Symptoms
Overdosage with Tulosin hydrochloride can potentially result in severe hypotensive effects. Severe hypotensive effects have been observed at different levels of overdosing.
Treatment
In case of acute hypotension occurring after overdosage cardiovascular support should be given. Blood pressure can be restored and heart rate brought back to normal by lying the patient down. If this does not help then volume expanders and, when necessary, vasopressors could be employed. Renal function should be monitored and general supportive measures applied. Dialysis is unlikely to be of help as Tulosin is very highly bound to plasma proteins.
Measures, such as emesis, can be taken to impede absorption. When large quantities are involved, gastric lavage can be applied and activated charcoal and an osmotic laxative, such as sodium sulphate, can be administered.
- History of orthostatic hypotension.
- Severe hepatic insufficiency.
- Micturition syncope history
Not applicable.
Tabulated list of adverse reactions
The frequency of adverse reactions of Tulosin listed below is defined using the following convention: Common (> 1/100 to < 1/10); uncommon (> 1/1,000 to < 1/100); rare (> 1/10,000 to < 1/1,000); very rare (< 1/10,000), not known (cannot be estimated from the available data).
| MedDRA system organ class | Frequency | Adverse reaction |
| Nervous system disorders | Common | Dizziness (1.3%) |
| Uncommon | Headache | |
| Rare | Syncope | |
| Eye disorders | Not known | Vision blurred*, visual impairment* |
| Cardiac disorders | Uncommon | Palpitations |
| Vascular disorders | Uncommon | Orthostatic hypotension |
| Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders | Uncommon | Rhinitis |
| Not known | Epistaxis* | |
| Gastrointestinal disorders | Uncommon | Constipation, diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting |
| Not known | Dry mouth* | |
| Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders | Uncommon | Rash, pruritus, urticaria |
| Rare | Angioedema | |
| Very rare | Stevens-Johnson syndrome | |
| Not known | Erythema multiforme*, dermatitis exfoliative* | |
| Reproductive system and breast disorders | Common | Ejaculation disorder, retrograde ejaculation, ejaculation failure |
| Very rare | Priapism | |
| General disorders and administration site conditions | Uncommon | Asthenia |
* Observed post-marketing.
Post-marketing experience: In addition to the adverse events listed above, atrial fibrillation, arrhythmia, tachycardia and dyspnoea have been reported in association with Tulosin hydrochloride use. Because these spontaneously reported events are from the worldwide post marketing experience, the frequency of events and the role of Tulosin in their causation cannot be reliably determined.
Reporting of suspected adverse reactions
Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the Yellow Card Scheme at: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard.
Toxicity after a single dose and multiple dosing has been investigated in mice, rats and dogs. Reproductive toxicity has also been investigated in rats, carcinogenicity in mice and rats, and genotoxicity in vivo and in vitro. The common toxicity profile with large doses of Tulosin is equivalent to the pharmacological effect associated with alpha adrenergic antagonists.
Changes in ECG readings were found with very large doses in dogs. This is not, however, assumed to be of any clinical significance. Tulosin has not been found to have any significant genotoxic properties.
An increased incidence of proliferative alterations in the mammary glands of rat and mice females has been found. These findings, which are probably indirectly linked to hyperprolactinaemia and only occur as a result of large doses having been taken, are considered clinically insignificant.
Pharmacotherapeutic category: Adrenergic α1-receptors antagonist.
ATC: G04CA02.
The product is designed exclusively for the treatment of diseases of the prostate.
Mechanism of action
Tulosin binds selectively and competitively to post-synaptic α1-adrenoreceptors, prevailingly their subtypes designated α1A and α1D. Thus relaxation of smooth muscles of the prostate and urethra is achieved, which leads to a reduction of tonus and an improvement of the urinary flow.
Pharmacodynamic effects
Tulosin increases the maximum urinary flow. Due to relaxation of smooth muscles in the prostate and the urethra, obstruction is decreased, which leads to alleviation of voiding symptoms.
Tulosin also alleviates the storage symptoms in the development of which also the instability of the urinary bladder is involved at a significant extent. The effects on symptoms of filling and depletion of the urinary bladder persist during long-term treatment. The necessity of surgical treatment or catheterization is significantly delayed owing to these effects.
α1-blockers can reduce blood pressure by lowering peripheral resistance. No reduction in blood pressure of any clinical significance was observed during studies with Tulosin in normotensive patients.
