The maximum dose of Vivanza for which human data are available is a single 120 mg dose administered to healthy male volunteers. The majority of these subjects experienced reversible back pain/myalgia and/or “abnormal vision.” Single doses up to 80 mg vardenafil and multiple doses up to 40 mg vardenafil administered once daily over 4 weeks were tolerated without producing serious adverse side effects.
When 40 mg of vardenafil was administered twice daily, cases of severe back pain were observed. No muscle or neurological toxicity was identified.
In cases of overdose, standard supportive measures should be taken as required. Renal dialysis is not expected to accelerate clearance as vardenafil is highly bound to plasma proteins and not significantly eliminated in the urine.
Administration of Vivanza with nitrates (either regularly and/or intermittently) and nitric oxide donors is contraindicated. Consistent with the effects of PDE5 inhibition on the nitric oxide/cyclic guanosine monophosphate pathway, PDE5 inhibitors, including Vivanza, may potentiate the hypotensive effects of nitrates. A suitable time interval following dosing of Vivanza for the safe administration of nitrates or nitric oxide donors has not been determined.
Guanylate Cyclase (GC) StimulatorsDo not use Vivanza in patients who are using a GC stimulator, such as riociguat. PDE5 inhibitors, including Vivanza may potentiate the hypotensive effects of GC stimulators.
The following serious adverse reactions with the use of Vivanza (vardenafil) are discussed elsewhere in the labeling:
Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice.
Vivanza was administered to over 4430 men (mean age 56, range 18-89 years; 81% White, 6% Black, 2% Asian, 2% Hispanic and 9% Other) during controlled and uncontrolled clinical trials worldwide. Over 2200 patients were treated for 6 months or longer and 880 patients were treated for at least 1 year.
In placebo-controlled clinical trials, the discontinuation rate due to adverse events was 3.4% for Vivanza compared to 1.1% for placebo.
When Vivanza was taken as recommended in placebo-controlled clinical trials, the following adverse reactions were reported (see Table 1).
Table 1: Adverse Reactions Reported By ≥2% of Patients Treated with Vivanza and More Frequent on Drug than Placebo in Fixed and Flexiblea Dose Randomized, Controlled Trials of 5 mg, 10 mg, or 20 mg Vardenafil
| Adverse Reaction | Percentage of Patients Reporting Reactions | |
| Placebo N = 1199 | Vivanza N = 2203 | |
| Headache | 4% | 15% |
| Flushing | 1% | 11% |
| Rhinitis | 3% | 9% |
| Dyspepsia | 1% | 4% |
| Accidental Injuryb | 2% | 3% |
| Sinusitis | 1% | 3% |
| Flu Syndrome | 2% | 3% |
| Dizziness | 1% | 2% |
| Increased Creatine Kinase | 1% | 2% |
| Nausea | 1% | 2% |
| a) Flexible dose studies started all patients at Vivanza 10 mg and allowed decrease in dose to 5 mg or increase in dose to 20 mg based on side effects and efficacy. b) All the events listed in the above table were deemed to be adverse drug reactions with the exception of accidental injury. |
Back pain was reported in 2.0% of patients treated with Vivanza and 1.7% of patients on placebo
Placebo-controlled trials suggested a dose effect in the incidence of some adverse reactions (headache, flushing, dyspepsia, nausea, and rhinitis) over the 5 mg, 10 mg, and 20 mg doses of Vivanza.
All Vardenafil StudiesVivanza film-coated tablets and vardenafil orally disintegrating tablets have been administered to over 17,000 men (mean age 54.5, range 18.89 years; 70% White, 5% Black, 13% Asian, 4% Hispanic and 8% Other) during controlled and uncontrolled clinical trials worldwide. The number of patients treated for 6 months or longer was 3357, and 1350 patients were treated for at least 1 year.
In the placebo-controlled clinical trials for Vivanza film-coated tablets and vardenafil orally disintegrating tablets, the discontinuation rate due to adverse events was 1.9% for vardenafil compared to 0.8% for placebo.
The following section identifies additional, less frequent adverse reactions (<2%) reported during the clinical development of Vivanza film-coated tablets and vardenafil orally disintegrating tablets. Excluded from this list are those adverse reactions that are infrequent and minor, those events that may be commonly observed in the absence of drug therapy, and those events that are not reasonably associated with the drug:
Body as a whole: allergic edema and angioedema, feeling unwell, allergic reactions, chest pain
Auditory: tinnitus, vertigo
Cardiovascular: palpitation, tachycardia, angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, ventricular tachyarrhythmias, hypotension
Digestive: nausea, gastrointestinal and abdominal pain, dry mouth, diarrhea, gastroesophageal reflux disease, gastritis, vomiting, increase in transaminases
Musculoskeletal: increase in creatine phosphokinase (CPK), increased muscle tone and cramping, myalgia
Nervous: paresthesia and dysesthesia, somnolence, sleep disorder, syncope, amnesia, seizure
Respiratory: dyspnea, sinus congestion
Skin and appendages: erythema, rash
Ophthalmologic: visual disturbance, ocular hyperemia, visual color distortions, eye pain and eye discomfort, photophobia, increase in intraocular pressure, conjunctivitis
Urogenital: increase in erection, priapism
Postmarketing ExperienceThe following adverse reactions have been identified during post approval use of Vivanza. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure.
OphthalmologicNon-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION), a cause of decreased vision including permanent loss of vision, has been reported rarely postmarketing in temporal association with the use of PDE5 inhibitors, including vardenafil. Most, but not all, of these patients had underlying anatomic or vascular risk factors for development of NAION, including but not necessarily limited to: low cup to disc ratio (“crowded disc”), age over 50, diabetes, hypertension, coronary artery disease, hyperlipidemia and smoking.
