There are rare data on overdosage (e.g. intended suicide with high oral doses of mesalazine), which do not indicate renal or hepatic toxicity. There is no specific antidote and treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Salofalk granules are contra-indicated in cases of:
-
- Severe impairment of hepatic or renal function.
Not applicable.
| Organ Class System | Frequency According to MedDRA Convention | |
| rare (> 1/10,000 to <1/1,000) | very rare (< 1/ 10,000) | |
| Blood and lymphatic system disorders | Altered blood counts (aplastic anaemia, agranulocytosis, pancytopenia, neutropenia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia) | |
| Nervous system disorders | Headache, dizziness | peripheral neuropathy |
| Cardiac disorders | Myocarditis, pericarditis | |
| Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders | Allergic and fibrotic lung reactions (including dyspnoea, cough, bronchospasm, alveolitis, pulmonary eosinophilia, lung infiltration, pneumonitis) | |
| Gastrointestinal disorders | Abdominal pain, diarrhoea, flatulence, nausea, vomiting | Acute pancreatitis |
| Renal and urinary disorders | Impairment of renal function including acute and chronic interstitial nephritis and renal insufficiency | |
| Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders | Photosensitivity | Alopecia |
| Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders | Myalgia, arthralgia | |
| Immune system disorders | Hypersensitivity reactions such as allergic exanthema, drug fever, lupus erythematosus syndrome, pancolitis | |
| Hepatobiliary disorders | Changes in liver function parameters (increase in transaminases and parameters of cholestasis), hepatitis, cholestatic hepatitis | |
| Reproductive system and breast disorders | Oligospermia (reversible) | |
Photosensitivity
More severe reactions are reported in patients with pre-existing skin conditions such as atopic dermatitis and atopic eczema.
Reporting of suspected adverse reactions:
Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via
United Kingdom
Yellow Card Scheme
Website: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard
Preclinical data reveal no special hazard for humans based on conventional studies of safety pharmacology, genotoxicity, carcinogenicity (rat) or toxicity to reproduction.
Kidney toxicity (renal papillary necrosis and epithelial damage in the proximal convoluted tubule or the whole nephron) has been seen in repeat-dose toxicity studies with high oral doses of mesalazine. The clinical relevance of this finding is unknown.
For the treatment of acute episodes and the maintenance of remission of ulcerative colitis.
Pharmacotherapeutic group: Intestinal anti-inflammatory agents; aminosalicylic acid and similar agents.
ATC code: A07EC02
Mechanism of action
The mechanism of the anti-inflammatory action is unknown. The results of in vitro studies indicate that inhibition of lipoxygenase may play a role.
Effects on prostaglandin concentrations in the intestinal mucosa have also been demonstrated. Mesalazine (5-aminosalicylic acid / 5-ASA) may also function as a radical scavenger of reactive oxygen compounds.
Pharmacodynamic effects
Mesalazine, orally administered, acts predominantly locally at the gut mucosa and in the submucous tissue from the luminal side of the intestine. It is important, therefore, that mesalazine is available at the regions of inflammation. Systemic bioavailability/plasma concentrations of mesalazine therefore are of no relevance for therapeutic efficacy, but rather a factor for safety. In order to realise this, Salofalk granules are gastric juice resistant and release mesalazine in a pH dependent manner due to an Eudragit L coating, and prolonged manner due to the matrix granule structure.
General considerations of mesalazine:
Absorption:
Mesalazine absorption is highest in proximal gut regions and lowest in distal gut areas.
Biotransformation:
Mesalazine is metabolised both pre-systemically by the intestinal mucosa and the liver to the pharmacologically inactive N-acetyl-5-aminosalicylic acid (N-Ac-5-ASA). The acetylation seems to be independent of the acetylator phenotype of the patient. Some acetylation also occurs through the action of colonic bacteria. Protein binding of mesalazine and N-Ac-5-ASA is 43 % and 78 %, respectively.
Elimination:
Mesalazine and its metabolite N-Ac-5-ASA are eliminated via the faeces (major part), renally (varies between 20 and 50 %, dependent on kind of application, pharmaceutical preparation and route of mesalazine release, respectively), and biliary (minor part). Renal excretion predominantly occurs as N-Ac-5-ASA. About 1 % of total orally administered mesalazine dose is excreted into the breast milk mainly as N-Ac-5-ASA.
Salofalk Granules specific:
Distribution:
Owing to the granule size of about 1 mm, transit from the stomach to the small intestine is fast.