Paediatric population
A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, dose ranging study was performed in children with neuropathic bladder. A total of 161 children (with an age of 2 to 16 years) were randomized and treated at 1 of 3 dose levels of Tulosin (low [0.001 to 0.002 mg/kg], medium [0.002 to 0.004 mg/kg], and high [0.004 to 0.008 mg/kg]), or placebo. The primary endpoint was number of patients who decreased their detrusor leak point pressure (LPP) to < 40 cm H2O based upon two evaluations on the same day. Secondary endpoints were: Actual and percent change from baseline in detrusor leak point pressure, improvement or stabilization of hydronephrosis and hydroureter and change in urine volumes obtained by catheterisation and number of times wet at time of catheterisation as recorded in catheterisation diaries. No statistically significant difference was found between the placebo group and any of the 3 Tulosin dose groups for either the primary or any secondary endpoints. No dose response was observed for any dose level.
Absorption
Tulosin is absorbed from the intestinal tract and its bioavailability is almost complete. The absorption of Tulosin decreases if the product is administered shortly after the meal. The uniformity of absorption may be supported via using the product Tulosin capsules always after the same daily meal.
Kinetics of Tulosin is linear.
After a single dose of Tulosin taken after a full meal, the peak plasma levels are achieved at approximately 6 hours. The steady state is reached by day five of multiple dosing, when Cmax in patients is about two thirds higher than that reached after a single dose. Although this has been demonstrated only in the elderly, the same result would also be expected in younger patients.
There are huge inter-patient variations in plasma levels of Tulosin, both after single as well as multiple dosing.
Distribution
In humans, approximately 99% of Tulosin is bound to plasma proteins and its distribution volume is small (approximately 0.2 l/kg).
Biotransformation
Tulosin has a low first pass metabolic effect. The majority of Tulosin is present in plasma in an unchanged form. Tulosin is metabolized in the liver.
In studies on rats, an induction of microsomal liver enzymes induced by Tulosin has not been practically observed.
In vitro results suggest that CYP3A4 and also CYP2D6 are involved in metabolism, with possible minor contributions to Tulosin hydrochloride metabolism by other CYP isozymes. Inhibition of CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 drug metabolizing enzymes may lead to increased exposure to Tulosin hydrochloride.
Dosage adjustment is not necessary in mild hepatic insufficiency.
The metabolites are not as effective and toxic as the active medicinal product itself.
Elimination
Tulosin and its metabolites are mainly excreted in the urine; approximately 9% of the dose given is released in an unchanged form.
The elimination half-life of Tulosin in patients is approximately 10 hours (when taken after a meal) and 13 hours in the steady state.
In case of renal affections, no reduction of Tulosin doses is substantiated.
As with other α1-adrenoceptors antagonists, a reduction in blood pressure can occur in individual cases during treatment with Tulosin hydrochloride as a result of which, rarely, syncope can occur. At the first signs of orthostatic hypotension (dizziness, weakness), the patient should sit or lie down until the symptoms have disappeared.
Before therapy with Tulosin hydrochloride is initiated, the patient should be examined in order to exclude the presence of other conditions, which can cause the same symptoms as benign prostatic hyperplasia. Digital rectal examination and, when necessary, determination of prostate specific antigen (PSA) should be performed before treatment and at regular intervals afterwards.
The treatment of patients with severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance of < 10 ml/min) should be approached with caution, as these patients have not been studied.
Angioedema has been rarely reported after the use of Tulosin. In case of angioedema, treatment should be discontinued immediately, the patient should be monitored until disappearance of the oedema, and Tulosin should not be re-administered.
The 'Intraoperative Floppy Iris Syndrome' (IFIS, a variant of small pupil syndrome) has been observed during cataract surgery in some patients on or previously treated with Tulosin hydrochloride. IFIS may increase the risk of eye complications during and after the operation.
Discontinuing Tulosin hydrochloride 1 - 2 weeks prior to cataract surgery is anecdotally considered helpful, but the benefit of treatment discontinuation has not yet been established. IFIS has also been reported in patients who had discontinued Tulosin for a longer period prior to cataract surgery.
The initiation of therapy with Tulosin hydrochloride in patients for whom cataract surgery is scheduled is not recommended. During pre-operative assessment, cataract surgeons and ophthalmic teams should consider whether patients scheduled for cataract surgery are being or have been treated with Tulosin in order to ensure that appropriate measures will be in place to manage the IFIS during surgery.
Tulosin hydrochloride should not be given in combination with strong inhibitors of CYP3A4 in patients with poor metaboliser CYP2D6 phenotype.
Tulosin hydrochloride should be used with caution in combination with strong and moderate inhibitors of CYP3A4.
No studies on the effects on the ability to drive and use machines have been performed. However, patients should be aware of the fact that dizziness can occur.
Posology
One capsule daily after breakfast or after the first daily meal.
Hepatic/renal impairment
No dose adjustment is warranted in renal impairment.
No dose adjustment is warranted in patients with mild to moderate hepatic insufficiency.
Paediatric population
The safety and efficacy of Tulosin hydrochloride in children < 18 years have not been established.
Method of administration
Oral use.
The capsule is swallowed whole, without crushing or chewing, because otherwise the controlled release of the active ingredient would be affected.
No special requirements.
