Acute overdosage could lead initially to hypoglycemia and subsequently to hyperglycemia.
Long-TermLong-term overdosage could result in signs and symptoms of acromegaly consistent with the known effects of excess growth hormone.
Zorbtive® is contraindicated in patients with:
The following serious adverse reactions are described below and elsewhere in the labeling:
Because clinical trials are conducted under varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot always be directly compared to the rates in the clinical trials of another drug, and may not reflect the adverse reaction rates observed in practice.
In a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial, 32 patients were exposed to Zorbtive® for 4 weeks. Of the 41 patients enrolled in the trial, 16 patients received Zorbtive® (0.1 mg/kg per day) plus supportive oral diet, 16 patients received subcutaneous Zorbtive® (0.1 mg/kg per day) plus supportive oral diet plus oral glutamine (30 grams per day), and 9 patients received placebo with specialized oral diet and oral glutamine (30 grams per day).
The most common adverse reactions occurring in greater than 20% of patients treated with Zorbtive® alone and at a higher frequency than in the control group include peripheral edema, facial edema, arthralgia, injection site pain, flatulence, and abdominal pain.
Table 2 summarizes adverse reactions that occurred in at least 10% of patients receiving Zorbtive® , alone or in combination with glutamine and at a higher incidence than in the control group.
Table 2: Adverse Reactions* in a Randomized, Placebo Controlled Trial of
Zorbtive® in Adult Patients with Short Bowel Syndrome: 4 Week Treatment
Period
| Adverse Reaction | Treatment Group* | ||
| Zorbtive® alone n=16 n (%) |
Zorbtive® +
Glutamine n=16 n (%) |
Control (Placebo +
Glutamine) n=9 n (%) |
|
| Peripheral edema | 11 (69) | 13 (81) | 1 (11) |
| Facial edema | 8 (50) | 7 (44) | 0 (0) |
| Arthralgia | 7 (44) | 5 (31) | 0 (0) |
| Injection site pain | 5 (31) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| Flatulence | 4 (25) | 4 (25) | 2 (22) |
| Abdominal pain | 4 (25) | 2 (13) | 1 (11) |
| Injection site reaction | 3 (19) | 4 (25) | 1 (11) |
| Vomiting | 3 (19) | 3 (19) | 1 (11) |
| Pain | 3 (19) | 1 (6) | 1 (11) |
| Nausea | 2 (13) | 5 (31) | 0 (0) |
| *occurring at in ≥10% of Zorbtive® -treated patients and at a higher incidence than control |
After 4 weeks of treatment with Zorbtive® patients were discharged for follow-up on a supportive oral diet supplemented either with glutamine or glutamine placebo, and subjects were re-evaluated as outpatients 12 weeks later. No new adverse drug reactions were observed in the follow up period.
Postmarketing ExperienceThe following adverse reactions have been identified during post-approval use of Zorbtive® or other somatropin products. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure.
Zorbtive® :
Other somatropin products:
Zorbtive® is indicated for the treatment of short bowel syndrome in adult patients receiving specialized nutritional support.
The absolute bioavailability of somatropin after subcutaneous administration was 70% to 90%. The mean half-life (t½) after subcutaneous administration is approximately 4 hours compared to 0.6 hours following intravenous administration in male healthy subjects down-regulated with somatostatin, indicating that the subcutaneous absorption of somatropin is a rate-limiting process. No significant accumulation of somatropin appears to occur after 4 weeks of subcutaneous daily dosing as indicated.
DistributionThe steady-state volume of distribution (Mean ± SD) following intravenous administration of Zorbtive® in healthy subjects was 12 ± 1 L.
EliminationSomatropin clearance involves both linear and nonlinear, i.e., concentration-dependent, components. The t½ (Mean ± SD) in nine patients with HIV-associated wasting with an average weight of 57 ± 7 kg, given a 6 mg dose of somatropin subcutaneously was 4 ± 2 hrs.
