutagenic potential:

Genotoxicity studies were carried out with lidocaine and its metabolites. The Salmonella microsomal assay (Salmonella typhimurium strains TA100, TA98, and TA1538 with 1, 10, 100 and 500 mg/plate), with or without metabolic activation, with lidocaine and its metabolites monoethylglycinexylidine, N-hydroxylidocaine, N-hydroxy-monoethylglycinexylidine, 2,6-xylidine, 2,6-dimethylphenylhydroxylamine, did not reveal any mutagenic activity. However, metabolite 2,6-dimethylaniline, has been shown to have mutagenic and carcinogenic potential.

Reproductive toxicity:

Lidocaine has not been shown to affect male or female fertility.

Methylprednisolone plus Lidocaine

Carcinogenic potential:

Long-term studies in animals have not been performed to evaluate carcinogenic potential.

The toxicity of lidocaine was not significantly altered in rats that were treated with the combination of lidocaine and methylprednisolone.

Mutagenic potential:

Genotoxicity studies have not been conducted with the combination of methylprednisolone and lidocaine (see above for genotoxicity as it pertains to the individual drugs).

Reproductive toxicity:

Reproductive toxicity studies have not been conducted with the combination of methylprednisolone and lidocaine (see above for reproductive toxicity as it pertains to the individual drugs).

Therapeutic indications

Corticosteroid (glucocorticoid). Depo-Medrol z lidokaina is indicated in conditions requiring a glucocorticoid effect: e.g. anti-inflammatory or anti-rheumatic. It is recommended for local use where the added anaesthetic effect would be considered advantageous.

Depo-Medrol z lidokaina may be used as follows:

Intra-articular administration

Rheumatoid arthritis

Osteo-arthritis with an inflammatory component

Periarticular administration

Epicondylitis

Intrabursal administration

Subacromial bursitis

Prepatellar bursitis

Olecranon bursitis

Tendon sheath administration

Tendinitis

Tenosynovitis

Epicondylitis

Therapy with Depo-Medrol z lidokaina does not obviate the need for the conventional measures usually employed. Although this method of treatment will ameliorate symptoms, it is in no sense a cure and the hormone has no effect on the cause of the inflammation.

Pharmacodynamic properties

Pharmacotherapeutic group: Glucocorticoids, ATC Code: H02AB04

Pharmacotherapeutic group: Anaesthetics, ATC Code: N01BB02

Methylprednisolone

Methylprednisolone acetate is a synthetic glucocorticoid with the actions and use of natural corticosteroids. It has greater anti-inflammatory potency than prednisolone and less tendency than prednisolone to induce sodium and water retention. However the slower metabolism of the synthetic corticosteroid with their lower protein-binding affinity may account for their increased potency compared with the natural corticosteroids.

Lidocaine

Lidocaine has the actions of a local anaesthetic which reversibly blocks nerve conduction near the site of application or injection.

Pharmacokinetic properties

No pharmacokinetic studies have been performed with the combination product of methylprednisolone and lidocaine, however, data are provided from pharmacokinetic studies performed with the individual product components methylprednisolone and lidocaine.

Absorption:

Methylprednisolone:

One in-house study of eight volunteers determined the pharmacokinetics of a single 40 mg intramuscular dose of Depo-Medrone. The average of the individual peak plasma concentrations was 14.8 ± 8.6 ng/mL, the average of the individual peak times (tmax) was 7.25 ± 1.04 hours, and the average area under the curve (AUC) was 1354.2 ± 424.1 ng/mL x hrs (Day 1-21).

Lidocaine:

Pharmacokinetics of lidocaine after synovial absorption following intra-articular bolus injection in patients with knee joint arthroscopy was studied with different maximum concentration (Cmax) values reported. The Cmax values are 2.18 µg/mL at 1 hour (serum) and 0.63 µg/mL at 0.5 hour (plasma) following administration of lidocaine doses of 7 mg/kg and 400 mg, respectively. Other reported serum Cmax values are 0.69 µg/mL at 5 minutes and 0.278 µg/mL at 2 hours following administration of lidocaine doses of 25 mL of 1% and 20 mL of 1.5%, respectively.

Pharmacokinetic data of lidocaine after intra-bursa and intra-cyst administrations for local effect are not available.

Distribution:

Methylprednisolone:

Methylprednisolone is widely distributed into the tissues, crosses the blood-brain barrier, and is secreted in breast milk. Its apparent volume of distribution is approximately 1.4 L/kg. The plasma protein binding of methylprednisolone in humans is approximately 77%.

