Neurological and psychiatric symptoms, acute toxic encephalopathy with stupor, coma, and methaemoglobinaemia have been observed in isolated cases.
In case of overdose, treatment is symptomatic and supportive.
Hepatic disease or baseline transaminases greater than 3 times the upper limit of normal.
Patients who are pregnant or breast-feeding.
Not applicable.
Summary of safety profile
In phase III clinical studies conducted in ALS patients treated with riluzole, the most commonly reported adverse reactions were asthenia, nausea and abnormal liver function tests.
Tabulated summary of adverse reactions
Undesirable effects ranked under headings of frequency are listed below, using the following convention: very common (>1/10), common (>1/100 to <1/10), uncommon (>1/1,000 to <1/100), rare (>1/10,000 to <1/1,000), very rare (<1/10,000), not known (cannot be estimated from the available data).
| Very common | Common | Uncommon | Not known | |
| Blood and lymphatic system disorders | Anaemia | Severe neutropenia | ||
| Immune system disorders | Anaphylactoid reaction, angioedema | |||
| Nervous system disorders | Headache, dizziness, oral paraesthesia, somnolence | |||
| Cardiac disorders | Tachycardia | |||
| Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders | Interstitial lung disease | |||
| Gastrointestinal disorders | Nausea | Diarrhoea, abdominal pain, vomiting | Pancreatitis | |
| Hepato-biliary disorders | Abnormal liver function tests | Hepatitis | ||
| General disorders and administration site conditions | Asthenia | Pain |
Description of selected adverse reactions
Hepato-biliary disorders
Increased alanine aminotransferase usually appeared within 3 months after the start of therapy with riluzole; they were usually transient and levels returned to below twice the ULN after 2 to 6 months while treatment was continued. These increases could be associated with jaundice. In patients (n=20) from clinical studies with increases in ALT to more than 5 times the ULN, treatment was discontinued and the levels returned to less than 2 times the ULN within 2 to 4 months in most cases.
Study data indicate that Asian patients may be more susceptible to liver function test abnormalities - 3.2% (194/5995) of Asian patients and 1.8% (100/5641) of Caucasian patients.
Reporting of suspected adverse reactions
Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the Yellow Card Scheme at: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard.
Riluzole did not show any carcinogenicity potential in either rats or mice.
Standard tests for genotoxicity performed with riluzole were negative. Tests on the major active metabolite of riluzole gave positive results in two in vitro tests. Intensive testing in seven other standard in vitro or in vivo assays did not show any genotoxic potential of the metabolite. On the basis of these data, and taking into consideration the negative studies on the carcinogenesis of riluzole in the mouse and rat, the genotoxic effect of this metabolite is not considered to be of relevance in humans.
Reductions in red blood cell parameters and/or alterations in liver parameters were noted inconsistently in subacute and chronic toxicity studies in rats and monkeys. In dogs, haemolytic anaemia was observed.
In a single toxicity study, the absence of corpora lutea was noted at a higher incidence in the ovary of treated compared to control female rats. This isolated finding was not noted in any other study or species.
All these findings were noted at doses which were 2-10 times higher than the human dose of 100 mg/day.
In the pregnant rat, the transfer of 14C-riluzole across the placenta to the foetus has been detected. In rats, riluzole decreased the pregnancy rate and the number of implantations at exposure levels at least twice the systemic exposure of humans given clinical therapy. No malformations were seen in animal reproductive studies.
In lactating rats, 14C-riluzole was detected in milk.
Apo-Riluzole is indicated to extend life or the time to mechanical ventilation for patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).
Clinical trials have demonstrated that Apo-Riluzole extends survival for patients with ALS. Survival was defined as patients who were alive, not intubated for mechanical ventilation and tracheotomy-free.
There is no evidence that Apo-Riluzole exerts a therapeutic effect on motor function, lung function, fasciculations, muscle strength and motor symptoms. Apo-Riluzole has not been shown to be effective in the late stages of ALS.
