There is no clinical experience with massive overdose. The expected adverse reactions would be those related to the pharmacodynamic profile of a dopamine agonist, including nausea, vomiting, hyperkinesia, hallucinations, agitation and hypotension. There is no established antidote for overdose of a dopamine agonist. If signs of central nervous system stimulation are present, a neuroleptic agent may be indicated. Management of the overdose may require general supportive measures, along with gastric lavage, intravenous fluids, administration of activated charcoal and electrocardiogram monitoring.
Not applicable.
Based on the analysis of pooled placebo-controlled trials, comprising a total of 1,923 patients on pramipexole and 1,354 patients on placebo, adverse drug reactions were frequently reported for both groups. 63% of patients on pramipexole and 52% of patients on placebo reported at least one adverse drug reaction.
The majority of adverse drug reactions usually start early in therapy and most tend to disappear even as therapy is continued.
Within the system organ classes, adverse reactions are listed under headings of frequency (number of patients expected to experience the reaction), using the following categories: very common (> 1/10); common (> 1/100 to < 1/10); uncommon (> 1/1,000 to < 1/100); rare (> 1/10,000 to < 1/1,000); very rare (< 1/10,000); not known (cannot be estimated from the available data).
Parkinson's disease, most common adverse reactions
The most commonly (> 5%) reported adverse drug reactions in patients with Parkinson's disease more frequent with pramipexole treatment than with placebo were nausea, dyskinesia, hypotension, dizziness, somnolence, insomnia, constipation, hallucination, headache and fatigue. The incidence of somnolence is increased at doses higher than 1.5 mg pramipexole salt per day. A more frequent adverse drug reaction in combination with levodopa was dyskinesia. Hypotension may occur at the beginning of treatment, especially if pramipexole is titrated too fast.
Table 1: Parkinson's disease
| Body System | Very common (>1/10) | Common (>1/100 to <1/10) | Uncommon (>1/1,000 to < 1/100) | Rare (>1/10,000 to <1/1,000) | Not known |
| Infections and infestations | pneumonia | ||||
| Endocrine disorders | inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion1 | ||||
| Psychiatric disorders | Insomnia hallucinations abnormal dreams confusion behavioural symptoms of impulse control disorders and compulsions | compulsive shopping pathological gambling restlessness hypersexuality delusion libido disorder paranoia delirium binge eating1 hyperphagia1 | mania | ||
| Nervous system disorders | somnolence dizziness dyskinesia | headache | sudden onset of sleep amnesia hyperkinesia syncope | ||
| Eye disorders | visual impairment including diplopia vision blurred visual acuity reduced | ||||
| Cardiac disorders | cardiac failure1 | ||||
| Vascular disorders | hypotension | ||||
| Respiratory, thoracic, and mediastinal disorders | Dyspnoea hiccups | ||||
| Gastrointestinal disorders | nausea | constipation vomiting | |||
| Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders | hypersensitivity pruritus rash | ||||
| General disorders and administration site conditions | fatigue peripheral oedema | Dopamine agonist withdrawal syndrome including apathy, anxiety, depression, fatigue, sweating and pain. | |||
| Investigations | weight decrease including decreased appetite | weight increase |
1 This side effect has been observed in post-marketing experience. With 95 % certainty, the frequency category is not greater than uncommon, but might be lower. A precise frequency estimation is not possible as the side effect did not occur in a clinical trial database of 2,762 patients with Parkinson's Disease treated with pramipexole.
Restless Legs Syndrome, most common adverse reactions
The most commonly (> 5%) reported adverse drug reactions in patients with Restless Legs Syndrome treated with pramipexole were nausea, headache, dizziness and fatigue. Nausea and fatigue were more often reported in female patients treated with Sifrol (20.8% and 10.5%, respectively) compared to males (6.7% and 7.3%, respectively).