Lidocaine:

The plasma protein binding of lidocaine is concentration-dependent, and binding decreases as concentration increases. At concentrations of 1 to 5 µg/mL, 60%-80% lidocaine is protein bound. Binding is also dependent on the plasma concentration of the α1-acid glycoprotein.

Lidocaine has a volume of distribution at steady state of 91 L.

Lidocaine readily crosses the placenta, and equilibrium of unbound drug concentration is rapidly reached. The degree of plasma protein binding in the foetus is less than in the mother, which results in lower total plasma concentrations in the foetus.

Metabolism:

Methylprednisolone:

In humans, methylprednisolone is metabolized in the liver to inactive metabolites; the major ones are 20α-hydroxymethylprednisolone and 20β-hydroxymethylprednisolone. Metabolism in the liver occurs primarily via the CYP3A4.

Methylprednisolone, like many CYP3A4 substrates, may also be a substrate for the ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transport protein p-glycoprotein, influencing tissue distribution and interactions with other medicines modulated by P-gp.

Lidocaine:

Lidocaine is mainly metabolized by the liver. The main metabolites of lidocaine are monoethylglycine xylidide, glycinexylidide, 2,6-dimethylaniline, and 4-hydroxy-2,6-dimethylaniline. The lidocaine N-dealkylation to monoethylglycine xylidide is considered to be mediated by both CYP1A2 and CYP3A4. The metabolite 2,6-dimethylaniline is converted to 4-hydroxy-2,6-dimethylaniline by CYP2A6 and CYP2E1.

Elimination:

Methylprednisolone:

The mean elimination half-life for total methylprednisolone is in the range of 1.8 to 5.2 hours. Total clearance is approximately 5 to 6 mL/min/kg.

Lidocaine:

The clearance of lidocaine in plasma following intravenous bolus administration is 9 to 10 mL/min/kg.

The elimination half life of lidocaine following intravenous bolus injection is typically 1.5 to 2 hours.

The pharmacological actions of monoethylglycine xylidide and glycinexylidide are similar to but less potent than those of lidocaine. Monoethylglycine xylidide has a half life of approximately 2.3 hours and glycinexylidide has a half life of about 10 hours and may accumulate after long-term administration.

Only 3% of lidocaine is excreted unchanged by the kidneys. About 73% of lidocaine appears in the urine as 4-hydroxy-2,6-dimethylaniline metabolite.

Special Population

Methylprednisolone:

No pharmacokinetic studies have been performed for methylprednisolone in special populations.

Special Population

Lidocaine:

Hepatic impairment

Following intravenous administration, the half life of lidocaine has approximately 3-fold increase in patients with liver impairment. Pharmacokinetic data of lidocaine after intra-articular, intra-bursa and intra-cyst administrations for local effect are not available in hepatic impairment.

Renal impairment

Mild to moderate renal impairment (CLcr 30-60 mL/min) does not affect lidocaine pharmacokinetics but may increase the accumulation of glycinexylidide metabolite following intravenous administration. However, lidocaine clearance decreases about half and its half life is approximately doubled with increased accumulation of glycinexylidide metabolite in patients with severe renal impairment (Clcr <30 mL/min).

The pharmacokinetics of lidocaine and its main metabolite of monoethylglycine xylidide are not altered significantly in haemodialysis patients who receive an intravenous dose of lidocaine.

Pharmacokinetic data of lidocaine after intra-articular, intra-bursa and intra-cyst administrations for local effect are not available in renal impairment.

No dosing adjustments are necessary in renal failure. Methylprednisolone is haemodialysable.

Name of the medicinal product

Qualitative and quantitative composition

Special warnings and precautions for use

Undesirable effects may be minimised by using the lowest effective dose for the minimum period. Frequent patient review is required to appropriately titrate the dose against disease activity.

Depo-Medrol z lidokaina vials are intended for single dose use only.

Any multidose use of the product may lead to contamination.

Depo-Medrol z lidokaina is not recommended for intranasal, intra-ocular, or any other unapproved route of administration.

Severe medical events have been reported in association with the intrathecal/epidural routes of administration. Appropriate measures must be taken to avoid intravascular injection.

Due to the absence of a true tendon sheath, the Achilles tendon should not be injected with Depo-Medrol z lidokaina.