Visual disturbances including vision loss (temporary or permanent), such as visual field defect, retinal vein occlusion, and reduced visual acuity, have also been reported rarely in postmarketing experience. It is not possible to determine whether these events are related directly to the use of vardenafil.
NeurologicSeizure, seizure recurrence and transient global amnesia have been reported postmarketing in temporal association with vardenafil.
OtologicCases of sudden decrease or loss of hearing have been reported postmarketing in temporal association with the use of PDE5 inhibitors, including vardenafil. In some cases, medical conditions and other factors were reported that may have also played a role in the otologic adverse events. In many cases, medical follow-up information was limited. It is not possible to determine whether these reported events are related directly to the use of vardenafil, to the patient’s underlying risk factors for hearing loss, a combination of these factors, or to other factors.
Vivanza® is indicated for the treatment of erectile dysfunction.
In a clinical pharmacology study of patients with erectile dysfunction, single doses of vardenafil 20 mg caused a mean maximum decrease in supine blood pressure of 7 mmHg systolic and 8 mmHg diastolic (compared to placebo), accompanied by a mean maximum increase of heart rate of 4 beats per minute. The maximum decrease in blood pressure occurred between 1 and 4 hours after dosing. Following multiple dosing for 31 days, similar blood pressure responses were observed on Day 31 as on Day 1. Vardenafil may add to the blood pressure lowering effects of antihypertensive agents.
Effects On Blood Pressure And Heart Rate When Vivanza Is Combined With NitratesA study was conducted in which the blood pressure and heart rate response to 0.4 mg nitroglycerin (NTG) sublingually was evaluated in 18 healthy subjects following pretreatment with Vivanza 20 mg at various times before NTG administration. Vivanza 20 mg caused an additional time-related reduction in blood pressure and increase in heart rate in association with NTG administration. The blood pressure effects were observed when Vivanza 20 mg was dosed 1 or 4 hours before NTG and the heart rate effects were observed when 20 mg was dosed 1, 4, or 8 hours before NTG. Additional blood pressure and heart rate changes were not detected when Vivanza 20 mg was dosed 24 hours before NTG. (See Figure 1.)
Figure 1: Placebo-subtracted point estimates (with 90% CI) of mean maximal blood pressure and heart rate effects of pre-dosing with vardenafil 20 mg at 24, 8, 4, and 1 hour before 0.4 mg NTG sublingually
Because the disease state of patients requiring nitrate therapy is anticipated to increase the likelihood of hypotension, the use of vardenafil by patients on nitrate therapy or on nitric oxide donors is contraindicated.
Blood Pressure Effects In Patients On Stable Alpha-Blocker TreatmentThree clinical pharmacology studies were conducted in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) on stable-dose alpha-blocker treatment, consisting of alfuzosin, tamsulosin or terazosin.
Study 1
This study was designed to evaluate the effect of 5 mg vardenafil compared to placebo when administered to BPH patients on chronic alpha-blocker therapy in two separate cohorts: tamsulosin 0.4 mg daily (cohort 1, n=21) and terazosin 5 or 10 mg daily (cohort 2, n=21). The design was a randomized, double blind, cross-over study with four treatments: vardenafil 5 mg or placebo administered simultaneously with the alpha-blocker and vardenafil 5 mg or placebo administered 6 hours after the alpha-blocker. Blood pressure and pulse were evaluated over the 6-hour interval after vardenafil dosing. For blood pressure (BP) results see Table 2. One patient after simultaneous treatment with 5 mg vardenafil and 10 mg terazosin exhibited symptomatic hypotension with standing blood pressure of 80/60 mmHg occurring one hour after administration and subsequent mild dizziness and moderate lightheadedness lasting for 6 hours. For vardenafil and placebo, five and two patients, respectively, experienced a decrease in standing systolic blood pressure (SBP) of >30 mmHg following simultaneous administration of terazosin. Hypotension was not observed when vardenafil 5 mg and terazosin were administered 6 hours apart. Following simultaneous administration of vardenafil 5 mg and tamsulosin, two patients had a standing SBP of <85 mmHg. A decrease in standing SBP of >30 mmHg was observed in two patients on tamsulosin receiving simultaneous vardenafil and in one patient receiving simultaneous placebo treatment. When tamsulosin and vardenafil 5 mg were separated by 6 hours, two patients had a standing SBP <85 mmHg and one patient had a decrease in SBP of >30 mmHg. There were no severe adverse events related to hypotension reported during the study. There were no cases of syncope.
Table 2: Mean (95% C.I.) maximal change from baseline in systolic blood pressure (mmHg) following vardenafil 5 mg in BPH patients on stable alpha-blocker therapy (Study 1)
| Alpha-Blocker | Simultaneous dosing of Vardenafil 5 mg and Alpha-Blocker, Placebo-Subtracted | Dosing of Vardenafil 5 mg and Alpha-Blocker Separated by 6 Hours, Placebo-Subtracted | |
| Terazosin | Standing SBP | -3 (-6.7, 0.1) | -4 (-7.4, -0.5) |
| 5 or 10 mg daily | Supine SBP | -4 (-6.7, -0.5) | -4 (-7.1, -0.7) |
| Tamsulosin | Standing SBP | -6 (-9.9, -2.1) | -4 (-8.3, -0.5) |
| 0.4 mg daily | Supine SBP | -4 (-7, -0.8) | -5 (-7.9, -1.7) |
Blood pressure effects (standing SBP) in normotensive men on stable dose of tamsulosin 0.4 mg following simultaneous administration of vardenafil 5 mg or placebo, or following administration of vardenafil 5 mg or placebo separated by 6 hours are shown in Figure 2. Blood pressure effects (standing SBP) in normotensive men on stable dose terazosin (5 or 10 mg) following simultaneous administration of vardenafil 5 mg or placebo, or following administration of vardenafil 5 mg or placebo separated by 6 hours, are shown in Figure 3.
