Makena

Overdose

There have been no reports of adverse events associated with overdosage of Makena in clinical trials. In the case of overdosage, the patient should be treated symptomatically.

Contraindications

Do not use Makena in women with any of the following conditions:

• Current or history of thrombosis or thromboembolic disorders
• Known or suspected breast cancer, other hormone-sensitive cancer, or history of these conditions
• Undiagnosed abnormal vaginal bleeding unrelated to pregnancy
• Cholestatic jaundice of pregnancy
• Liver tumors, benign or malignant, or active liver disease
• Uncontrolled hypertension

Undesirable effects

For the most serious adverse reactions to the use of progestins, see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS.

Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to the rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice.

In a vehicle (placebo)-controlled clinical trial of 463 pregnant women at risk for spontaneous preterm delivery based on obstetrical history, 310 received 250 mg of Makena and 153 received a vehicle formulation containing no drug by a weekly intramuscular injection beginning at 16 to 20 weeks of gestation and continuing until 37 weeks of gestation or delivery, whichever occurred first.1

Certain pregnancy-related fetal and maternal complications or events were numerically increased in the Makena-treated subjects as compared to control subjects, including miscarriage and stillbirth, admission for preterm labor, preeclampsia or gestational hypertension, gestational diabetes, and oligohydramnios (Tables 1 and 2).

Table 1 : Selected Fetal Complications

Table 2 : Selected Maternal Complications

The most common adverse reaction was injection site pain, which was reported after at least one injection by 34.8% of the Makena group and 32.7% of the control group. Table 3 lists adverse reactions that occurred in ≥ 2% of subjects and at a higher rate in the Makena group than in the control group.

Table 3 : Adverse Reactions Occurring in ≥ 2% of Makena-Treated Subjects and at a Higher Rate than Control Subjects

In the clinical trial, 2.2% of subjects receiving Makena were reported as discontinuing therapy due to adverse reactions compared to 2.6% of control subjects. The most common adverse reactions that led to discontinuation in both groups were urticaria and injection site pain/swelling (1% each).

Pulmonary embolus in one subject and injection site cellulitis in another subject were reported as serious adverse reactions in Makena-treated subjects.

The following adverse reactions have been identified during postapproval use of Makena. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure.

• Body as a whole: Local injection site reactions (including erythema, urticaria, rash, irritation, hypersensitivity, warmth); fatigue; fever; hot flashes/flushes
• Digestive disorders: Vomiting
• Infections: Urinary tract infection
• Nervous system disorders: Headache, dizziness
• Pregnancy, puerperium and perinatal conditions: Cervical incompetence, premature rupture of membranes
• Reproductive system and breast disorders: Cervical dilation, shortened cervix
• Respiratory disorders: Dyspnea, chest discomfort
• Skin: Rash

Therapeutic indications

Makena is a progestin indicated to reduce the risk of preterm birth in women with a singleton pregnancy who have a history of singleton spontaneous preterm birth. The effectiveness of Makena is based on improvement in the proportion of women who delivered < 37 weeks of gestation. There are no controlled trials demonstrating a direct clinical benefit, such as improvement in neonatal mortality and morbidity.

While there are many risk factors for preterm birth, safety and efficacy of Makena has been demonstrated only in women with a prior spontaneous singleton preterm birth. It is not intended for use in women with multiple gestations or other risk factors for preterm birth.

Pharmacodynamic properties

No specific pharmacodynamic studies were conducted with Makena.

Pharmacokinetic properties

Female patients with a singleton pregnancy received intramuscular doses of 250 mg hydroxyprogesterone caproate for the reduction of preterm birth starting between 16 weeks 0 days and 20 weeks 6 days. All patients had blood drawn daily for 7 days to evaluate pharmacokinetics.

Table 4 : Summary of Mean (Standard Deviation) PK Parameters for Hydroxyprogesterone Caproate

For all three groups, peak concentration (Cmax) and area under the curve (AUC(1-7 days)) of the mono-hydroxylated metabolites were approximately 3-8fold lower than the respective parameters for the parent drug, hydroxyprogesterone caproate. While di-hydroxylated and tri-hydroxylated metabolites were also detected in human plasma to a lesser extent, no meaningful quantitative results could be derived due to the absence of reference standards for these multiple hydroxylated metabolites. The relative activity and significance of these metabolites are not known.