While crystals of adrenal steroids in the dermis suppress inflammatory reactions, their presence may cause disintegration of the cellular elements and physiochemical changes in the ground substance of the connective tissue. The resultant infrequently occurring dermal and/or subdermal changes may form depressions in the skin at the injection site and the possibility of depigmentation. The degree to which this reaction occurs will vary with the amount of adrenal steroid injected. Regeneration is usually complete within a few months or after all crystals of the adrenal steroid have been absorbed. In order to minimize the incidence of dermal and subdermal atrophy, care must be exercised not to exceed recommended doses in injections. Multiple small injections into the area of the lesion should be made whenever possible. The technique of intra-articular injection should include precautions against injection or leakage into the dermis.

Systemic absorption of methylprednisolone occurs following intra-articular injection of Depo-Medrol z lidokaina. Systemic as well as local effects can therefore be expected.

Adrenal cortical atrophy develops during prolonged therapy and may persist for months after stopping treatment. In patients who have received more than physiological doses of systemic corticosteroids (approximately 6 mg methylprednisolone) for greater than 3 weeks, withdrawal should not be abrupt. How dose reduction should be carried out depends largely on whether the disease is likely to relapse as the dose of systemic corticosteroids is reduced. Clinical assessment of disease activity may be needed during withdrawal. If the disease is unlikely to relapse on withdrawal of systemic corticosteroids, but there is uncertainty about HPA suppression, the dose of systemic corticosteroid may be reduced rapidly to physiological doses. Once a daily dose of 6 mg methylprednisolone is reached, dose reduction should be slower to allow the HPA-axis to recover.

The following precautions apply for parenteral corticosteroids:

Following intra-articular injection, the occurrence of a marked increase in pain accompanied by local swelling, further restriction of joint motion, fever, and malaise are suggestive of septic arthritis. If this complication occurs and the diagnosis of sepsis is confirmed, appropriate antimicrobial therapy should be instituted.

No additional benefit derives from the intramuscular administration of Depo-Medrol z lidokaina. Where parenteral corticosteroid therapy for sustained systemic effect is desired, plain Depo-Medrone should be used.

Local injection of a steroid into a previously infected joint is to be avoided.

Intra-articular corticosteroids are associated with a substantially increased risk of inflammatory response in the joint, particularly bacterial infection introduced with the injection. Charcot-like arthropathies have been reported particularly after repeated injections. Appropriate examination of any joint fluid present is necessary to exclude any bacterial infection, prior to injection.

Corticosteroids should not be injected into unstable joints.

Sterile technique is necessary to prevent infections or contamination.

Immunosuppressant Effects/Increased Susceptibility to Infections

Corticosteroids may increase susceptibility to infection, may mask some signs of infection, and new infections may appear during their use. Suppression of the inflammatory response and immune function increases the susceptibility to fungal, viral and bacterial infections and their severity. The clinical presentation may often be atypical and may reach an advanced stage before being recognised.

With increasing doses of corticosteroids, the rate of occurrence of infectious complications increases. Persons who are on drugs which suppress the immune system are more susceptible to infections than healthy individuals. Chickenpox and measles, for example, can have a more serious or even fatal course in non-immune children or adults on corticosteroids.

Chickenpox is of serious concern since this normally minor illness may be fatal in immunosuppressed patients. Patients (or parents of children) without a definite history of chickenpox should be advised to avoid close personal contact with chickenpox or herpes zoster and if exposed they should seek urgent medical attention. Passive immunization with varicella/zoster immunoglobin (VZIG) is needed by exposed non-immune patients who are receiving systemic corticosteroids or who have used them within the previous 3 months; this should be given within 10 days of exposure to chickenpox. If a diagnosis of chickenpox is confirmed, the illness warrants specialist care and urgent treatment. Corticosteroids should not be stopped and the dose may need to be increased.

Live vaccines should not be given to individuals with impaired immune responsiveness. The antibody response to other vaccines may be diminished.

If corticosteroids are indicated in patients with latent tuberculosis or tuberculin reactivity, close observation is necessary as reactivation of the disease may occur. During prolonged corticosteroid therapy, these patients should receive chemoprophylaxis.

The role of corticosteroids in septic shock has been controversial, with early studies reporting both beneficial and detrimental effects. More recently, supplemental corticosteroids have been suggested to be beneficial in patients with established septic shock who exhibit adrenal insufficiency. However, their routine use in septic shock is not recommended. A systematic review of short-course, high-dose corticosteroids did not support their use. However, meta-analyses, and a review suggest that longer courses (5-11 days) of low-dose corticosteroids might reduce mortality, especially in patients with vasopressor-dependent septic shock.