Table 2: Restless Legs Syndrome
| Body System | Very common (>1/10) | Common (>1/100 to <1/10) | Uncommon (>1/1,000 to < 1/100) | Not known
|
| Infections and infestations | pneumonia1 | |||
| Endocrine disorders | inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion1 | |||
| Psychiatric disorders | insomnia abnormal dreams | restlessness confusion hallucinations libido disorder delusion1 hyperphagia1 paranoia1 mania1 delirium1 behavioural symptoms of impulse control disorders and compulsions1 (such as: compulsive shopping, pathological gambling, hypersexuality, binge eating) | ||
| Nervous system disorders | headache dizziness somnolance | sudden onset of sleep syncope dyskinesia amnesia1 hyperkinesia1 | ||
| Eye disorders | visual impairment including visual acuity reduced diplopia vision blurred | |||
| Cardiac disorders | cardiac failure1 | |||
| Vascular disorders | hypotension | |||
| Respiratory, thoracic, and mediastinal disorders | dyspnoea hiccups | |||
| Gastrointestinal disorders | nausea | constipation vomiting | ||
| Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders | hypersensitivity pruritus rash | |||
| General disorders and administration site conditions | fatigue | peripheral oedema | Dopamine agonist withdrawal syndrome including apathy, anxiety, depression, fatigue, sweating and pain | |
| Investigations | weight decrease including decreased appetite weight increase |
1 This side effect has been observed in post-marketing experience. With 95 % certainty, the frequency category is not greater than uncommon, but might be lower. A precise frequency estimation is not possible as the side effect did not occur in a clinical trial database of 1,395 patients with Restless Legs Syndrome treated with pramipexole
Description of selected adverse reactions
Somnolence
Libido disorders
Pramipexole may uncommonly be associated with libido disorders (increased or decreased).
Impulse control disorders
Pathological gambling, increased libido, hypersexuality, compulsive spending or buying, binge eating and compulsive eating can occur in patients treated with dopamine agonists including Sifrol.
In a cross-sectional, retrospective screening and case-control study including 3,090 Parkinson's disease patients, 13.6% of all patients receiving dopaminergic or non-dopaminergic treatment had symptoms of an impulse control disorder during the past six months. Manifestations observed include pathological gambling, compulsive shopping, binge eating, and compulsive sexual behaviour (hypersexuality). Possible independent risk factors for impulse control disorders included dopaminergic treatments and higher doses of dopaminergic treatment, younger age ( ≤ 65 years), not being married and self-reported family history of gambling behaviours.
Dopamine agonist withdrawal syndrome
Non-motor adverse effects may occur when tapering or discontinuing dopamine agonists including pramipexole. Symptoms include apathy, anxiety, depression, fatigue, sweating and pain.
Cardiac failure
In clinical studies and post-marketing experience cardiac failure has been reported in patients with pramipexole. In a pharmacoepidemiological study pramipexole use was associated with an increased risk of cardiac failure compared with non-use of pramipexole (observed risk ratio 1.86; 95% CI, 1.21-2.85).
Reporting of suspected adverse reactions
Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via:
United Kingdom
Yellow Card Scheme
Website: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard or search for MHRA Yellow Card in the Google Play or Apple App Store
Ireland
HPRA Pharmacovigilance
Earlsfort Terrace
IRL - Dublin 2
Tel: +353 1 6764971
Fax: +353 1 6762517
Website: www.hpra.ie
e-mail: [email protected]
Malta
ADR Reporting
Website: www.medicinesauthority.gov.mt/adrportal
Repeated dose toxicity studies showed that pramipexole exerted functional effects, mainly involving the CNS and female reproductive system, and probably resulting from an exaggerated pharmacodynamic effect of pramipexole.
Decreases in diastolic and systolic pressure and heart rate were noted in the minipig, and a tendency to a hypotensive effect was discerned in the monkey.
The potential effects of pramipexole on reproductive function have been investigated in rats and rabbits. Pramipexole was not teratogenic in rats and rabbits but was embryotoxic in the rat at maternally toxic doses. Due to the selection of animal species and the limited parameters investigated, the adverse effects of pramipexole on pregnancy and male fertility have not been fully elucidated.
A delay in sexual development (i.e., preputial separation and vaginal opening) was observed in rats. The relevance for humans is unknown.
Pramipexole was not genotoxic. In a carcinogenicity study, male rats developed Leydig cell hyperplasia and adenomas, explained by the prolactin-inhibiting effect of pramipexole. This finding is not clinically relevant to man. The same study also showed that, at doses of 2 mg/kg (of salt) and higher, pramipexole was associated with retinal degeneration in albino rats. The latter finding was not observed in pigmented rats, nor in a 2-year albino mouse carcinogenicity study or in any other species investigated.