The elimination half-life of hydroxyprogesterone caproate, as evaluated from 4 patients in the study who reached full-term in their pregnancies, was 16.4 (±3.6) days. The elimination half-life of the mono-hydroxylated metabolites was 19.7 (±6.2) days.

Hydroxyprogesterone caproate binds extensively to plasma proteins including albumin and corticosteroid binding globulins.

In vitro studies have shown that hydroxyprogesterone caproate can be metabolized by human hepatocytes, both by phase I and phase II reactions. Hydroxyprogesterone caproate undergoes extensive reduction, hydroxylation and conjugation. The conjugated metabolites include sulfated, glucuronidated and acetylated products. In vitro data indicate that the metabolism of hydroxyprogesterone caproate is predominantly mediated by CYP3A4 and CYP3A5. The in vitro data indicate that the caproate group is retained during metabolism of hydroxyprogesterone caproate.

Both conjugated metabolites and free steroids are excreted in the urine and feces, with the conjugated metabolites being prominent. Following intramuscular administration to pregnant women at 10-12 weeks gestation, approximately 50% of a dose was recovered in the feces and approximately 30% recovered in the urine.

Date of revision of the text

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Fertility, pregnancy and lactation

There are no adequate and well-controlled studies of Makena use in women during the first trimester of pregnancy. Data from a vehicle (placebo)-controlled clinical trial of 310 pregnant women who received Makena at weekly doses of 250 mg by intramuscular injection in their second and third trimesters1, as well as long-term (2-5 years) follow-up safety data on 194 of their infants2, did not demonstrate any teratogenic risks to infants from in utero exposure to Makena.

Reproduction studies have been performed in mice and rats at doses up to 95 and 5, respectively, times the human dose and have revealed no evidence of impaired fertility or harm to the fetus due to Makena.

Makena administration produced embryolethality in rhesus monkeys but not in cynomolgus monkeys exposed to 1 and 10 times the human dose equivalent every 7 days between days 20 and 146 of gestation. There were no teratogenic effects in either species.

Qualitative and quantitative composition

Makena (250 mg/mL) is a sterile solution of hydroxyprogesterone caproate in castor oil for injection. Each 1 mL single dose vial contains 250 mg hydroxyprogesterone caproate. Each 5 mL multidose vial contains 1250 mg hydroxyprogesterone caproate.

Makena (NDC 64011-247-02) is supplied as 1 mL of a sterile solution in a single dose glass vial.

Each 1 mL vial contains hydroxyprogesterone caproate USP, 250 mg/mL (25% w/v), in castor oil USP (30.6% v/v) and benzyl benzoate USP (46% v/v).

Single unit carton: Contains one 1 mL single dose vial of Makena containing 250 mg of hydroxyprogesterone caproate.

Makena (NDC 64011-243-01) is supplied as 5 mL of a sterile solution in a multidose glass vial.

Each 5 mL vial contains hydroxyprogesterone caproate USP, 250 mg/mL (25% w/v), in castor oil USP (28.6% v/v) and benzyl benzoate USP (46% v/v) with the preservative benzyl alcohol NF (2% v/v).

Single unit carton: Contains one 5 mL multidose vial of Makena (250 mg/mL) containing 1250 mg of hydroxyprogesterone caproate.

Store at controlled room temperature [15°-30° C (59°-86° F)]. Use multidose vials within 5 weeks after first use.

Caution: Protect vial from light. Store vial in its box. Store upright.

Distributed by: AMAG Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Waltham, MA 02451. Revised: Aug 2017

Special warnings and precautions for use

Included as part of the PRECAUTIONS section.

Discontinue Makena if an arterial or deep venous thrombotic or thromboembolic event occurs.

Allergic reactions, including urticaria, pruritus and angioedema, have been reported with use of Makena or with other products containing castor oil. Consider discontinuing the drug if such reactions occur.

A decrease in glucose tolerance has been observed in some patients on progestin treatment. The mechanism of this decrease is not known. Carefully monitor prediabetic and diabetic women while they are receiving Makena.

Because progestational drugs may cause some degree of fluid retention, carefully monitor women with conditions that might be influenced by this effect (e.g., preeclampsia, epilepsy, migraine, asthma, cardiac or renal dysfunction).

Monitor women who have a history of clinical depression and discontinue Makena if clinical depression recurs.

Carefully monitor women who develop jaundice while receiving Makena and consider whether the benefit of use warrants continuation.

