There is very limited experience to date with deliberate overdose. The symptoms described in connection with 280 mg were gastrointestinal symptoms and weakness. Single doses of 80 mg esomeprazole were uneventful. No specific antidote is known. Esomeprazole is extensively plasma protein bound and is therefore not readily dialyzable. As in any case of overdose, treatment should be symptomatic and general supportive measures should be utilised.
Esomeprazole should not be used concomitantly with nelfinavir.
Not applicable
Summary of the safety profile
Headache, abdominal pain, diarrhoea and nausea are among those adverse reactions that have been most commonly reported in clinical trials (and also from post-marketing use). In addition, the safety profile is similar for different formulations, treatment indications, age groups and patient populations. No dose-related adverse reactions have been identified.
Tabulated list of adverse reactions
The following adverse drug reactions have been identified or suspected in the clinical trials programme for esomeprazole and post-marketing. None was found to be dose-related. The reactions are classified according to frequency: very common >1/10; common >1/100 to <1/10; uncommon >1/1,000 to <1/100; rare >1/10,000 to <1/1,000; very rare <1/10,000; not known (cannot be estimated from the available data).
| System Organ Class | Frequency | Undesirable Effect |
| Blood and lymphatic system disorders | Rare | Leukopenia, thrombocytopenia |
| Very rare | Agranulocytosis, pancytopenia | |
| Immune system disorders | Rare | Hypersensitivity reactions e.g. fever, angioedema and anaphylactic reaction/shock |
| Metabolism and nutrition disorders | Uncommon | Peripheral oedema |
| Rare | Hyponatraemia | |
| Not known | Hypomagnesaemia ; severe hypomagnesaemia can correlate with hypocalcaemia. Hypomagnesaemia may also be associated with hypokalaemia. | |
| Psychiatric disorders | Uncommon | Insomnia |
| Rare | Agitation, confusion, depression | |
| Very rare | Aggression, hallucinations | |
| Nervous system disorders | Common | Headache |
| Uncommon | Dizziness, paraesthesia, somnolence | |
| Rare | Taste disturbance | |
| Eye disorders | Rare | Blurred vision |
| Ear and labyrinth disorders | Uncommon | Vertigo |
| Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders | Rare | Bronchospasm |
| Gastrointestinal disorders | Common | Abdominal pain, constipation, diarrhoea, flatulence, nausea/vomiting, fundic gland polyps (benign) |
| Uncommon | Dry mouth | |
| Rare | Stomatitis, gastrointestinal candidiasis | |
| Not known | Microscopic colitis | |
| Hepatobiliary disorders | Uncommon | Increased liver enzymes |
| Rare | Hepatitis with or without jaundice | |
| Very rare | Hepatic failure, encephalopathy in patients with pre-existing liver disease | |
| Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders | Uncommon | Dermatitis, pruritus, rash, urticaria |
| Rare | Alopecia, photosensitivity | |
| Very rare | Erythema multiforme, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) | |
| Not known | Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus | |
| Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders | Uncommon | Fracture of the hip, wrist or spine |
| Rare | Arthralgia, myalgia | |
| Very rare | Muscular weakness | |
| Renal and urinary disorders | Very rare | Interstitial nephritis; in some patients renal failure has been reported concomitantly. |
| Reproductive system and breast disorders | Very rare | Gynaecomastia |
| General disorders and administration site conditions | Rare | Malaise, increased sweating |
Reporting of suspected adverse reactions
Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the:
Yellow Card Scheme
Website: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard
Non-clinical data reveal no special hazard for humans based on conventional studies of safety pharmacology, repeated dose toxicity, genotoxicity, carcinogenic potential, toxicity to reproduction and development. Adverse reactions not observed in clinical studies, but seen in animals at exposure levels similar to clinical exposure levels and with possible relevance to clinical use were as follows:
Carcinogenicity studies in the rat with the racemic mixture have shown gastric ECL-cell hyperplasia and carcinoids. These gastric effects in the rat are the result of sustained, pronounced hypergastrinaemia secondary to reduced production of gastric acid and are observed after long-term treatment in the rat with inhibitors of gastric acid secretion. No new or unexpected toxicity findings were observed in juvenile rats and dogs, after administration of esomeprazole for up to 3 months, as compared to the adult animals.