Figure 2: Mean change from baseline in standing systolic blood pressure (mmHg) over 6 hour interval following simultaneous or 6 hr separation administration of vardenafil 5 mg or placebo with stable dose tamsulosin 0.4 mg in normotensive BPH patients (Study 1)
Figure 3: Mean change from baseline in standing systolic blood pressure (mmHg) over 6 hour interval following simultaneous or 6 hr separation administration of vardenafil 5 mg or placebo with stable dose terazosin (5 or 10 mg) in normotensive BPH patients (Study 1)
Study 2
This study was designed to evaluate the effect of 10 mg vardenafil (stage 1) and 20 mg vardenafil (stage 2) compared to placebo, when administered to a single cohort of BPH patients (n=23) on stable therapy with tamsulosin 0.4 mg or 0.8 mg daily for at least four weeks. The design was a randomized, double blind, two-period cross-over study. Vardenafil or placebo was given simultaneously with tamsulosin. Blood pressure and pulse were evaluated over the 6hour interval after vardenafil dosing. For BP results see Table 3. One patient experienced a decrease from baseline in standing SBP of >30 mmHg following vardenafil 10 mg. There were no other instances of outlier blood pressure values (standing SBP <85 mmHg or decrease from baseline in standing SBP of >30 mmHg). Three patients reported dizziness following vardenafil 20 mg. There were no cases of syncope.
Table 3: Mean (95% C.I.) maximal change from baseline in systolic blood pressure (mmHg) following vardenafil 10 and 20 mg in BPH patients on stable alpha-blocker therapy with tamsulosin 0.4 or 0.8 mg daily (Study 2)
| Vardenafil 10 mg Placebo-subtracted | Vardenafil 20 mg Placebo-subtracted | |
| Standing SBP | -4 (-6.8, -0.3) | -4 (-6.8, -1.4) |
| Supine SBP | -5 (-8.2, -0.8) | -4 (-6.3, -1.8) |
Blood pressure effects (standing SBP) in normotensive men on stable dose of tamsulosin 0.4 mg following simultaneous administration of vardenafil 10 mg, vardenafil 20 mg or placebo are shown in Figure 4.
Figure 4: Mean change from baseline in standing systolic blood pressure (mmHg) over 6 hour interval following simultaneous administration of vardenafil 10 mg (Stage 1), vardenafil 20 mg (Stage 2), or placebo with stable dose tamsulosin 0.4 mg in normotensive BPH patients (Study 2)
Study 3
This study was designed to evaluate the effect of single doses of 5 mg vardenafil (stage 1) and 10 mg vardenafil (stage 2) compared to placebo, when administered to a single cohort of BPH patients (n=24) on stable therapy with alfuzosin 10 mg daily for at least four weeks. The design was a randomized, double blind, 3period cross-over study. Vardenafil or placebo was administered 4 hours after the administration of alfuzosin. Blood pressure and pulse were evaluated over a 10-hour interval after dosing of vardenafil or placebo. For BP results see Table 4.
Table 4: Mean (95% C.I.) maximal change from baseline in systolic blood pressure (mmHg) following vardenafil 5 and 10 mg in BPH patients on stable alpha-blocker therapy with alfuzosin 10 mg daily (Study 3)
| Vardenafil 5 mg Placebo-subtracted | Vardenafil 10 mg Placebo-subtracted | |
| Standing SBP | -2 (-5.8, 1.2) | -5 (-8.8, -1.6) |
| Supine SBP | -1 (-4.1, 2.1) | -6 (-9.4, -2.8) |
One patient experienced decreases from baseline in standing systolic blood pressure >30 mm Hg after administration of vardenafil 5 mg film-coated tablet and vardenafil 10 mg film-coated tablet. No instances of standing systolic blood pressure <85 mm Hg were observed during this study. Four patients, one dosed with placebo, two dosed with vardenafil 5 mg film-coated tablets and one dosed with vardenafil 10 mg film-coated tablets, reported dizziness. Blood pressure effects (standing SBP) in normotensive men on a stable dose of alfuzosin 10 mg following administration of vardenafil 5 mg, vardenafil 10 mg, or placebo separated by 4 hours, are shown in Figure 5.
Figure 5: Mean change from baseline in standing systolic blood pressure (mmHg) over 6 hour interval following 4 hr separation administration of vardenafil 5 mg (stage 1), vardenafil 10 mg (stage 2) or placebo with stable dose
Two randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled clinical pharmacology studies with healthy normotensive volunteers (age range, 45-74 years) were performed after forced titration of the alpha-blocker terazosin to 10 mg daily over 14 days (n=29), and after initiation of tamsulosin 0.4 mg daily for five days (n=24). There were no severe adverse events related to hypotension in either study. Symptoms of hypotension were a cause for withdrawal in 2 subjects receiving terazosin and in 4 subjects receiving tamsulosin. Instances of outlier blood pressure values (defined as standing SBP <85 mmHg and/or a decrease from baseline of standing SBP >30 mmHg) were observed in 9/24 subjects receiving tamsulosin and 19/29 receiving terazosin. The incidence of subjects with standing SBP <85 mmHg given vardenafil and terazosin to achieve simultaneous Tmax led to early termination of that arm of the study. In most (7/8) of these subjects, instances of standing SBP <85 mmHg were not associated with symptoms. Among subjects treated with terazosin, outlier values were observed more frequently when vardenafil and terazosin were given to achieve simultaneous Tmax than when dosing was administered to separate Tmax by 6 hours. There were 3 cases of dizziness observed with concomitant administration of terazosin and vardenafil. Seven subjects experienced dizziness mainly occurring with simultaneous Tmax administration of tamsulosin. There were no cases of syncope.