Carefully monitor women who develop hypertension while receiving Makena and consider whether the benefit of use warrants continuation.

See FDA-approved patient labeling (PATIENT INFORMATION).

Counsel patients that Makena injections may cause pain, soreness, swelling, itching or bruising. Inform the patient to contact her physician if she notices increased discomfort over time, oozing of blood or fluid, or inflammatory reactions at the injection site.

Hydroxyprogesterone caproate has not been adequately evaluated for carcinogenicity.

No reproductive or developmental toxicity or impaired fertility was observed in a multigenerational study in rats. Makena administered intramuscularly, at gestational exposures up to 5 times the recommended human dose, had no adverse effects on the parental (F0) dams, their developing offspring (F1), or the latter offspring's ability to produce a viable, normal second (F2) generation.

There are no adequate and well-controlled studies of Makena use in women during the first trimester of pregnancy. Data from a vehicle (placebo)-controlled clinical trial of 310 pregnant women who received Makena at weekly doses of 250 mg by intramuscular injection in their second and third trimesters1, as well as long-term (2-5 years) follow-up safety data on 194 of their infants2, did not demonstrate any teratogenic risks to infants from in utero exposure to Makena.

Reproduction studies have been performed in mice and rats at doses up to 95 and 5, respectively, times the human dose and have revealed no evidence of impaired fertility or harm to the fetus due to Makena.

Makena administration produced embryolethality in rhesus monkeys but not in cynomolgus monkeys exposed to 1 and 10 times the human dose equivalent every 7 days between days 20 and 146 of gestation. There were no teratogenic effects in either species.

Makena is not intended for use to stop active preterm labor. The effect of Makena in active labor is unknown.

Discontinue Makena at 37 weeks of gestation or upon delivery. Detectable amounts of progestins have been identified in the milk of mothers receiving progestin treatment. Many studies have found no adverse effects of progestins on breastfeeding performance, or on the health, growth, or development of the infant.

Makena is not indicated for use in children. Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients less than 16 years of age have not been established. A small number of women under age 18 years were studied; safety and efficacy are expected to be the same in women aged 16 years and above as for users 18 years and older.

Makena is not intended for use in postmenopausal women. Safety and effectiveness in postmenopausal women have not been established.

No studies have been conducted to examine the pharmacokinetics of Makena in patients with renal impairment.

No studies have been conducted to examine the pharmacokinetics of Makena in patients with hepatic impairment. Makena is extensively metabolized and hepatic impairment may reduce the elimination of Makena.

Dosage (Posology) and method of administration

• Administer intramuscularly at a dose of 250 mg (1 mL) once weekly (every 7 days) by a healthcare provider
• Begin treatment between 16 weeks, 0 days and 20 weeks, 6 days of gestation
• Continue administration once weekly until week 37 (through 36 weeks, 6 days) of gestation or delivery, whichever occurs first

Parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration, whenever solution and container permit. Makena is a clear, yellow solution. Do not use if solid particles appear or if the solution is cloudy.

Instructions For Administration

1. Clean the vial top with an alcohol swab before use.
2. Draw up 1 mL of drug into a 3 mL syringe with an 18 gauge needle.
3. Change the needle to a 21 gauge 1½ inch needle.
4. After preparing the skin, inject in the upper outer quadrant of the gluteus maximus. The solution is viscous and oily. Slow injection (over one minute or longer) is recommended.
5. Applying pressure to the injection site may minimize bruising and swelling.

If the 5 mL multidose vial is used, discard any unused product 5 weeks after first use.

Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction

Cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes: An in vitro inhibition study using human liver microsomes and CYP isoform-selective substrates indicated that hydroxyprogesterone caproate increased the metabolic rate of CYP1A2, CYP2A6, and CYP2B6 by approximately 80%, 150%, and 80%, respectively. However, in another in vitro study using human hepatocytes under conditions where the prototypical inducers or inhibitors caused the anticipated increases or decreases in CYP enzyme activities, hydroxyprogesterone caproate did not induce or inhibit CYP1A2, CYP2A6, or CYP2B6 activity. Overall, the findings indicate that hydroxyprogesterone caproate has minimal potential for CYP1A2, CYP2A6, and CYP2B6 related drug-drug interactions at the clinically relevant concentrations.

In vitro data indicated that therapeutic concentration of hydroxyprogesterone caproate is not likely to inhibit the activity of CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, CYP2E1, and CYP3A4.