Metabolism
Although the liver is expected to play a role in the metabolism of somatropin, somatropin is primarily cleaved in the kidney. Somatropin undergoes glomerular filtration and, after cleavage within the renal cells, the peptides and amino acids are returned to the systemic circulation.
Excretion
The renal clearance of somatropin after subcutaneous administration in nine patients with HIVassociated wasting was 0.0015 ± 0.0037 L/h.
There are no available data on Zorbtive® use in pregnant women to inform any drug associated risks. In animal reproduction studies, no fetal harm was reported with subcutaneous administration of somatropin during the period of organogenesis in rats and rabbits at doses of approximately up to 5 and 10 times, respectively, the recommended human dose of 0.1 mg/kg/day. The estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriages for the indicated population are unknown. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriages in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2% to 4% and 15% to 20%, respectively.
DataAnimal Data
Reproduction studies of somatropin have been performed in rats and rabbits. Administration of somatropin to rats and rabbits during the period of organogenesis at subcutaneous doses of approximately up to 5 and 10 times the recommended human dosage of 0.1 mg/kg/day, based on body surface area, respectively, have revealed no evidence of harm to the fetus due to somatropin. In a preand post-natal development study in rats, subcutaneous doses of approximately up to 5 times the recommended human dosage of 0.1 mg/kg/day (based on body surface area) had no adverse effect on pre- and post-natal development.
For injection: 8.8 mg, white lyophilized powder in a single-patient use vial for reconstitution.
Storage And HandlingZorbtive® is packaged as NDC 44087-3388-7:
Before Reconstitution: Vials of Zorbtive® and diluent should be stored at room temperature (15- 30°C/59-86°F). Expiration dates are stated on product labels.
After Reconstitution with Bacteriostatic Water for Injection, USP (0.9% Benzyl Alcohol): The reconstituted solution should be stored under refrigeration (2 to 8°C/36 to 46°F) for no more than 14 days. Avoid freezing reconstituted vials of Zorbtive®.
Manufactured for: EMD Serono, Inc., Rockland, MA 02370. Revised: May 2017.
Included as part of the "PRECAUTIONS" Section
PRECAUTIONS NeoplasmsZorbtive® is contraindicated in patients with active malignancy. Any preexisting malignancy should be inactive and its treatment complete prior to instituting therapy with somatropin. Discontinue somatropin if there is evidence of recurrent activity.
In childhood cancer survivors, an increased risk of a second neoplasm has been reported in patients treated with somatropins after their first neoplasm. Intracranial tumors, in particular meningiomas, in patients treated with radiation to the head for their first neoplasm, were the most common of these second neoplasms. In adult cancer survivors, the risk of occurrence is unknown. Given the limited data available, patients under growth hormone therapy should be carefully monitored for progression or recurrence of the tumor.
The safety and effectiveness of Zorbtive® in the treatment for short bowel syndrome in pediatric patients have not been established and Zorbtive® is not approved for use in pediatric patients.
Monitor patients on somatropin therapy carefully for potential malignant changes of preexisting nevi.
Acute Critical IllnessIncreased mortality in patients with acute critical illness due to complications following open heart surgery, abdominal surgery or multiple accidental trauma, or those with acute respiratory failure has been reported after treatment with pharmacologic amounts of somatropin. Two placebo-controlled clinical trials in non-growth hormone deficient adult patients (n=522) with these conditions in intensive care units revealed a significant increase in mortality (42% vs. 19%) among somatropin-treated patients (doses 5.3 to 8 mg per day) compared to those receiving placebo. Discontinue Zorbtive® if the patient has acute critical illness.
Impaired Glucose Tolerance/Diabetes MellitusThe use of somatropins have been associated with cases of new onset impaired glucose intolerance, new onset type 2 diabetes mellitus and exacerbation of preexisting diabetes mellitus. Some patients developed diabetic ketoacidosis and diabetic coma. In some patients, these conditions improved when the drug was discontinued, while in others the glucose intolerance persisted. Some patients necessitated initiation or adjustment of antidiabetic treatment (e.g., insulin and/or other oral/injectable hypoglycemic agents) while on somatropin. Monitor blood glucose in patients with other risk factors for glucose intolerance during Zorbtive® therapy and adjust antidiabetic treatment, as needed.