Immune System Effects

Allergic reactions may occur. Because rare instances of skin reactions and anaphylactic/anaphylactoid reactions have occurred in patients receiving corticosteroid therapy, appropriate precautionary measures should be taken prior to administration, especially when the patient has a history of drug allergy.

Endocrine Effects

Pharmacologic doses of corticosteroids administered for prolonged periods may result in hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) suppression (secondary adrenocortical insufficiency). The degree and duration of adrenocortical insufficiency produced is variable among patients and depends on the dose, frequency, time of administration, and duration of glucocorticoid therapy.

Abrupt withdrawal of systemic corticosteroid treatment, which has continued up to 3 weeks is appropriate if it considered that the disease is unlikely to relapse. Abrupt withdrawal of doses up to 32 mg daily of methylprednisolone for 3 weeks is unlikely to lead to clinically relevant HPA-axis suppression, in the majority of patients. In the following patient groups, gradual withdrawal of systemic corticosteroid therapy should be considered even after courses lasting 3 weeks or less:

- Patients who have had repeated courses of systemic corticosteroids, particularly if taken for greater than 3 weeks.

- When a short course has been prescribed within one year of cessation of long-term therapy (months or years).

- Patients who may have reasons for adrenocortical insufficiency other than exogenous corticosteroid therapy.

- Patients receiving doses of systemic corticosteroid greater than 32 mg daily of methylprednisolone.

- Patients repeatedly taking doses in the evening.

Since mineralocorticoid secretion may be impaired, salt and/or a mineralocorticoid should be administered concurrently.

A steroid “withdrawal syndrome,” seemingly unrelated to adrenocortical insufficiency, may also occur following abrupt discontinuance of glucocorticoids. This syndrome includes symptoms such as: anorexia, nausea, vomiting, lethargy, headache, fever, joint pain, desquamation, myalgia, weight loss, and/or hypotension. These effects are thought to be due to the sudden change in glucocorticoid concentration rather than to low corticosteroid levels.

Because glucocorticoids can produce or aggravate Cushing's syndrome, glucocorticoids should be avoided in patients with Cushing's disease.

There is an enhanced effect of corticosteroids on patients with hypothyroidism.

Metabolism and Nutrition

Corticosteroids, including methylprednisolone, can increase blood glucose, worsen pre-existing diabetes, and predispose those on long-term corticosteroid therapy to diabetes mellitus.

Psychiatric Effects

Patients and/or carers should be warned that potentially severe psychiatric adverse reactions may occur with systemic steroids. Symptoms typically emerge within a few days or weeks of starting treatment. Risks may be higher with high doses/systemic exposure , although dose levels do not allow prediction of the onset, type, severity or duration of reactions. Most reactions recover after either dose reduction or withdrawal, although specific treatment may be necessary. Patients/carers should be encouraged to seek medical advice if worrying psychological symptoms develop, especially if depressed mood or suicidal ideation is suspected. Patients/carers should be alert to possible psychiatric disturbances that may occur either during or immediately after dose tapering/withdrawal of systemic steroids, although such reactions have been reported infrequently.

Particular care is required when considering the use of systemic corticosteroids in patients with existing or previous history of severe affective disorders in themselves or in their first degree relatives. These would include depressive or manic-depressive illness and previous steroid psychosis.

Nervous System Effects

Corticosteroids should be used with caution in patients with seizure disorders.

Corticosteroids should be used with caution in patients with myasthenia gravis (also see myopathy statement in Musculoskeletal Effects section).

There have been reports of epidural lipomatosis in patients taking corticosteroids, typically with long-term use at high doses.

Ocular Effects

Prolonged use of corticosteroids may produce posterior subcapsular cataracts and nuclear cataracts (particularly in children), exophthalmos, or increased intraocular pressure, which may result in glaucoma with possible damage to the optic nerves, and may enhance the establishment of secondary ocular infections due to fungi or viruses.

Corticosteroids should be used cautiously in patients with ocular herpes simplex, because of possible corneal perforation.

Corticosteroid therapy has been associated with central serous chorioretinopathy, which may lead to retinal detachment.

Cardiac Effects

Adverse effects of glucocorticoids on the cardiovascular system, such as dyslipidaemia and hypertension, may predispose treated patients with existing cardiovascular risk factors to additional cardiovascular effects, if high doses and prolonged courses are used. Accordingly, corticosteroids should be employed judiciously in such patients and attention should be paid to risk modification and additional cardiac monitoring if needed.