Table 5: Mean (95% C.I.) maximal change in baseline in systolic blood pressure (mmHg) following vardenafil 10 and 20 mg in healthy volunteers on daily alpha-blocker therapy
| Alpha-Blocker | Dosing of Vardenafil and Alpha-Blocker Separated by 6 Hours | Simultaneous dosing of Vardenafil and Alpha-Blocker | |||
| Vardenafil 10 mg Placebo-Subtracted | Vardenafil 20 mg Placebo-Subtracted | Vardenafil 10 mg Placebo-Subtracted | Vardenafil 20 mg Placebo-Subtracted | ||
| Terazosin 10 mg daily | Standing SBP | -7 (-10, -3) | -11 (-14, -7) | -23 (-31, 16)a | -14 (-33, 11)a |
| Supine SBP | -5 (-8, -2) | -7 (-11, -4) | -7 (-25, 19)a | -7 (-31, 22)a | |
| Tamsulosin 0.4 mg daily | Standing SBP | -4 (-8, -1) | -8 (-11, -4) | -8 (-14, -2) | -8 (-14, -1) |
| Supine SBP | -4 (-8, 0) | -7 (-11, -3) | -5 (-9, -2) | -3 (-7, 0) | |
| a) Due to the sample size, confidence intervals may not be an accurate measure for these data. These values represent the range for the difference. |
Figure 6: Mean change from baseline in standing systolic blood pressure (mmHg) over 6 hour interval following simultaneous or 6 hr separation administration of vardenafil 10 mg, vardenafil 20 mg or placebo with terazosin (10 mg) in healthy volunteers
Figure 7: Mean change from baseline in standing systolic blood pressure (mmHg) over 6 hour interval following simultaneous or 6 hr separation administration of vardenafil 10 mg, vardenafil 20 mg or placebo with tamsulosin
The effect of 10 mg and 80 mg vardenafil on QT interval was evaluated in a single-dose, double-blind, randomized, placebo-and active-controlled (moxifloxacin 400 mg) crossover study in 59 healthy males (81% White, 12% Black, 7% Hispanic) aged 45-60 years. The QT interval was measured at one hour post dose because this time point approximates the average time of peak vardenafil concentration. The 80 mg dose of Vivanza (four times the highest recommended dose) was chosen because this dose yields plasma concentrations covering those observed upon co-administration of a low-dose of Vivanza (5 mg) and 600 mg BID of ritonavir. Of the CYP3A4 inhibitors that have been studied, ritonavir causes the most significant drug-drug interaction with vardenafil. Table 6 summarizes the effect on mean uncorrected QT and mean corrected QT interval (QTc) with different methods of correction (Fridericia and a linear individual correction method) at one hour post-dose. No single correction method is known to be more valid than the other. In this study, the mean increase in heart rate associated with a 10 mg dose of Vivanza compared to placebo was 5 beats/minute and with an 80 mg dose of Vivanza the mean increase was 6 beats/minute.
Table 6. Mean QT and QTc changes in msec (90% CI) from baseline relative to placebo at 1 hour post-dose with different methodologies to correct for the effect of heart rate.
| Drug/Dose | QT Uncorrected (msec) | Fridericia QT Correction (msec) | Individual QT Correction (msec) |
| Vardenafil 10 mg | -2 (-4, 0) | 8 (6, 9) | 4 (3, 6) |
| Vardenafil 80 mg | -2 (-4, 0) | 10 (8, 11) | 6 (4, 7) |
| Moxifloxacina 400 mg | 3 (1, 5) | 8 (6, 9) | 7 (5, 8) |
| a) Active control (drug known to prolong QT) |
Therapeutic and supratherapeutic doses of vardenafil and the active control moxifloxacin produced similar increases in QTc interval. This study, however, was not designed to make direct statistical comparisons between the drug or the dose levels. The clinical impact of these QTc changes is unknown.
In a separate postmarketing study of 44 healthy volunteers, single doses of 10 mg Vivanza resulted in a placebo- subtracted mean change from baseline of QTcF (Fridericia correction) of 5 msec (90% CI: 2,8). Single doses of gatifloxacin 400mg resulted in a placebo-subtracted mean change from baseline QTcF of 4 msec (90% CI: 1,7). When Vivanza 10mg and gatifloxacin 400 mg were co-administered, the mean QTcF change from baseline was additive when compared to either drug alone and produced a mean QTcF change of 9 msec from baseline (90% CI: 6,11). The clinical impact of these QT changes is unknown.
Effects On Exercise Treadmill Test In Patients With Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)In two independent trials that assessed 10 mg (n=41) and 20 mg (n=39) vardenafil, respectively, vardenafil did not alter the total treadmill exercise time compared to placebo. The patient population included men aged 40-80 years with stable exercise-induced angina documented by at least one of the following: 1) prior history of myocardial infarction (MI), coronary artery bypass graft (CABG), percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA), or stenting (not within 6 months); 2) positive coronary angiogram showing at least 60% narrowing of the diameter of at least one major coronary artery; or 3) a positive stress echocardiogram or stress nuclear perfusion study.