Hypersensitivity ReactionsSerious systemic hypersensitivity reactions including anaphylactic reactions and angioedema have been reported with postmarketing use of somatropin products. Inform patients and caregivers that such reactions are possible and to seek prompt medical attention if a hypersensitivity reaction occurs..
LipoatrophyWhen somatropins are administered subcutaneously at the same site over a long period of time, tissue atrophy may result. Avoid tissue atrophy by rotating the injection site.
Fluid Retention And ArthralgiaIncreased fluid retention resulting in tissue turgor (swelling, particularly in the hands and feet) and arthralgia resulting in musculoskeletal discomfort (pain, swelling and/or stiffness) may occur during treatment with Zorbtive® , but may resolve spontaneously or with analgesic therapy or after reducing the dosage.
Carpal Tunnel SyndromeCarpal tunnel syndrome may occur during treatment with somatropin. If the symptoms of carpal tunnel syndrome do not resolve by decreasing the dosage of Zorbtive® , discontinue treatment.
PancreatitisCases of pancreatitis have been reported in pediatric patients and adults receiving somatropin treatment, with some evidence supporting a greater risk in pediatric patients compared with adults. Published literature indicates that females who have Turner syndrome may be at greater risk than other somatropintreated pediatric patients. Pancreatitis should be considered in any somatropin-treated patient, especially a pediatric patient who develops abdominal pain. The safety and effectiveness of Zorbtive® in the treatment for short bowel syndrome in pediatric patients have not been established and Zorbtive® is not approved for use in pediatric patients.
HypoadrenalismPatients receiving somatropin therapy who have or are at risk for pituitary homone deficiency(s) may be at risk for reduced serum cortisol levels and/or unmasking of central (secondary) hypoadrenalism. In addition, patients treated with glucocorticoid replacement for previously diagnosed hypoadrenalism may require an increase in their maintenance or stress doses following initiation of Zorbtive® therapy .
HypothyroidismGrowth hormone can affect the metabolism of thyroid hormones by increasing the extrathyroidal conversion of T4 to T3 and this lowering effect on T4 may unmask incipient central hypothyroidism in hypopituitary patients. Evaluate thyroid function in patients with suspected and/or diagnosed hypopituitarism before starting Zorbtive® therapy and again following 4 weeks of treatment. If hypothyroidism is diagnosed following a course of Zorbtive® therapy, it should be corrected.
Intracranial HypertensionNo cases of intracranial hypertension (IH) have been observed among patients with short bowel syndrome treated with Zorbtive®. The syndrome of intracranial hypertension (IH), with papilledema, visual changes, headache, and nausea and/or vomiting has been reported in a small number of pediatric patients with growth failure treated with somatropins. Symptoms usually occurred within the first 8 weeks after the initiation of somatropin therapy. IH-associated signs and symptoms usually resolved after cessation of therapy or a reduction of the somatropin dosage. The safety and effectiveness of Zorbtive® in the treatment for short bowel syndrome in pediatric patients have not been established and Zorbtive® is not approved for use in pediatric patients.
Funduscopic evaluation of patients is recommended at the initiation of Zorbtive® therapy and if patients present with symptoms of IH. If papilledema is observed by funduscopy during Zorbtive® treatment, discontinue treatment.
Risk Of Serious Adverse Reactions In Infants Due To Benzyl Alcohol PreservativeZorbtive® is not approved for use in neonates or infants. Serious and fatal adverse reactions including "gasping syndrome" can occur in neonates and low birth weight infants treated with benzyl alcoholpreserved drugs, including Zorbtive® when reconstituted with Bacteriostatic Water for Injection, USP. The "gasping syndrome" is characterized by central nervous system depression, metabolic acidosis, and gasping respirations. The minimum amount of benzyl alcohol at which serious adverse reactions may occur is not known (when reconstituted with Bacteriostatic Water for Injection, USP, Zorbtive® contains 9 mg of benzyl alcohol per mL).