Systemic corticosteroids should be used with caution, and only if strictly necessary, in cases of congestive heart failure.

Vascular Effects

Corticosteroids should be used with caution in patients with hypertension.

Thrombosis including venous thromboembolism has been reported to occur with corticosteroids. As a result corticosteroids should be used with caution in patients who have or may be predisposed to thromboembolic disorders.

Gastrointestinal Effects

There is no universal agreement on whether corticosteroids per se are responsible for peptic ulcers encountered during therapy; however, glucocorticoid therapy may mask the symptoms of peptic ulcer so that perforation or haemorrhage may occur without significant pain. In combination with NSAIDs, the risk of developing gastrointestinal ulcers is increased.

Corticosteroids should be used with caution in nonspecific ulcerative colitis, if there is a probability of impending perforation, abscess or other pyogenic infection. Caution must also be used in diverticulitis, fresh intestinal anastomoses, active or latent peptic ulcer, when steroids are used as direct or adjunctive therapy.

Hepatobiliary Effects

Drug induced liver injury including acute hepatitis or liver enzyme increase can result from cyclical pulsed IV methylprednisolone (usually at initial dose > 1 g / day). Rare cases of hepatotoxicity have been reported. The time to onset can be several weeks or longer. In the majority of case reports resolution of the adverse events has been observed after treatment was discontinued. Therefore, appropriate monitoring is required.

High doses of corticosteroids may produce acute pancreatitis.

Corticosteroids should be used with caution in patients with liver failure or cirrhosis.

Musculoskeletal Effects

An acute myopathy has been reported with the use of high doses of corticosteroids, most often occurring in patients with disorders of neuromuscular transmission (e.g. myasthenia gravis), or in patients receiving concomitant therapy with anticholinergics, such as neuromuscular blocking drugs (e.g. pancuronium). This acute myopathy is generalized, may involve ocular and respiratory muscles, and may result in quadriparesis. Elevations of creatine kinase may occur. Clinical improvement or recovery after stopping corticosteroids may require weeks to years.

Osteoporosis is a common but infrequently recognized adverse effect associated with a long-term use of large doses of glucocorticoid.

Renal and Urinary Disorders

Corticosteroids should be used with caution in patients with renal insufficiency.

Injury, Poisoning and Procedural Complications

Systemic corticosteroids are not indicated for, and therefore should not be used to treat, traumatic brain injury, a multicenter study revealed an increased mortality at 2 weeks and 6 months after injury in patients administered methylprednisolone sodium succinate compared to placebo. A causal association with methylprednisolone sodium succinate treatment has not been established.

Investigations

Average and large doses of hydrocortisone or cortisone can cause elevation of blood pressure, salt and water retention, and increased excretion of potassium. These effects are less likely to occur with the synthetic derivatives except when used in large doses. Dietary salt restriction and potassium supplementation may be necessary. All corticosteroids increase calcium excretion.

Care should be taken for patients receiving cardioactive drugs such as digoxin because of steroid induced electrolyte disturbance/potassium loss.

Other

Patients should carry 'Steroid Treatment' cards which give clear guidance on the precautions to be taken to minimise risk and which provide details of prescriber, drug, dosage and the duration of treatment.

Corticosteroids should be used with caution in patients with a predisposition to thrombophlebitis.

Aspirin and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents should be used cautiously in conjunction with corticosteroids.

Pheochromocytoma crisis, which can be fatal, has been reported after administration of systemic corticosteroids. Corticosteroids should only be administered to patients with suspected or identified pheochromocytoma after an appropriate risk/benefit evaluation.

Paediatric population

Intravenous administration of the preservative benzyl alcohol has been associated with serious adverse event, and death in paediatric patients including neonates characterized by central nervous system depression, metabolic acidosis, gasping respirations, cardio-vascular failure and haematological anomalies (“gasping syndrome”). The minimum amount of benzyl alcohol at which toxicity may occur is not known. Use only if it is necessary and if there are no alternatives possible. If given in high volumes, should be used with caution and preferably for short term treatment in subjects with liver or kidney impairment because of the risk of accumulation and toxicity (metabolic acidosis)

Premature and low-birth weight infants may be more likely to develop toxicity.

Benzyl Alcohol containing products should not be used in pre-term or full-term neonates unless strictly necessary

Corticosteroids cause growth retardation in infancy, childhood and adolescence which may be irreversible. Growth and development of infants and children on prolonged corticosteroid therapy should be carefully observed. Treatment should be limited to the minimum dosage for the shortest possible time. The use of such a regimen should be restricted to those most serious indications.