Results of these studies showed that Vivanza did not alter the total treadmill exercise time compared to placebo (10 mg Vivanza vs. placebo: 433±109 and 426±105 seconds, respectively; 20 mg Vivanza vs. placebo: 414±114 and 411±124 seconds, respectively). The total time to angina was not altered by Vivanza when compared to placebo (10 mg Vivanza vs. placebo: 291±123 and 292±110 seconds; 20 mg Vivanza vs. placebo: 354±137 and 347±143 seconds, respectively). The total time to 1 mm or greater ST-segment depression was similar to placebo in both the 10 mg and the 20 mg Vivanza groups (10 mg Vivanza vs. placebo: 380±108 and 334±108 seconds; 20 mg Vivanza vs. placebo: 364±101 and 366±105 seconds, respectively).
Effects On EyeSingle oral doses of phosphodiesterase inhibitors have demonstrated transient dose-related impairment of color discrimination (blue/green) using the Farnsworth-Munsell 100-hue test and reductions in electroretinogram (ERG) b-wave amplitudes, with peak effects near the time of peak plasma levels. These findings are consistent with the inhibition of PDE6 in rods and cones, which is involved in phototransduction in the retina. The findings were most evident one hour after administration, diminishing but still present 6 hours after administration. In a single dose study in 25 normal males, Vivanza 40 mg, twice the maximum daily recommended dose, did not alter visual acuity, intraocular pressure, fundoscopic and slit lamp findings.
In another double-blind, placebo controlled clinical trial, at least 15 doses of 20 mg vardenafil were administered over 8 weeks versus placebo to 52 males. Thirty-two (32) males (62%) of the patients completed the trial. Retinal function was measured by ERG and FM-100 test 2, 6 and 24 hours after dosing. The trial was designed to detect changes in retinal function that might occur in more than 10% of patients. Vardenafil did not produce clinically significant ERG or FM-100 effects in healthy men compared to placebo. Two patients on vardenafil in the trial reported episodes of transient cyanopsia (objects appear blue).
Effects On Sperm Motility/MorphologyThere was no effect on sperm motility or morphology after single 20 mg oral doses of vardenafil in healthy volunteers.
The pharmacokinetics of vardenafil are approximately dose proportional over the recommended dose range..
AbsorptionMean vardenafil plasma concentrations measured after the administration of a single oral dose of 20 mg to healthy male volunteers are depicted in Figure 8.
Figure 8: Plasma Vardenafil Concentration (Mean ± SD) Curve for a Single 20 mg Vivanza Dose
Vardenafil is rapidly absorbed with absolute bioavailability of approximately 15%. Maximum observed plasma concentrations after a single 20 mg dose in healthy volunteers are usually reached between 30 minutes and 2 hours (median 60 minutes) after oral dosing in the fasted state. Two food-effect studies were conducted which showed that high-fat meals caused a reduction in Cmax by 18%-50%.
DistributionThe mean steady-state volume of distribution (Vss) for vardenafil is 208 L, indicating extensive tissue distribution. Vardenafil and its major circulating metabolite, M1, are highly bound to plasma proteins (about 95% for parent drug and M1). This protein binding is reversible and independent of total drug concentrations.
Following a single oral dose of 20 mg vardenafil in healthy volunteers, a mean of 0.00018% of the administered dose was obtained in semen 1.5 hours after dosing.
MetabolismVardenafil is metabolized predominantly by the hepatic enzyme CYP3A4, with contribution from the CYP3A5 and CYP2C isoforms. The major circulating metabolite, M1, results from desethylation at the piperazine moiety of vardenafil. M1 is subject to further metabolism. The plasma concentration of M1 is approximately 26% that of the parent compound. This metabolite shows a phosphodiesterase selectivity profile similar to that of vardenafil and an in vitro inhibitory potency for PDE5 28% of that of vardenafil. Therefore, M1 accounts for approximately 7% of total pharmacologic activity.
ExcretionThe total body clearance of vardenafil is 56 L/h, and the terminal half-life of vardenafil and its primary metabolite (M1) is approximately 4-5 hours. After oral administration, vardenafil is excreted as metabolites predominantly in the feces (approximately 91-95% of administered oral dose) and to a lesser extent in the urine (approximately 2-6% of administered oral dose).
Included as part of the "PRECAUTIONS" Section
PRECAUTIONSThe evaluation of erectile dysfunction should include a medical assessment, a determination of potential underlying causes and the identification of appropriate treatment.
Before prescribing Vivanza, it is important to note the following:
Cardiovascular Effects GeneralPhysicians should consider the cardiovascular status of their patients, since there is a degree of cardiac risk associated with sexual activity. Therefore, treatment for erectile dysfunction, including Vivanza, should not be used in men for whom sexual activity is not recommended because of their underlying cardiovascular status.
There are no controlled clinical data on the safety or efficacy of vardenafil in the following patients; and therefore its use is not recommended until further information is available: unstable angina; hypotension (resting systolic blood pressure of <90 mmHg); uncontrolled hypertension (>170/110 mmHg); recent history of stroke, life-threatening arrhythmia, or myocardial infarction (within the last 6 months); severe cardiac failure.
Left Ventricular Outflow ObstructionPatients with left ventricular outflow obstruction, (for example, aortic stenosis and idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis) can be sensitive to the action of vasodilators including PDE5 inhibitors.