Patient Counseling InformationAdvise the patient to read the FDA-approved patient labeling (PATIENT INFORMATION and Instructions for Use)
Glucose Intolerance/Diabetes MellitusInform patients that new onset impaired glucose intolerance/diabetes mellitus or exacerbation of preexisting diabetes mellitus can occur and monitoring of blood glucose during treatment with Zorbtive® may be needed.
Hypersensitivity ReactionsInform patients that local or systemic reactions are possible. Instruct patients to contact their healthcare provider should they experience any side effects or discomfort during treatment with Zorbtive®.
AdministrationAdminister Zorbtive® using sterile, disposable syringes and needles. Instruct patient in the importance of proper disposal and cautioned against any reuse of needles and syringes. An appropriate container for the disposal of used syringes and needles should be employed.
Instruct patients to rotate injection sites to avoid localized tissue atrophy.
Refer patients to the Instructions for Use on how to prepare and administer an injection of Zorbtive®.
Fluid Retention/Carpel Tunnel SyndromeInform patients that increased tissue turgor (swelling, particularly in the hands and feet) and musculoskeletal discomfort (pain, swelling and/or stiffness) may occur during treatment with Zorbtive® and to report to their healthcare provider any signs or symptoms that occur during treatment with Zorbtive®.
PancreatitisInform patients that pancreatitis may develop and to report to their healthcare provider any new onset abdominal pain.
HypoadrenalismInform patients who have or who are at risk for pituitary hormone deficiency(s) that hypoadrenalism may develop and to report to their healthcare provider if they experience hyperpigmentation, extreme fatigue, dizziness, weakness, or weight loss.
HypothyroidismInform patients that hypothyroidism may develop and that their thyroid function may be monitored before starting Zorbtive® and again following 4 weeks of treatment.
Intracranial HypertensionInstruct patients to report to their healthcare provider any visual changes, headache, and nausea and/or vomiting.
Nonclinical Toxicology Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment Of FertilityLong-term animal studies have not been performed to assess the carcinogenic potential of Zorbtive®. Somatropin was not genotoxic in in vitro and in vivo genotoxicity studies.
Subcutaneous administration of somatropin to male and female rats at doses up to approximately 5 times the human dosage of 0.1 mg/kg/day (based on body surface area) revealed no evidence of impairment of fertility or early embryonic development.
Use In Specific Populations Pregnancy Risk SummaryThere are no available data on Zorbtive® use in pregnant women to inform any drug associated risks. In animal reproduction studies, no fetal harm was reported with subcutaneous administration of somatropin during the period of organogenesis in rats and rabbits at doses of approximately up to 5 and 10 times, respectively, the recommended human dose of 0.1 mg/kg/day. The estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriages for the indicated population are unknown. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriages in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2% to 4% and 15% to 20%, respectively.
DataAnimal Data
Reproduction studies of somatropin have been performed in rats and rabbits. Administration of somatropin to rats and rabbits during the period of organogenesis at subcutaneous doses of approximately up to 5 and 10 times the recommended human dosage of 0.1 mg/kg/day, based on body surface area, respectively, have revealed no evidence of harm to the fetus due to somatropin. In a preand post-natal development study in rats, subcutaneous doses of approximately up to 5 times the recommended human dosage of 0.1 mg/kg/day (based on body surface area) had no adverse effect on pre- and post-natal development.
Lactation Risk SummaryThere are no data on the presence of somatropin in human milk. Limited published literature reports no adverse effects on breastfed infants with maternal administration of somatropin. No decrease in milk production or change in milk content during treatment with somatropin has been reported. The developmental and health benefits of breastfeeding should be considered along with the mother’s clinical need for Zorbtive® and any potential adverse effects on the breastfed infant from Zorbtive® or from the underlying maternal condition.