Emep oral suspension is primarily indicated for:
Paediatric population
Children 1-11 years old
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
- treatment of endoscopically proven erosive reflux esophagitis
- symptomatic treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
Children over 4 years of age
In combination with antibiotics in treatment of duodenal ulcer caused by Helicobacter pylori.
Adults and adolescents from the age of 12 years
For indications in patients from the age of 12 years reference is made to the Emep gastro-resistant tablet SmPC.
Emep oral suspension may also be used by patients having difficulty swallowing dispersed Emep gastro-resistant tablets.
Pharmacotherapeutic group: Drugs for acid-related disorders, proton pump inhibitor
ATC code: A02B C05
Esomeprazole is the S-isomer of omeprazole and reduces gastric acid secretion through a specific targeted mechanism of action. It is a specific inhibitor of the acid pump in the parietal cell. Both the R- and S-isomer of omeprazole have similar pharmacodynamic activity.
Mechanism of action
Esomeprazole is a weak base and is concentrated and converted to the active form in the highly acidic environment of the secretory canaliculi of the parietal cell, where it inhibits the enzyme H+K+-ATPase - the acid pump and inhibits both basal and stimulated acid secretion.
Pharmacodynamic effects
After oral dosing with esomeprazole 20 mg and 40 mg the onset of effect occurs within one hour. After repeated administration with 20 mg esomeprazole once daily for five days, mean peak acid output after pentagastrin stimulation is decreased 90% when measured 6 - 7 hours after dosing on day five.
After five days of oral dosing with 20 mg and 40 mg of esomeprazole, intragastric pH above 4 was maintained for a mean time of 13 hours and 17 hours, respectively over 24 hours in symptomatic GERD patients. The proportion of patients maintaining an intragastric pH above 4 for at least 8, 12 and 16 hours respectively were for esomeprazole 20 mg 76%, 54% and 24%. Corresponding proportions for esomeprazole 40 mg were 97%, 92% and 56%.
Using AUC as a surrogate parameter for plasma concentration, a relationship between inhibition of acid secretion and exposure has been shown.
Healing of reflux esophagitis with esomeprazole 40 mg occurs in approximately 78% of patients after four weeks, and in 93% after eight weeks.
During treatment with antisecretory medicinal products, serum gastrin increases in response to the decreased acid secretion. Also CgA increases due to decreased gastric acidity. The increased CgA level may interfere with investigations for neuroendocrine tumours. Available published evidence suggests that proton pump inhibitors should be discontinued between 5 days and 2 weeks prior to CgA measurements. This is to allow CgA levels that might be spuriously elevated following PPI treatment to return to reference range.
An increased number of ECL cells possibly related to the increased serum gastrin levels, have been observed in both children and adults during long term treatment with esomeprazole. The findings are considered to be of no clinical significance.
During long-term treatment with antisecretory medicinal products gastric glandular cysts have been reported to occur at a somewhat increased frequency. These changes are a physiological consequence of pronounced inhibition of acid secretion, are benign and appear to be reversible.
Decreased gastric acidity due to any means including proton pump inhibitors, increases gastric count of bacteria normally present in the gastrointestinal tract. Treatment with proton pump inhibitors may lead to a slightly increased risk of gastrointestinal infections such as Salmonella and Campylobacter and, in hospitalised patients, possibly also Clostridium difficile.
Paediatric population
GERD - 1 to 11 Years of Age
In a multicentre, parallel-group study, 109 paediatric patients with endoscopically proven GERD (1 to 11 years of age) were treated with Emep once daily for up to 8 weeks to evaluate safety and tolerability. Dosing by patient weight was as follows:
Weight <20 kg: once daily treatment with esomeprazole 5 mg or 10 mg
Weight >20 kg: once daily treatment with esomeprazole 10 mg or 20 mg
Patients were endoscopically characterised as to the presence or absence of erosive esophagitis. Fifty-three patients had erosive esophagitis at baseline. Of the 45 patients who had follow-up endoscopy, 42 (93.3%) of these patients had their erosive esophagitis resolved (88.9%) or improved (4.4%) after 8 weeks of treatment.
GERD - 0 to 11 months of age
In a placebo-controlled study (98 patients aged 1-11 months) efficacy and safety in patients with signs and symptoms of GERD were evaluated. Esomeprazole 1 mg/kg once daily was given for 2 weeks (open-label phase) and 80 patients were included for an additional 4 weeks (double blind, treatment-withdrawal phase). There was no significant difference between esomeprazole and placebo for the primary endpoint time to discontinuation due to symptom worsening.