Blood Pressure EffectsVivanza has systemic vasodilatory properties that resulted in transient decreases in supine blood pressure in healthy volunteers (mean maximum decrease of 7 mmHg systolic and 8 mmHg diastolic). While this normally would be expected to be of little consequence in most patients, prior to prescribing Vivanza, physicians should carefully consider whether their patients with underlying cardiovascular disease could be affected adversely by such vasodilatory effects.
Potential For Drug Interactions With Potent Or Moderate CYP3A4 InhibitorsConcomitant administration with potent CYP3A4 inhibitors (such as ritonavir, indinavir, ketoconazole) or moderate CYP3A4 inhibitors (such as erythromycin) increases plasma concentrations of vardenafil. Dosage adjustment is necessary when Vivanza is administered with certain CYP3A4 inhibitors.
Long-term safety information is not available on the concomitant administration of vardenafil with HIV protease inhibitors.
Risk Of PriapismThere have been rare reports of prolonged erections greater than 4 hours and priapism (painful erections greater than 6 hours in duration) for this class of compounds, including vardenafil. In the event that an erection persists longer than 4 hours, the patient should seek immediate medical assistance. If priapism is not treated immediately, penile tissue damage and permanent loss of potency may result.
Vivanza should be used with caution by patients with anatomical deformation of the penis (such as angulation, cavernosal fibrosis, or Peyronie’s disease) or by patients who have conditions that may predispose them to priapism (such as sickle cell anemia, multiple myeloma, or leukemia).
Effects On The EyePhysicians should advise patients to stop use of all phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitors, including Vivanza, and seek medical attention in the event of sudden loss of vision in one or both eyes. Such an event may be a sign of nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION), a rare condition and a cause of decreased vision, including permanent loss of vision, that has been reported rarely postmarketing in temporal association with the use of all PDE5 inhibitors. Based on published literature, the annual incidence of NAION is 2.5–11.8 cases per 100,000 in males aged ≥50.
An observational case-crossover study evaluated the risk of NAION when PDE5 inhibitor use, as a class, occurred immediately before NAION onset (within 5 half-lives), compared to PDE5 inhibitor use in a prior time period. The results suggest an approximate 2-fold increase in the risk of NAION, with a risk estimate of 2.15 (95% CI 1.06, 4.34). A similar study reported a consistent result, with a risk estimate of 2.27 (95% CI 0.99, 5.20). Other risk factors for NAION, such as the presence of “crowded” optic disc, may have contributed to the occurrence of NAION in these studies.
Neither the rare postmarketing reports, nor the association of PDE5 inhibitor use and NAION in the observational studies, substantiate a causal relationship between PDE5 inhibitor use and NAION.
Physicians should consider whether their patients with underlying NAION risk factors could be adversely affected by use of PDE5 inhibitors. Individuals who have already experienced NAION are at increased risk of NAION recurrence. Therefore, PDE5 inhibitors, including Vivanza, should be used with caution in these patients and only when the anticipated benefits outweigh the risks. Individuals with “crowded” optic disc are also considered at greater risk for NAION compared to the general population, however, evidence is insufficient to support screening of prospective users of PDE5 inhibitors, including Vivanza, for this uncommon condition.
Vivanza has not been evaluated in patients with known hereditary degenerative retinal disorders, including retinitis pigmentosa, therefore its use is not recommended until further information is available in those patients.
Sudden Hearing LossPhysicians should advise patients to stop taking all PDE5 inhibitors, including Vivanza, and seek prompt medical attention in the event of sudden decrease or loss of hearing. These events, which may be accompanied by tinnitus and dizziness, have been reported in temporal association to the intake of PDE5 inhibitors, including vardenafil. It is not possible to determine whether these events are related directly to the use of PDE5 inhibitors or to other factors.
Alpha-BlockersCaution is advised when PDE5 inhibitors are co-administered with alpha-blockers. PDE5 inhibitors, including Vivanza, and alpha-adrenergic blocking agents are both vasodilators with blood-pressure lowering effects. When vasodilators are used in combination, an additive effect on blood pressure may be anticipated. In some patients, concomitant use of these two drug classes can lower blood pressure significantly leading to symptomatic hypotension (for example, fainting). Consideration should be given to the following:
In a study of the effect of Vivanza on QT interval in 59 healthy males , therapeutic (10 mg) and supratherapeutic (80 mg) doses of vardenafil and the active control moxifloxacin (400 mg) produced similar increases in QTc interval. A postmarketing study evaluating the effect of combining Vivanza with another drug of comparable QT effect showed an additive QT effect when compared with either drug alone. These observations should be considered in clinical decisions when prescribing Vivanza to patients with known history of QT prolongation or patients who are taking medications known to prolong the QT interval.
Patients taking Class 1A (for example. quinidine, procainamide) or Class III (for example, amiodarone, sotalol) antiarrhythmic medications or those with congenital QT prolongation, should avoid using Vivanza.
Hepatic ImpairmentDosage adjustment is necessary in patients with moderate hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh B). Do not use Vivanza in patients with severe (Child-Pugh C) hepatic impairment.
Renal ImpairmentDo not use Vivanza in patients on renal dialysis, as vardenafil has not been evaluated in this population.
Combination With Other Erectile Dysfunction TherapiesThe safety and efficacy of Vivanza used in combination with other treatments for erectile dysfunction have not been studied. Therefore, the use of such combinations is not recommended.