Sifrol is indicated in adults for treatment of the signs and symptoms of idiopathic Parkinson's disease, alone (without levodopa) or in combination with levodopa, i.e. over the course of the disease, through to late stages when the effect of levodopa wears off or becomes inconsistent and fluctuations of the therapeutic effect occur (end of dose or “on off†fluctuations).
Sifrol is indicated in adults for symptomatic treatment of moderate to severe idiopathic Restless Legs Syndrome in doses up to 0.54 mg of base (0.75 mg of salt).
Pharmacotherapeutic group: anti-Parkinson drugs, dopamine agonists, ATC code: N04BC05.
Mechanism of action
Pramipexole is a dopamine agonist that binds with high selectivity and specificity to the D2 subfamily of dopamine receptors of which it has a preferential affinity to D3 receptors, and has full intrinsic activity.
Pramipexole alleviates parkinsonian motor deficits by stimulation of dopamine receptors in the striatum. Animal studies have shown that pramipexole inhibits dopamine synthesis, release, and turnover.
The mechanism of action of pramipexole as treatment for Restless Legs Syndrome is unknown. Neuropharmacological evidence suggests primary dopaminergic system involvement.
Pharmacodynamic effects
In human volunteers, a dose-dependent decrease in prolactin was observed. In a clinical trial with healthy volunteers, where Sifrol prolonged-release tablets were titrated faster (every 3 days) than recommended up to 3.15 mg pramipexole base (4.5 mg of salt) per day, an increase in blood pressure and heart rate was observed. Such effect was not observed in patient studies.
Clinical efficacy and safety in Parkinson's disease
In patients pramipexole alleviates signs and symptoms of idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Placebo-controlled clinical trials included approximately 1,800 patients of Hoehn and Yahr stages I - V treated with pramipexole. Out of these, approximately 1,000 were in more advanced stages, received concomitant levodopa therapy, and suffered from motor complications.
In early and advanced Parkinson's disease, efficacy of pramipexole in controlled clinical trials was maintained for approximately six months. In open continuation trials lasting for more than three years there were no signs of decreasing efficacy.
In a controlled double blind clinical trial of 2 year duration, initial treatment with pramipexole significantly delayed the onset of motor complications, and reduced their occurrence compared to initial treatment with levodopa. This delay in motor complications with pramipexole should be balanced against a greater improvement in motor function with levodopa (as measured by the mean change in UPDRS-score). The overall incidence of hallucinations and somnolence was generally higher in the escalation phase with the pramipexole group. However, there was no significant difference during the maintenance phase. These points should be considered when initiating pramipexole treatment in patients with Parkinson's disease.
Paediatric population
Clinical efficacy and safety in Restless Legs Syndrome
The efficacy of pramipexole was evaluated in four placebo-controlled clinical trials in approximately 1,000 patients with moderate to very severe idiopathic Restless Legs Syndrome.
The mean change from baseline in the Restless Legs Syndrome Rating Scale (IRLS) and the Clinical Global Impression-Improvement (CGI-I) were the primary efficacy outcome measures. For both primary endpoints statistically significant differences have been observed for the pramipexole dose groups 0.25 mg, 0.5 mg and 0.75 mg pramipexole salt in comparison to placebo. After 12 weeks of treatment the baseline IRLS score improved from 23.5 to 14.1 points for placebo and from 23.4 to 9.4 points for pramipexole (doses combined). The adjusted mean difference was -4.3 points (CI 95% -6.4; -2.1 points, p-value <0.0001). CGI-I responder rates (improved, very much improved) were 51.2% and 72.0% for placebo and pramipexole, respectively (difference 20% CI 95%: 8.1%; 31.8%, p<0.0005). Efficacy was observed with 0.088 mg of base (0.125 mg of salt) per day after the first week of treatment.
In a placebo-controlled polysomnography study over 3 weeks Sifrol significantly reduced the number of periodic limb movements during time in bed.