In a placebo-controlled study (52 patients aged <1 month) efficacy and safety in patients with symptoms of GERD were evaluated. Esomeprazole 0.5 mg/kg once daily was given for a minimum of 10 days. There was no significant difference between esomeprazole and placebo in the primary endpoint, change from baseline of number of occurrences of symptoms of GERD.
Results from the paediatric studies further show that 0.5 mg/kg and 1.0 mg/kg esomeprazole in <1 month old and 1 to 11 month old infants, respectively, reduced the mean percentage of time with intra-esophageal pH < 4.
The safety profile appeared to be similar to that seen in adults.
In a study in paediatric GERD patients (<1 to 17 years of age) receiving long-term PPI treatment, 61% of the children developed minor degrees of ECL cell hyperplasia with no known clinical significance and with no development of atrophic gastritis or carcinoid tumours.
Absorption
Esomeprazole is acid labile and is administered orally as enteric-coated granules. In vivo conversion to the R-isomer is negligible. Absorption of esomeprazole is rapid, with peak plasma levels occurring approximately 1-2 hours after dose. The absolute bioavailability is 64% after a single dose of 40 mg and increases to 89% after repeated once-daily administration. For 20 mg esomeprazole the corresponding values are 50% and 68%, respectively. Food intake both delays and decreases the absorption of esomeprazole although this has no significant influence on the effect of esomeprazole on intragastric acidity.
Distribution
The apparent volume of distribution at steady state in healthy subjects is approximately 0.22 l/kg body weight. Esomeprazole is 97% plasma protein bound.
Biotransformation
Esomeprazole is completely metabolised by the cytochrome P450 system (CYP). The major part of the metabolism of esomeprazole is dependent on the polymorphic CYP2C19, responsible for the formation of the hydroxy- and desmethyl metabolites of esomeprazole. The remaining part is dependent on another specific isoform, CYP3A4, responsible for the formation of esomeprazole sulphone, the main metabolite in plasma.
Elimination
The parameters below reflect mainly the pharmacokinetics in individuals with a functional CYP2C19 enzyme, extensive metabolisers.
Total plasma clearance is about 17 l/h after a single dose and about 9 l/h after repeated administration. The plasma elimination half-life is about 1.3 hours after repeated once-daily dosing. Esomeprazole is completely eliminated from plasma between doses with no tendency for accumulation during once-daily administration.
The major metabolites of esomeprazole have no effect on gastric acid secretion. Almost 80% of an oral dose of esomeprazole is excreted as metabolites in the urine, the remainder in the faeces. Less than 1% of the parent drug is found in urine.
Linearity/non linearity
The pharmacokinetics of esomeprazole has been studied in doses up to 40 mg b.i.d. The area under the plasma concentration-time curve increases with repeated administration of esomeprazole. This increase is dose-dependent and results in a more than dose proportional increase in AUC after repeated administration. This time - and dose-dependency is due to a decrease of first pass metabolism and systemic clearance probably caused by an inhibition of the CYP2C19 enzyme by esomeprazole and/or its sulphone metabolite.
Special patient populations
Poor metabolisers
Approximately 2.9±1.5% of the population lack a functional CYP2C19 enzyme and are called poor metabolisers. In these individuals the metabolism of esomeprazole is probably mainly catalysed by CYP3A4. After repeated once-daily administration of 40 mg esomeprazole, the mean area under the plasma concentration-time curve was approximately 100% higher in poor metabolisers than in subjects having a functional CYP2C19 enzyme (extensive metabolisers). Mean peak plasma concentrations were increased by about 60%. These findings have no implications for the posology of esomeprazole.
Gender
Following a single dose of 40 mg esomeprazole the mean area under the plasma concentration-time curve is approximately 30% higher in females than in males. No gender difference is seen after repeated once-daily administration. These findings have no implications for the posology of esomeprazole.
Hepatic impairment
The metabolism of esomeprazole in patients with mild to moderate liver dysfunction may be impaired. The metabolic rate is decreased in patients with severe liver dysfunction resulting in a doubling of the area under the plasma concentration-time curve of esomeprazole. Therefore, a maximum of 20 mg should not be exceeded in patients with severe dysfunction. Esomeprazole or its major metabolites do not show any tendency to accumulate with once-daily dosing.