Effects On BleedingIn humans, vardenafil alone in doses up to 20 mg does not prolong the bleeding time. There is no clinical evidence of any additive prolongation of the bleeding time when vardenafil is administered with aspirin. Vivanza has not been administered to patients with bleeding disorders or significant active peptic ulceration. Therefore Vivanza should be administered to these patients after careful benefit-risk assessment.
Sexually Transmitted DiseaseThe use of Vivanza offers no protection against sexually transmitted diseases. Counseling of patients about protective measures necessary to guard against sexually transmitted diseases, including the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), should be considered.
Patient Counseling Information“See FDA-approved patient labeling (PATIENT INFORMATION)”
NitratesInform patients that Vivanza is contraindicated with regular and/or intermittent use of organic nitrates. Patients should be counseled that concomitant use of Vivanza with nitrates could cause blood pressure to suddenly drop to an unsafe level, resulting in dizziness, syncope, or even heart attack or stroke.
Guanylate Cyclase (GC) StimulatorsInform patients that Vivanza is contraindicated in patients who use guanylate cyclase stimulators, such as riociguat.
CardiovascularDiscuss with patients the potential cardiac risk of sexual activity for patients with preexisting cardiovascular risk factors.
Concomitant Use With Drugs Which Lower Blood PressureInform patients that in some patients concomitant use of PDE5 inhibitors, including Vivanza, with alpha-blockers can lower blood pressure significantly leading to symptomatic hypotension (for example, fainting).
Patients prescribed Vivanza who are taking alpha-blockers should be started on the lowest recommended starting dose of Vivanza. Patients should be advised of the possible occurrence of symptoms related to postural hypotension and appropriate countermeasures. Patients should be advised to contact the prescribing physician if other anti-hypertensive drugs or new medications that may interact with Vivanza are prescribed by another healthcare provider.
Recommended AdministrationDiscuss with patients the appropriate use of Vivanza and its anticipated benefits. It should be explained that sexual stimulation is required for an erection to occur after taking Vivanza. Vivanza should be taken approximately 60 minutes before sexual activity. Patients should be counseled regarding the dosing of Vivanza especially regarding the maximum daily dose. Patients should be advised to contact their healthcare provider for dose modification if they are not satisfied with the quality of their sexual performance with Vivanza or in the case of an unwanted effect.
PriapismInform patients that there have been rare reports of prolonged erections greater than 4 hours and priapism (painful erections greater than 6 hours in duration) for Vivanza and this class of compounds. In the event that an erection persists longer than 4 hours, the patient should seek immediate medical assistance. If priapism is not treated immediately, penile tissue damage and permanent loss of potency may result.
Drug InteractionsAdvise patients to contact the prescribing physician if new medications that may interact with Vivanza are prescribed by another healthcare provider.
Sudden Loss Of VisionInform patients to stop use of all PDE5 inhibitors, including Vivanza, and seek medical attention in the event of sudden loss of vision in one or both eyes. Such an event may be a sign of non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION), a cause of decreased vision, including permanent loss of vision, that has been reported rarely post-marketing in temporal association with the use of all PDE5 inhibitors. Physicians should also discuss with patients the increased risk of NAION in individuals who have already experienced NAION in one eye. Physicians should also discuss with patients the increased risk of NAION among the general population in patients with a “crowded” optic disc, although evidence is insufficient to support screening of prospective users of PDE5 inhibitor, including Vivanza, for this uncommon condition.
Sudden Hearing LossAdvise patients to stop taking PDE5 inhibitors, including Vivanza, and seek prompt medical attention in the event of sudden decrease or loss of hearing. These events, which may be accompanied by tinnitus and dizziness, have been reported in temporal association to the intake of PDE5 inhibitors, including Vivanza. It is not possible to determine whether these events are related directly to the use of PDE5 inhibitors or to other factors.
Sexually Transmitted DiseaseInform patients that Vivanza offers no protection against sexually transmitted diseases. Counsel patients that protective measures necessary to guard against sexually transmitted diseases, including the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), should be considered.
Dose AdjustmentInform patients that the recommended starting dose of Vivanza is 10 mg. The dose may be increased to a maximum recommended dose of 20 mg or decreased to 5 mg based on efficacy and tolerability. The maximum recommended dosing frequency is one tablet per day.
Nonclinical Toxicology Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment Of Fertility CarcinogenesisVardenafil was not carcinogenic in rats and mice when administered daily for 24 months. In these studies systemic drug exposures (AUCs) for unbound (free) vardenafil and its major metabolite were approximately 400-and 170-fold for male and female rats, respectively, and 21-and 37-fold for male and female mice, respectively, the exposures observed in human males given the Maximum Recommended Human Dose (MRHD) of 20 mg.
MutagenesisVardenafil was not mutagenic as assessed in either the in vitro bacterial Ames assay or the forward mutation assay in Chinese hamster V79 cells. Vardenafil was not clastogenic as assessed in either the in vitro chromosomal aberration test or the in vivo mouse micronucleus test.
Impairment Of FertilityVardenafil did not impair fertility in male and female rats administered doses up to 100 mg/kg/day for 28 days prior to mating in male, and for 14 days prior to mating and through day 7 of gestation in females. In a corresponding 1-month rat toxicity study, this dose produced an AUC value for unbound vardenafil 200 fold greater than AUC in humans at the MRHD of 20 mg.
Use In Specific Populations PregnancyPregnancy Category B Vivanza is not indicated for use in women. There are no studies of Vivanza use in pregnant women.
No evidence of specific potential for teratogenicity, embryotoxicity or fetotoxicity was observed in rats and rabbits that received vardenafil at up to 18 mg/kg/day during organogenesis. This dose is approximately 100 fold (rat) and 29 fold (rabbit) greater than the AUC values for unbound vardenafil and its major metabolite in humans given the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD) of 20 mg.