Pediatric UseThe safety and effectiveness of Zorbtive® in the treatment for short bowel syndrome in pediatric patients have not been established.
Zorbtive® is contraindicated in patients with active malignancy. In pediatric cancer survivors, an increased risk of a second neoplasm has been reported in patients treated with somatropins after their first neoplasm. Intracranial tumors, in particular meningiomas, in patients treated with radiation to the head for their first neoplasm, were the most common of these second neoplasms.
Cases of pancreatitis have been reported in patients receiving somatropin treatment, with some evidence supporting a greater risk in pediatric patients compared with adults, particularly females with Turner syndrome.
The syndrome of intracranial hypertension (IH), with papilledema, visual changes, headache, and nausea and/or vomiting has been reported in a small number of pediatric patients with growth failure treated with somatropins.
Zorbtive® is not approved for use in neonates or infants. Serious adverse reactions including fatal reactions and the "gasping syndrome" occurred in premature neonates and low birth weight infants in the neonatal intensive care unit who received benzyl alcohol as a preservative. In these cases, benzyl alcohol dosages of 99 to 234 mg/kg/day produced high levels of benzyl alcohol and its metabolites in the blood and urine (blood levels of benzyl alcohol were 0.61 to 1.378 mmol/L). Additional adverse reactions included gradual neurological deterioration, seizures, intracranial hemorrhage, hematologic abnormalities, skin breakdown, hepatic and renal failure, hypotension, bradycardia, and cardiovascular collapse. Preterm, low-birth weight infants may be more likely to develop these reactions because they may be less able to metabolize benzyl alcohol. The minimum amount of benzyl alcohol at which serious adverse reactions may occur is not known (when reconstituted with Bacteriostatic Water for Injection, USP, Zorbtive® contains 9 mg of benzyl alcohol per mL).
Zorbtive® is a recombinant human growth hormone and therefore may increase growth and cause growth-related problems (e.g. slipped capital femoral epiphysis) in the patients receiving it, particularly pediatric patients whose epiphyses are not yet closed.
Geriatric UseClinical studies with Zorbtive® did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. Elderly patients may be more sensitive to growth hormone action, and may be more prone to develop adverse reactions. Thus, dose selection for an elderly patient should be cautious, usually starting at a lower dose.
The recommended dosage of Zorbtive® in adults is 0.1 mg/kg subcutaneously once daily to a maximum daily dose of 8 mg for 4 weeks.
Dosage Titration For Fluid Retention And Arthralgia/Carpal Tunnel SyndromeZorbtive® is provided in a package that contains all items required to reconstitute and inject the drug . Prepare Zorbtive® using the following steps.
Table 1: Reconstitution of Injection
| Adult Patient Weight (kg) | Volume of diluent to be added for the reconstitution (mL) | Concentration of
reconstituted solution (mg/mL) |
| More than 44 kg | 1 mL | 8.8 mg/mL |
| Less than or equal to 44 kg | 2 mL | 4.4 mg/mL |
Once reconstituted with Bacteriostatic Water for Injection, USP (containing Benzyl Alcohol), Zorbtive® should be stored under refrigeration (2 to 8°C/36 to 46°F) and for no more than 14 days. Do not freeze. If Zorbtive® is reconstituted with Sterile Water for Injection, USP, the reconstituted solution should be used immediately and any unused solution should be discarded.
The following serious adverse reactions are described below and elsewhere in the labeling:
Because clinical trials are conducted under varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot always be directly compared to the rates in the clinical trials of another drug, and may not reflect the adverse reaction rates observed in practice.
In a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial, 32 patients were exposed to Zorbtive® for 4 weeks. Of the 41 patients enrolled in the trial, 16 patients received Zorbtive® (0.1 mg/kg per day) plus supportive oral diet, 16 patients received subcutaneous Zorbtive® (0.1 mg/kg per day) plus supportive oral diet plus oral glutamine (30 grams per day), and 9 patients received placebo with specialized oral diet and oral glutamine (30 grams per day).