Infants and children on prolonged corticosteroid therapy are at special risk from raised intracranial pressure.

High doses of corticosteroids may produce pancreatitis in children.

Effects on ability to drive and use machines

The effect of corticosteroids on the ability to drive or use machinery has not been systematically evaluated. Undesirable effects, such as dizziness, vertigo, visual disturbances, and fatigue are possible after treatment with corticosteroids. If affected, patients should not drive or operate machinery.

Dosage (Posology) and method of administration

Depo-Medrol z lidokaina should not be mixed with any other preparation as flocculation of the product may occur. Parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration whenever suspension and container permit. Depo-Medrol z lidokaina may be used by any of the following routes: intra-articular, periarticular, intrabursal, and into the tendon sheath. It must not be used by the intrathecal or intravenous routes.

Adults

Intra-articular: Rheumatoid arthritis, osteo-arthritis. The dose of Depo-Medrol z lidokaina depends on the size of the joint and the severity of the condition. Repeated injections, if needed, may be given at intervals of one to five or more weeks depending upon the degree of relief obtained from the initial injection. A suggested dosage guide is: large joint (knee, ankle, shoulder), 0.5 - 2 ml (20 - 80 mg of steroid); medium joint (elbow, wrist), 0.25 - 1 ml (10 - 40 mg of steroid); small joint (metacarpophalangeal, interphalangeal, sternoclavicular, acromioclavicular), 0.1 - 0.25 ml (4 - 10 mg of steroid).

Periarticular: Epicondylitis. Infiltrate 0.1 - 0.75 ml (4 - 30 mg of steroid) into the affected area.

Intrabursal: Subdeltoid bursitis, prepatellar bursitis, olecranon bursitis. For administration directly into bursae, 0.1 - 0.75 ml (4 - 30 mg of steroid). In most acute cases, repeat injections are not needed.

Into the tendon sheath: Tendinitis, tenosynovitis, epicondylitis. For administration directly into the tendon sheath, 0.1 - 0.75 ml (4 - 30 mg of steroid). In recurrent or chronic conditions, repeat injections may be necessary.

Paediatric population

For infants and children, the recommended dosage should be reduced, but dosage should be governed by the severity of the condition rather than by strict adherence to the ratio indicated by age or body weight.

Elderly:

When used according to instructions, there is no information to suggest that a change in dosage is warranted in the elderly. However, treatment of elderly patients, particularly if long-term, should be planned bearing in mind the more serious consequences of the common side-effects of corticosteroids in old age and close clinical supervision is required.

Special precautions should be observed when administering Depo-Medrol z lidokaina:

Intra-articular injections should be made using precise, anatomical localisation into the synovial space of the joint involved. The injection site for each joint is determined by that location where the synovial cavity is most superficial and most free of large vessels and nerves. Suitable sites for intra-articular injection are the knee, ankle, wrist, elbow, shoulder, phalangeal and hip joints. The spinal joints, unstable joints and those devoid of synovial space are not suitable. Treatment failures are most frequently the result of failure to enter the joint space. Intra-articular injections should be made with care as follows: ensure correct positioning of the needle into the synovial space and aspirate a few drops of joint fluid. The aspirating syringe should then be replaced by another containing Depo-Medrol z lidokaina. To ensure position of the needle synovial fluid should be aspirated and the injection made.

After injection the joint is moved slightly to aid mixing of the synovial fluid and the suspension. Subsequent to therapy care should be taken for the patient not to overuse the joint in which benefit has been obtained. Negligence in this matter may permit an increase in joint deterioration that will more than offset the beneficial effects of the steroid.

Intrabursal injections should be made as follows: the area around the injection site is prepared in a sterile way and a wheal at the site made with 1 percent procaine hydrochloride solution. A 20 to 24 gauge needle attached to a dry syringe is inserted into the bursa and the fluid aspirated. The needle is left in place and the aspirating syringe changed for a small syringe containing the desired dose. After injection, the needle is withdrawn and a small dressing applied. In the treatment of tenosynovitis and tendinitis, care should be taken to inject Depo-Medrol z lidokaina into the tendon sheath rather than into the substance of the tendon. Due to the absence of a true tendon sheath, the Achilles tendon should not be injected with Depo-Medrol z lidokaina.

The usual sterile precautions should be observed with each injection.

Special precautions for disposal and other handling

No special requirements.

Any unused medicinal product or waste material should be disposed off in accordance with local requirements.