Longer term efficacy was evaluated in a placebo-controlled clinical trial. After 26 weeks of treatment, there was an adjusted mean reduction in IRLS total score of 13.7 and 11.1 points in the pramipexole and placebo group, respectively, with a statistically significant (p = 0.008) mean treatment difference of -2.6. CGI-I responder rates (much improved, very much improved) were 50.3% (80/159) and 68.5% (111/162) for placebo and pramipexole, respectively (p = 0.001), corresponding to a number needed to treat (NNT) of 6 patients (95%CI: 3.5, 13.4).
Paediatric population
Clinical efficacy and safety in Tourette Disorder
The efficacy of pramipexole (0.0625-0.5 mg/day) with paediatric patients aged 6-17 years with Tourette Disorder was evaluated in a 6-week, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled flexible dose study. A total of 63 patients were randomised (43 on pramipexole, 20 on placebo). The primary endpoint was change from baseline on the Total Tic Score (TTS) of the Yale Global Tic Severity Scale (YGTSS). No difference was observed for pramipexole as compared to placebo for either the primary endpoint or for any of the secondary efficacy endpoints including YGTSS total score, Patient Global Impression of Improvement (PGI-I), Clinical Global Impression of Improvement (CGI-I), or Clinical Global Impressions of Severity of Illness (CGI-S). Adverse events occurring in at least 5% of patients in the pramipexole group and more common in the pramipexole-treated patients than in patients on placebo were: headache (27.9%, placebo 25.0%), somnolence (7.0%, placebo 5.0%), nausea (18.6%, placebo 10.0%), vomiting (11.6%, placebo 0.0%), upper abdominal pain (7.0%, placebo 5.0%), orthostatic hypotension (9.3%, placebo 5.0%), myalgia (9.3%, placebo 5.0%), sleep disorder (7.0%, placebo 0.0%), dyspnoea (7.0%, placebo 0.0%) and upper respiratory tract infection (7.0%, placebo 5.0%). Other significant adverse events leading to discontinuation of study medication for patients receiving pramipexole were confusional state, speech disorder and aggravated condition.
Absorption
Pramipexole is rapidly and completely absorbed following oral administration. The absolute bioavailability is greater than 90% and the maximum plasma concentrations occur between 1 and 3 hours. Concomitant administration with food did not reduce the extent of pramipexole absorption, but the rate of absorption was reduced. Pramipexole shows linear kinetics and a small inter-patient variation of plasma levels.
Distribution
In humans, the protein binding of pramipexole is very low (< 20%) and the volume of distribution is large (400 l). High brain tissue concentrations were observed in the rat (approx. 8-fold compared to plasma).
Biotransformation
Pramipexole is metabolised in man only to a small extent.
Elimination
Renal excretion of unchanged pramipexole is the major route of elimination. Approximately 90% of 14C-labelled dose is excreted through the kidneys while less than 2% is found in the faeces. The total clearance of pramipexole is approximately 500 ml/min and the renal clearance is approximately 400 ml/min. The elimination half-life (t½) varies from 8 hours in the young to 12 hours in the elderly.
Hallucinations
Hallucinations are known as a side effect of treatment with dopamine agonists and levodopa. Patients should be informed that (mostly visual) hallucinations can occur.
Dyskinesia
In advanced Parkinson's disease, in combination treatment with levodopa, dyskinesia can occur during the initial titration of Sifrol. If they occur, the dose of levodopa should be decreased.
Dystonia
Axial dystonia including antecollis, camptocormia and pleurothotonus (Pisa Syndrome) has occasionally been reported in patients with Parkinson's disease following initiation or incremental dose increase of pramipexole. Although dystonia may be a symptom of Parkinson's disease, the symptoms in these patients have improved after reduction or withdrawal of pramipexole. If dystonia occurs, the dopaminergic medication regimen should be reviewed and an adjustment in the dose of pramipexole considered.
Sudden onset of sleep and somnolence
Impulse control disorders
Patients should be regularly monitored for the development of impulse control disorders. Patients and carers should be made aware that behavioural symptoms of impulse control disorders including pathological gambling, increased libido, hypersexuality, compulsive spending or buying, binge eating and compulsive eating can occur in patients treated with dopamine agonists including Sifrol. Dose reduction/tapered discontinuation should be considered if such symptoms develop.