Renal impairment
No studies have been performed in patients with decreased renal function. Since the kidney is responsible for the excretion of the metabolites of esomeprazole but not for the elimination of the parent compound, the metabolism of esomeprazole is not expected to be changed in patients with impaired renal function.
Elderly
The metabolism of esomeprazole is not significantly changed in elderly subjects (71-80 years of age).
Paediatric population
Adolescents 12-18 years:
Following repeated dose administration of 20 mg and 40 mg esomeprazole in adolescents 12-18 years of age, the total exposure (AUC) and the time to reach maximum plasma drug concentration (tmax) was similar to that in adults.
Children 1 - 11 years:
Following repeated dose administration of 10 mg esomeprazole, the total exposure (AUC) was similar within the age range 1 to 11 years and the exposure was similar to the exposure seen with the 20 mg dose in adolescents and adults. Following repeated dose administration of 20 mg esomeprazole, the total exposure (AUC) was higher in 6 to 11 year-olds compared to the same dose in adolescents and adults.
In the presence of any alarm symptom (e.g. significant unintentional weight loss, recurrent vomiting, dysphagia, haematemesis or melaena) and when gastric ulcer is suspected or present, malignancy should be excluded, as treatment with Emep may alleviate symptoms and delay diagnosis.
Long term use
Patients on long-term treatment (particularly those treated for more than a year) should be kept under regular surveillance. Long-term treatment is indicated in adults and adolescents.
On demand treatment
Patients on on-demand treatment should be instructed to contact their physician if their symptoms change in character. On demand treatment has not been investigated in children and is therefore not recommended in this patient group.
Helicobacter Pylori eradication:
When prescribing esomeprazole for eradication of Helicobacter pylori possible drug interactions for all components in the triple therapy should be considered. Clarithromycin is a potent inhibitor of CYP3A4 and hence contraindications and interactions for clartithromycin should be considered when triple therapy is used in patients concurrently taking other drugs metabolised via CYP3A4, such as cisapride.
Gastrointestinal infections
Treatment with proton pump inhibitors may lead to a slightly increased risk of gastrointestinal infections such as Salmonella and Campylobacter.
Absorption of vitamin B12
Esomeprazole, as all acid-blocking medicines, may reduce the absorption of vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin) due to hypo- or achlorhydria. This should be considered in patients with reduced body stores or risk factors for reduced vitamin B12 absorption on long-term therapy.
Hypomagnesaemia
Severe hypomagnesaemia has been reported in patients treated with proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) like esomeprazole for at least three months, and in most cases for a year. Serious manifestations of hypomagnesaemia such as fatigue, tetany, delirium, convulsions, dizziness and ventricular arrhythmia can occur but they may begin insidiously and be overlooked. In most affected patients, hypomagnesaemia improved after magnesium replacement and discontinuation of the PPI.
For patients expected to be on prolonged treatment or who take PPIs with digoxin or medicinal products that may cause hypomagnesaemia (e.g. diuretics), healthcare professionals should consider measuring magnesium levels before starting PPI treatment and periodically during treatment.
Risk of fractures
Proton pump inhibitors, especially if used in high doses and over long durations (>1 year), may modestly increase the risk of hip, wrist and spine fracture, predominantly in the elderly or in presence of other recognised risk factors. Observational studies suggest that proton pump inhibitors may increase the overall risk of fracture by 10-40%. Some of this increase may be due to other risk factors. Patients at risk of osteoporosis should receive care according to current clinical guidelines and they should have an adequate intake of vitamin D and calcium.
Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus (SCLE)
Proton pump inhibitors are associated with very infrequent cases of SCLE. If lesions occur, especially in sun-exposed areas of the skin, and if accompanied by arthralgia, the patient should seek medical help promptly and the health care professional should consider stopping Emep. SCLE after previous treatment with a proton pump inhibitor may increase the risk of SCLE with other proton pump inhibitors.
Combination with other medicinal products
Co-administration of esomeprazole with atazanavir is not recommended. If the combination of atazanavir with a proton pump inhibitor is judged unavoidable, close clinical monitoring is recommended in combination with an increase in the dose of atazanavir to 400 mg with 100 mg of ritonavir; esomeprazole 20 mg should not be exceeded.
Esomeprazole is a CYP2C19 inhibitor. When starting or ending treatment with esomeprazole, the potential for interactions with medicinal products metabolised through CYP2C19 should be considered. An interaction is observed between clopidogrel and esomeprazole. The clinical relevance of this interaction is uncertain. As a precaution, concomitant use of esomeprazole and clopidogrel should be discouraged.