The most common adverse reactions occurring in greater than 20% of patients treated with Zorbtive® alone and at a higher frequency than in the control group include peripheral edema, facial edema, arthralgia, injection site pain, flatulence, and abdominal pain.
Table 2 summarizes adverse reactions that occurred in at least 10% of patients receiving Zorbtive® , alone or in combination with glutamine and at a higher incidence than in the control group.
Table 2: Adverse Reactions* in a Randomized, Placebo Controlled Trial of
Zorbtive® in Adult Patients with Short Bowel Syndrome: 4 Week Treatment
Period
| Adverse Reaction | Treatment Group* | ||
| Zorbtive® alone n=16 n (%) |
Zorbtive® +
Glutamine n=16 n (%) |
Control (Placebo +
Glutamine) n=9 n (%) |
|
| Peripheral edema | 11 (69) | 13 (81) | 1 (11) |
| Facial edema | 8 (50) | 7 (44) | 0 (0) |
| Arthralgia | 7 (44) | 5 (31) | 0 (0) |
| Injection site pain | 5 (31) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| Flatulence | 4 (25) | 4 (25) | 2 (22) |
| Abdominal pain | 4 (25) | 2 (13) | 1 (11) |
| Injection site reaction | 3 (19) | 4 (25) | 1 (11) |
| Vomiting | 3 (19) | 3 (19) | 1 (11) |
| Pain | 3 (19) | 1 (6) | 1 (11) |
| Nausea | 2 (13) | 5 (31) | 0 (0) |
| *occurring at in ≥10% of Zorbtive® -treated patients and at a higher incidence than control |
After 4 weeks of treatment with Zorbtive® patients were discharged for follow-up on a supportive oral diet supplemented either with glutamine or glutamine placebo, and subjects were re-evaluated as outpatients 12 weeks later. No new adverse drug reactions were observed in the follow up period.
Postmarketing ExperienceThe following adverse reactions have been identified during post-approval use of Zorbtive® or other somatropin products. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure.
Zorbtive® :
Other somatropin products:
The microsomal enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11βHSD-1) is required for conversion of cortisone to its active metabolite, cortisol, in hepatic and adipose tissue. Somatropin inhibits 11βHSD-1 which can lead to reduced serum cortisol concentrations. As a consequence, in patients treated with Zorbtive® , previously undiagnosed secondary (central) hypoadrenalism may be unmasked and glucocorticoid replacement may be required in patients treated with Zorbtive®. In addition, patients treated with glucocorticoid replacement therapy for previously diagnosed hypoadrenalism may require an increase in their maintenance or stress doses following the initiation of Zorbtive® therapy. However, formal drug interaction studies have not been conducted.
Cytochrome P450-Metabolized DrugsLimited published data indicate that somatropin treatment increases cytochrome P450 (CYP450)- mediated antipyrine clearance in humans, which involves multiple isozymes including CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C18, and CYP3A4. These data suggest that somatropin administration may alter the clearance of compounds metabolized by CYP450 liver enzymes (e.g., corticosteroids, sex steroids, anticonvulsants, cyclosporine). When somatropin is administered in combination with these drugs, monitor clinical response to the CYP-metabolized drug, as dosage adjustments may be required. However, formal drug interaction studies have not been conducted.
Oral EstrogenBecause oral estrogens may reduce the serum IGF-1 response to somatropin treatment, females receiving oral estrogen replacement may have reduced efficacy from Zorbtive®. However, formal drug interaction studies have not been conducted. Monitor patients taking oral estrogens for lack of efficacy of Zorbtive®.
Insulin And/Or Other Oral/Injectable Hypoglycemic AgentsPatients with diabetes mellitus who receive concomitant antidiabetic treatment with Zorbtive® may require adjustment of their doses of insulin and/or other hypoglycemic agents. However, formal drug interaction studies have not been conducted.