Mania and delirium
Patients should be regularly monitored for the development of mania and delirium. Patients and carers should be made aware that mania and delirium can occur in patients treated with pramipexole. Dose reduction/tapered discontinuation should be considered if such symptoms develop.
Patients with psychotic disorders
Patients with psychotic disorders should only be treated with dopamine agonists if the potential benefits outweigh the risks. Co-administration of antipsychotic medicinal products with pramipexole should be avoided.
Ophthalmologic monitoring
Ophthalmologic monitoring is recommended at regular intervals or if vision abnormalities occur.
Severe cardiovascular disease
In case of severe cardiovascular disease, care should be taken. It is recommended to monitor blood pressure, especially at the beginning of treatment, due to the general risk of postural hypotension associated with dopaminergic therapy.
Neuroleptic malignant syndrome
Symptoms suggestive of neuroleptic malignant syndrome have been reported with abrupt withdrawal of dopaminergic therapy.
Dopamine agonist withdrawal syndrome
To discontinue treatment in patients with Parkinson's disease, pramipexole should be tapered off. Non-motor adverse effects may occur when tapering or discontinuing dopamine agonists including pramipexole. Symptoms include apathy, anxiety, depression, fatigue, sweating and pain which may be severe. Patients should be informed about this before tapering the dopamine agonist, and monitored regularly thereafter. In case of persistent symptoms, it may be necessary to increase the pramipexole dose temporarily.
Augmentation
Reports in the literature indicate that treatment of Restless Legs Syndrome with dopaminergic medicinal products can result in augmentation. Augmentation refers to the earlier onset of symptoms in the evening (or even the afternoon), increase in symptoms, and spread of symptoms to involve other extremities. Augmentation was specifically investigated in a controlled clinical trial over 26 weeks. Augmentation was observed in 11.8% of patients in the pramipexole group (N = 152) and 9.4% of patients in the placebo group (N = 149). Kaplan-Meier analysis of time to augmentation showed no significant difference between pramipexole and placebo groups.
Sifrol can have a major influence on the ability to drive and use machines.
Hallucinations or somnolence can occur.
5 and 4.8).Posology
Parkinson's disease
The daily dose is administered in equally divided doses 3 times a day.
Initial treatment
Doses should be increased gradually from a starting dose of 0.264 mg of base (0.375 mg of salt) per day and then increased every 5-7 days. Providing patients do not experience intolerable undesirable effects, the dose should be titrated to achieve a maximal therapeutic effect.
| Ascending dose schedule of Sifrol | ||||
| Week | Dose (mg of base) | Total Daily Dose (mg of base) | Dose (mg of salt) | Total Daily Dose (mg of salt) |
| 1 | 3 x 0.088 | 0.264 | 3 x 0.125 | 0.375 |
| 2 | 3 x 0.18 | 0.54 | 3 x 0.25 | 0.75 |
| 3 | 3 x 0.35 | 1.1 | 3 x 0.5 | 1.50 |
If a further dose increase is necessary the daily dose should be increased by 0.54 mg of base (0.75 mg of salt) at weekly intervals up to a maximum dose of 3.3 mg of base (4.5 mg of salt) per day. However, it should be noted that the incidence of somnolence is increased at doses higher than 1.5 mg (of salt) per day.
Maintenance treatment
The individual dose of pramipexole should be in the range of 0.264 mg of base (0.375 mg of salt) to a maximum of 3.3 mg of base (4.5 mg of salt) per day. During dose escalation in pivotal studies, efficacy was observed starting at a daily dose of 1.1 mg of base (1.5 mg of salt). Further dose adjustments should be done based on the clinical response and the occurrence of adverse reactions. In clinical trials approximately 5% of patients were treated at doses below 1.1 mg of base (1.5 mg of salt). In advanced Parkinson's disease, pramipexole doses higher than 1.1 mg of base (1.5 mg of salt) per day can be useful in patients where a reduction of the levodopa therapy is intended. It is recommended that the dose of levodopa is reduced during both the dose escalation and the maintenance treatment with Sifrol, depending on reactions in individual patients.