Safety and efficacy of Apo-Riluzole has only been studied in ALS. Therefore, Apo-Riluzole should not be used in patients with any other form of motor neurone disease.
Pharmacotherapeutic group: other nervous system drugs, ATC code: N07XX02.
Mechanism of action
Although the pathogenesis of ALS is not completely elucidated, it is suggested that glutamate (the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system) plays a role for cell death in the disease.
Riluzole is proposed to act by inhibiting glutamate processes. The mode of action is unclear.
Clinical efficacy and safety
In a trial, 155 patients were randomised to riluzole 100 mg/day (50 mg twice daily) or placebo and were followed-up for 12 to 21 months. The median survival time was 17.7 months versus 14.9 months for riluzole and placebo, respectively.
In a dose-ranging trial, 959 patients with ALS were randomised to one of four treatment groups: riluzole 50, 100, 200 mg/day, or placebo and were followed-up for 18 months. In patients treated with riluzole 100 mg/day, survival was significantly higher compared to patients who received placebo. The effect of riluzole 50 mg/day was not statistically significant compared to placebo and the effect of 200 mg/day was essentially comparable to that of 100 mg/day. The median survival time approached 16.5 months versus 13.5 months for riluzole 100 mg/day and placebo, respectively.
In a parallel group study designed to assess the efficacy and safety of riluzole in patients at a late stage of the disease, survival time and motor function under riluzole did not differ significantly from that of placebo. In this study the majority of patients had a vital capacity less than 60%.
In a double-blind placebo-controlled trial designed to assess the efficacy and safety of riluzole in Japanese patients, 204 patients were randomised to riluzole 100 mg/day (50 mg twice daily) or placebo and were followed-up for 18 months. In this study, the efficacy was assessed on inability to walk alone, loss of upper limb function, tracheostomy, need for artificial ventilation, gastric tube feeding or death. Tracheostomy-free survival in patients treated with riluzole did not differ significantly from placebo. However, the power of this study to detect differences between treatment groups was low. Meta-analysis including this study and those described above showed a less striking effect on survival for riluzole as compared to placebo although the differences remained statistically significant.
The pharmacokinetics of riluzole have been evaluated in healthy male volunteers after single oral administration of 25 to 300 mg and after multiple-dose oral administration of 25 to 100 mg bid. Plasma levels increase linearly with the dose and the pharmacokinetic profile is dose-independent.
With multiple dose administration (10 day-treatment at 50 mg riluzole bid), unchanged riluzole accumulates in plasma by about 2 fold and steady-state is reached in less than 5 days.
Absorption
Riluzole is rapidly absorbed after oral administration with maximal plasma concentrations occurring within 60 to 90 minutes (Cmax=173 ± 72 (sd) ng/ml). About 90% of the dose is absorbed and the absolute bioavailability is 60 ± 18%.
The rate and extent of absorption is reduced when riluzole is administered with high-fat meals (decrease in Cmax of 44%, decrease in AUC of 17%).
Distribution
Riluzole is extensively distributed throughout the body and has been shown to cross the blood brain barrier. The volume of distribution of riluzole is about 245 ± 69 L (3.4 L/kg). Riluzole is about 97% protein bound and it binds mainly to serum albumin and to lipoproteins.
Biotransformation
Unchanged riluzole is the main component in plasma and is extensively metabolised by cytochrome P450 and subsequent glucuronidation. In vitro studies using human liver preparations demonstrated that cytochrome P450 1A2 is the principal isoenzyme involved in the metabolism of riluzole. The metabolites identified in urine are three phenolic derivatives, one ureido-derivative and unchanged riluzole.
The primary metabolic pathway for riluzole is initial oxidation by cytochrome P450 1A2 producing N-hydroxy-riluzole (RPR112512), the major active metabolite of riluzole. This metabolite is rapidly glucuronoconjugated to O- and N-glucuronides.