When prescribing esomeprazole for on demand therapy, the implications for interactions with other pharmaceuticals, due to fluctuating plasma concentrations of esomeprazole should be considered.
Sucrose and glucose
This medicinal product contains sucrose and glucose. Patients with rare hereditary problems of fructose intolerance, glucose-galactose malabsorption or sucrase-isomaltase insufficiency should not take this medicine.
Interference with laboratory tests
Increased Chromogranin A (CgA) level may interfere with investigations for neuroendocrine tumours. To avoid this interference, esomeprazole treatment should be stopped for at least 5 days before CgA measurements. If CgA and gastrin levels have not returned to reference range after initial measurement, measurements should be repeated 14 days after cessation of proton pump inhibitor treatment.
Esomeprazole has minor influence on the ability to drive and use machines. Adverse reactions such as dizziness (uncommon) and blurred vision (rare) has been reported. If affected patients should not drive or use machines.
Posology
Paediatric population
Children 1 - 11 years with a bodyweight of >10 kg
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
| - Treatment of endoscopically proven erosive reflux esophagitis | |
| - Weight >10 - <20 kg: 10 mg once daily for 8 weeks. | |
| - Weight >20 kg: 10 mg or 20 mg once daily for 8 weeks. | |
| - Symptomatic treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) | |
| - 10 mg once daily for up to 8 weeks. | |
Doses over 1 mg/kg/day have not been studied.
Children over 4 years of age
Treatment of duodenal ulcer caused by Helicobacter pylori
When selecting appropriate combination therapy, consideration should be given to official national, regional and local guidance regarding bacterial resistance, duration of treatment (most commonly 7 days but sometimes up to 14 days), and appropriate use of antibacterial agents.
The treatment should be supervised by a specialist.
The posology recommendation is:
| Weight | Posology |
| < 30 kg | Combination with two antibiotics: Emep 10 mg, amoxicillin 25 mg/kg body weight and clarithromycin 7.5 mg/kg body weight are all administered together twice daily for one week. |
| 30 - 40 kg | Combination with two antibiotics: Emep 20 mg, amoxicillin 750 mg and clarithromycin 7.5 mg/kg body weight are all administered together twice daily for one week. |
| > 40 kg | Combination with two antibiotics: Emep 20 mg, amoxicillin 1 g and clarithromycin 500 mg are all administered together twice daily for one week. |
Children below the age of 1 year
The experience of treatment with esomeprazole in infants < 1 year is limited and treatment is therefore not recommended.
Adults and adolescents from the age of 12 years
For posology in patients from the age of 12 years reference is made to the Emep gastro-resistant tablet SmPC.
Special populations
Renal impairment
Dose adjustment is not required in patients with impaired renal function. Due to limited experience in patients with severe renal insufficiency, such patients should be treated with caution.
Hepatic impairment
Dose adjustment is not required in patients with mild to moderate liver impairment. For patients >12 years with severe liver impairment, a maximum dose of 20 mg Emep should not be exceeded. For children 1-11 years with severe liver impairment, a maximum dose of 10 mg should not be exceeded.
Elderly
Dose adjustment is not required in the elderly.
Method of administration
For a 10 mg dose empty the contents of a 10 mg sachet into a glass containing 15 ml water. For a 20 mg dose empty the contents of two 10 mg sachets into a glass containing 30 ml water. Do not use carbonated water. Stir the contents until the granulate has been dispersed and leave for a few minutes to thicken. Stir again and drink within 30 minutes. The granules must not be chewed or crushed. Rinse with 15 ml water to obtain all granules.
No special requirements for disposal.
For patients who have a nasogastric or gastric tube in place
1. For a 10 mg dose, add the contents of a 10 mg sachet into 15 ml of water.
2. For a 20 mg dose add the contents of two 10 mg sachets into 30 ml of water.
3. Stir.
4. Leave for a few minutes to thicken.
5. Stir again.
6. Draw the suspension into a syringe.
7. Inject through the enteric tube, French size 6 or larger, into the stomach within 30 minutes after reconstitution.
8. Refill the syringe with 15 ml water for a 10 mg dose and 30 ml for a 20 mg dose.
9. Shake and flush any remaining contents from the enteric tube into the stomach.
Any unused suspension should be discarded.