Treatment discontinuation
Abrupt discontinuation of dopaminergic therapy can lead to the development of a neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Pramipexole should be tapered off at a rate of 0.54 mg of base (0.75 mg of salt) per day until the daily dose has been reduced to 0.54 mg of base (0.75 mg of salt). Thereafter the dose should be reduced by 0.264 mg of base (0.375 mg of salt) per day.
Renal impairment
The elimination of pramipexole is dependent on renal function. The following dose schedule is suggested for initiation of therapy:
Patients with a creatinine clearance above 50 ml/min require no reduction in daily dose or dosing frequency.
In patients with a creatinine clearance between 20 and 50 ml/min, the initial daily dose of Sifrol should be administered in two divided doses, starting at 0.088 mg of base (0.125 mg of salt) twice a day (0.176 mg of base/0.25 mg of salt daily). A maximum daily dose of 1.57 mg pramipexole base (2.25 mg of salt) should not be exceeded.
In patients with a creatinine clearance less than 20 ml/min, the daily dose of Sifrol should be administered in a single dose, starting at 0.088 mg of base (0.125 mg of salt) daily. A maximum daily dose of 1.1 mg pramipexole base (1.5 mg of salt) should not be exceeded.
If renal function declines during maintenance therapy the Sifrol daily dose should be reduced by the same percentage as the decline in creatinine clearance, i.e. if creatinine clearance declines by 30%, then the Sifrol daily dose should be reduced by 30%. The daily dose can be administered in two divided doses if creatinine clearance is between 20 and 50 ml/min and as a single daily dose if creatinine clearance is less than 20 ml/min.
Hepatic impairment
Dose adjustment in patients with hepatic failure is probably not necessary, as approx. 90% of absorbed active substance is excreted through the kidneys. However, the potential influence of hepatic insufficiency on Sifrol pharmacokinetics has not been investigated.
Paediatric population
The safety and efficacy of Sifrol in children below 18 years has not been established. There is no relevant use of Sifrol in the paediatric population for the indication of Parkinson's Disease.
Restless Legs Syndrome
The recommended starting dose of Sifrol is 0.088 mg of base (0.125 mg of salt) taken once daily 2-3 hours before bedtime. For patients requiring additional symptomatic relief, the dose may be increased every 4-7 days to a maximum of 0.54 mg of base (0.75 mg of salt) per day (as shown in the table below).
| Dose Schedule of Sifrol | ||
| Titration Step | Once Daily Evening Dose (mg of base) | Once Daily Evening Dose (mg of salt) |
| 1 | 0.088 | 0.125 |
| 2* | 0.18 | 0.25 |
| 3* | 0.35 | 0.50 |
| 4* | 0.54 | 0.75 |
| * if needed | ||
Patient's response should be evaluated after 3 months treatment and the need for treatment continuation should be reconsidered. If treatment is interrupted for more than a few days it should be re-initiated by dose titration carried out as above.
Treatment discontinuation
Since the daily dose for the treatment of Restless Legs Syndrome will not exceed 0.54 mg of base (0.75 mg of salt) Sifrol can be discontinued without tapering off. In a 26 week placebo controlled trial, rebound of RLS symptoms (worsening of symptom severity as compared to baseline) was observed in 10% of patients (14 out of 135) after abrupt discontinuation of treatment. This effect was found to be similar across all doses.
Renal impairment
The elimination of pramipexole is dependent on renal function. Patients with a creatinine clearance above 20 ml/min require no reduction in daily dose.
The use of Sifrol has not been studied in haemodialysis patients, or in patients with severe renal impairment.
Hepatic impairment
Dose adjustment in patients with hepatic failure is not required, as approx. 90% of absorbed active substance is excreted through the kidneys.
Paediatric population
Sifrol is not recommended for use in children and adolescents below 18 years due to a lack of data on safety and efficacy.
Tourette Disorder
Paediatric population
Sifrol is not recommended for use in children and adolescents below 18 years since the efficacy and safety has not been established in this population. Sifrol should not be used in children or adolescents with Tourette Disorder because of a negative benefit-risk balance for this disorder.
Method of administration
The tablets should be taken orally, swallowed with water, and can be taken either with or without food.
No special requirements.