In the rat pre-and postnatal development study, the NOAEL (no observed adverse effect level) for maternal toxicity was 8 mg/kg/day. Retarded physical development of pups in the absence of maternal effects was observed following maternal exposure to 1 and 8 mg/kg possibly due to vasodilatation and/or secretion of the drug into milk. The number of living pups born to rats exposed pre-and postnatally was reduced at 60 mg/kg/day. Based on the results of the pre-and postnatal study, the developmental NOAEL is less than 1 mg/kg/day. Based on plasma exposures in the rat developmental toxicity study, 1 mg/kg/day in the pregnant rat is estimated to produce total AUC values for unbound vardenafil and its major metabolite comparable to the human AUC at the MRHD of 20 mg.
Nursing MothersVivanza is not indicated for use in women. It is not known if vardenafil is excreted in human breast milk.
Vardenafil was secreted into the milk of lactating rats at concentrations approximately 10-fold greater than found in the plasma. Following a single oral dose of 3 mg/kg, 3.3% of the administered dose was excreted into the milk within 24 hours.
Pediatric UseVivanza is not indicated for use in pediatric patients. Safety and efficacy have not been established in this population.
Geriatric UseElderly males 65 years of age and older have higher vardenafil plasma concentrations than younger males (18 – 45 years), mean Cmax and AUC were 34% and 52% higher, respectively. Phase 3 clinical trials included more than 834 elderly patients, and no differences in safety or effectiveness of Vivanza 5, 10, or 20 mg were noted when these elderly patients were compared to younger patients. However, due to increased vardenafil concentrations in the elderly, a starting dose of 5 mg Vivanza should be considered in patients ≥65 years of age.
Hepatic ImpairmentDosage adjustment is necessary in patients with moderate hepatic impairment.
Do not use Vivanza in patients with severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh C). Vardenafil has not been evaluated in this patient population.
A starting dose of 5 mg is recommended in patients with moderate hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh B) and the maximum dose should not exceed 10 mg. In volunteers with moderate hepatic impairment, the Cmax and AUC following a 10 mg vardenafil dose were increased by 130% and 160%, respectively, compared to healthy control subjects.
In volunteers with mild hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh A), the Cmax and AUC following a 10 mg vardenafil dose were increased by 22% and 17%, respectively, compared to healthy control subjects. No dosage adjustment is necessary in patients with mild hepatic impairment.
Renal ImpairmentDo not use Vivanza in patients on renal dialysis as vardenafil has not been evaluated in such patients.
No dosage adjustment is necessary in patients with creatinine clearance (CLcr) of 30–80 mL/min. In male volunteers with CLcr = 50-80 ml/min, the pharmacokinetics of vardenafil were similar to those observed in a control group with CLcr >80 mL/min. In male volunteers with CLcr = 30-50 mL/min or CLcr<30 mL/min, the AUC of vardenafil was 20.30% higher compared to that observed in a control group with CLcr>80 mL/min.
For most patients, the recommended starting dose of Vivanza is 10 mg, taken orally, as needed, approximately 60 minutes before sexual activity. The dose may be increased to a maximum recommended dose of 20 mg or decreased to 5 mg based on efficacy and side effects. The maximum recommended dosing frequency is once per day. Sexual stimulation is required for a response to treatment.
Use With FoodVivanza can be taken with or without food.
Use In Specific Populations GeriatricsA starting dose of 5 mg Vivanza should be considered in patients ≥ 65 years of age.
Hepatic ImpairmentFor patients with moderate hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh B), a starting dose of 5 mg Vivanza is recommended. The maximum dose in patients with moderate hepatic impairment should not exceed 10 mg.
Do not use Vivanza in patients with severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh C).
Renal ImpairmentDo not use Vivanza in patients on renal dialysis.
Concomitant Medications NitratesConcomitant use with nitrates and nitric oxide donors in any form is contraindicated.
Guanylate Cyclase (GC) Stimulators, such as riociguat: Concomitant use is contraindicated.
CYP3A4 InhibitorsThe dosage of Vivanza may require adjustment in patients receiving potent CYP3A4 inhibitors such as ketoconazole, itraconazole, ritonavir, indinavir, saquinavir, atazanavir, and clarithromycin as well as in other patients receiving moderate CYP3A4 inhibitors such as erythromycin. For ritonavir, a single dose of 2.5 mg Vivanza should not be exceeded in a 72-hour period. For indinavir, saquinavir, atazanavir, ketoconazole 400 mg daily, itraconazole 400 mg daily, and clarithromycin, a single dose of 2.5 mg Vivanza should not be exceeded in a 24-hour period. For ketoconazole 200 mg daily, itraconazole 200 mg daily, and erythromycin, a single dose of 5 mg Vivanza should not be exceeded in a 24-hour period.
Alpha-BlockersIn those patients who are stable on alpha-blocker therapy, phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitors should be initiated at the lowest recommended starting dose. Concomitant treatment should be initiated only if the patient is stable on his alpha-blocker therapy. Stepwise increase in alpha-blocker dose may be associated with further lowering of blood pressure in patients taking a phosphodiesterase (PDE5) inhibitor including vardenafil. In those patients who are stable on alpha-blocker therapy, Vivanza should be initiated at a dose of 5 mg (2.5 mg when used concomitantly with certain CYP3A4 inhibitors).
A time interval between dosing should be considered when Vivanza is prescribed concomitantly with alpha-blocker therapy.