A combined pharmacoscintigraphic/pharmacokinetic study showed that the compound reaches the ileocaecal region within approx. 3 hours and the ascending colon within approx. 4 hours. The total transit time in the colon amounts to about 20 hours. Approximately 80 % of an administered oral dose is estimated to be available in the colon, sigmoid and rectum.
Absorption:
Mesalazine release from Salofalk granules starts after a lag phase of about 2-3 hours, peak plasma concentrations are reached at about 4-5 hours. The systemic bioavailability of mesalazine after oral administration is estimated to be approximately 15-25 %.
Food intake delays absorption for 1 to 2 hours but does not change the rate and extent of absorption.
Elimination:
From a 3 x 500 mg daily mesalazine dose, a total renal elimination of mesalazine and N-Ac-5-ASA under steady state condition was calculated to be about 25 %. The un-metabolised excreted mesalazine part was less than 1 % of the oral dose. The elimination half-life in this study was 4.4 hours.
Blood tests (differential blood count; liver function parameters such as ALT or AST; serum creatinine) and urinary status (dip sticks) should be determined prior to and during treatment, at the discretion of the treating physician. As a guideline, follow up tests are recommended 14 days after commencement of treatment, then a further two to three tests at intervals of 4 weeks.
If the findings are normal, follow up tests should be carried out every 3 months. If additional symptoms occur, these tests should be performed immediately.
Caution is recommended in patients with impaired hepatic function.
Salofalk granules should not be used in patients with impaired renal function.
Mesalazine-induced renal toxicity should be considered if renal function deteriorates during treatment.
Patients with pulmonary disease, in particular asthma, should be very carefully monitored during a course of treatment with Salofalk granules.
Patients with a history of adverse drug reactions to preparations containing sulphasalazine should be kept under close medical surveillance on commencement of a course of treatment with Salofalk granules. Should Salofalk granules cause acute intolerance reactions such as abdominal cramps, acute abdominal pain, fever, severe headache and rash, therapy should be discontinued immediately.
In patients with phenylketonuria it should be kept in mind that Salofalk 1.5g granules contain aspartame as a sweetening agent, equivalent to 1.68mg phenylalanine.
Salofalk granules contain sucrose. Patients with rare hereditary problems of fructose intolerance, glucose galactose malabsorption or sucrose-isomaltase insufficiency should not take this medicine.
Salofalk granules have no, or negligible, influence on the ability to drive or use machines.
Posology
Adults and elderly:
For the treatment of acute episodes of ulcerative colitis:
Once daily 1 sachet of Salofalk 3g granules, 1 or 2 sachets of Salofalk 1.5g granules, 3 sachets of Salofalk 1000mg granules or 3 sachets of Salofalk 500mg granules (equivalent to 1.5 - 3.0g mesalazine daily) preferably to be taken in the morning according to the individual clinical requirement.
It is also possible to take the prescribed daily dose in three divided doses (1 sachet of Salofalk 500mg granules three times daily or 1 sachet of Salofalk 1000mg granules three times daily) if this is more convenient to the patient.
For the maintenance of remission of ulcerative colitis:
The standard treatment is 0.5g mesalazine three times daily (in the morning, at midday and in the evening) corresponding to a total dose of 1.5g mesalazine per day.
For patients known to be at increased risk for relapse for medical reasons or due to difficulties to adhere to application of three daily doses the dosing schedule can be adapted to 3.0g mesalazine given as a single daily dose preferably in the morning.
Paediatric population:
There is only limited documentation for an effect in children (age 6-18 years).
Children 6 years of age and older:
Active disease: To be determined individually, starting with 30-50mg/kg/day once daily preferably in the morning or in divided doses. Maximum dose: 75mg/kg/day. The total dose should not exceed the maximum adult dose.
Maintenance treatment: To be determined individually, starting with 15-30 mg/kg/day in divided doses. The total dose should not exceed the recommended adult dose.
It is generally recommended that half the adult dose may be given to children up to a body weight of 40kg and the normal adult dose to those above 40kg.
Method of administration:
The contents of the sachets of Salofalk granules should not be chewed. The granules should be taken on the tongue and swallowed, without chewing, with plenty of liquid.
Both in the treatment of acute inflammatory episodes and during long term treatment, Salofalk granules should be used on a regular basis and consistently in order to achieve the desired therapeutic effects.
The duration of use is determined by the physician.
No special requirements.