Elimination
The elimination half-life ranges from 9 to 15 hours. Riluzole is eliminated mainly in the urine.
The overall urinary excretion accounts for about 90% of the dose. Glucuronides accounted for more than 85% of the metabolites in the urine. Only 2% of a riluzole dose was recovered unchanged in the urine.
Special populations
Impaired renal function
There is no significant difference in pharmacokinetic parameters between patients with moderate or severe chronic renal insufficiency (creatinine clearance between 10 and 50 ml.min-1) and healthy volunteers after a single oral dose of 50 mg riluzole.
Older people
The pharmacokinetic parameters of riluzole after multiple dose administration (4.5 days of treatment at 50 mg riluzole bid) are not affected in the older people (>70 years).
Impaired hepatic function
The AUC of riluzole after a single oral dose of 50 mg increases by about 1.7 fold in patients with mild chronic liver insufficiency and by about 3 fold in patients with moderate chronic liver insufficiency.
Race
A clinical study conducted to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of riluzole and its metabolite N-hydroxyriluzole following repeated oral administration twice daily for 8 days in 16 healthy Japanese and 16 Caucasian adult males showed in the Japanese group a lower exposure of riluzole (Cmax 0.85 [90% CI 0.68-1.08] and AUC inf. 0.88 [90% CI 0.69-1.13]) and similar exposure to the metabolite. The clinical significance of these results is not known.
Liver impairment
Riluzole should be prescribed with care in patients with a history of abnormal liver function, or in patients with slightly elevated serum transaminases (ALT/SGPT; AST/SGOT up to 3 times the upper limit of the normal range (ULN)), bilirubin and/or gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT) levels. Baseline elevations of several liver function tests (especially elevated bilirubin) should preclude the use of riluzole.
Because of the risk of hepatitis, serum transaminases, including ALT, should be measured before and during therapy with riluzole. ALT should be measured every month during the first 3 months of treatment, every 3 months during the remainder of the first year, and periodically thereafter. ALT levels should be measured more frequently in patients who develop elevated ALT levels.
Riluzole should be discontinued if the ALT levels increase to 5 times the ULN. There is no experience with dose reduction or rechallenge in patients who have developed an increase of ALT to 5 times ULN. Readministration of riluzole to patients in this situation cannot be recommended.
Neutropenia
Patients should be warned to report any febrile illness to their physicians. The report of a febrile illness should prompt physicians to check white blood cell counts and to discontinue riluzole in case of neutropenia.
Interstitial lung disease
Cases of interstitial lung disease have been reported in patients treated with riluzole, some of them were severe. If respiratory symptoms develop such as dry cough and/or dyspnoea, chest radiography should be performed, and in case of findings suggestive of interstitial lung disease (e.g. bilateral diffuse lung opacities), riluzole should be discontinued immediately. In the majority of the reported cases, symptoms resolved after medicinal product discontinuation and symptomatic treatment.
Renal impairment
Studies at repeated doses have not been conducted in patients with impaired renal function.
Patients should be warned about the potential for dizziness or vertigo, and advised not to drive or operate machinery if these symptoms occur.
No studies on the effects on the ability to drive and use machines have been performed.
Treatment with Apo-Riluzole should only be initiated by specialist physicians with experience in the management of motor neurone diseases.
Posology
The recommended daily dose in adults or older people is 100 mg (50 mg every 12 hours).
No significant increased benefit can be expected from higher daily doses.
Special populations
Impaired renal function
Apo-Riluzole is not recommended for use in patients with impaired renal function, as studies at repeated doses have not been conducted in this population.
Older people
Based on pharmacokinetic data, there are no special instructions for the use of Apo-Riluzole in this population.
Impaired hepatic function
4 and 5.2
Paediatric population
Apo-Riluzole is not recommended for use in paediatric population, due to a lack of data on the safety and efficacy of riluzole in any neurodegenerative diseases occurring in children or adolescents.
Method of administration
Oral use
No special requirements.
