Overdose with antimuscarinics, including fesoterodine can result in severe anticholinergic effects. Treatment should be symptomatic and supportive. In the event of overdose, ECG monitoring is recommended; standard supportive measures for managing QT prolongation should be adopted. Fesoterodine has been safely administered in clinical studies at doses up to 28 mg/day.
In the event of fesoterodine overdose, treat with gastric lavage and give activated charcoal. Treat symptoms as follows:
- Severe central anticholinergic effects (e.g. hallucinations, severe excitation): treat with physostigmine
- Convulsions or pronounced excitation: treat with benzodiazepines
- Respiratory insufficiency: treat with artificial respiration
- Tachycardia: treat with beta-blockers
- Urinary retention: treat with catheterisation
- Mydriasis: treat with pilocarpine eye drops and/or place patient in dark room.
- Hypersensitivity to the active substance or to peanut or soya or to any of the excipients
- Urinary retention
- Gastric retention
- Uncontrolled narrow angle glaucoma
- Myasthenia gravis
- Severe hepatic impairment (Child Pugh C)
- Concomitant use of potent CYP3A4 inhibitors in subjects with moderate to severe hepatic or renal impairment
- Severe ulcerative colitis
- Toxic megacolon.
Not applicable.
Summary of the safety profile
The safety of fesoterodine was evaluated in placebo-controlled clinical studies in a total of 2859 patients with overactive bladder, of which 780 received placebo.
Due to the pharmacological properties of fesoterodine, treatment may cause mild to moderate antimuscarinic effects like dry mouth, dry eye, dyspepsia and constipation. Urinary retention may occur uncommonly.
Dry mouth, the only very common adverse reactions, occurred with a frequency of 28.8% in the fesoterodine group compared to 8.5% in the placebo group. The majority of adverse reactions occurred during the first month of treatment with the exception of cases classified as urinary retention or post void residual urine greater than 200 ml, which could occur after long term treatment and was more common in male than female subjects.
Tabulated list of adverse reactions
The table below gives the frequency of treatment emergent adverse reactions from placebo-controlled clinical trials and from post-marketing experience. The adverse reactions are reported in this table with the following frequency convention: very common (>1/10), common (>1/100 to <1/10), uncommon (>1/1,000 to <1/100), rare (>1/10,000 to <1/1,000).
Within each frequency grouping, adverse reactions are presented in order of decreasing seriousness.
| System organ class | Very common | Common | Uncommon | Rare |
| Infections and infestations | Urinary tract infection | |||
| Psychiatric disorders | Insomnia | Confusional state | ||
| Nervous system disorders | Dizziness; Headache | Dysgeusia; Somnolence | ||
| Eye disorders | Dry eye | Blurred vision | ||
| Ear and labyrinth disorders | Vertigo | |||
| Cardiac disorders | Tachycardia; Palpitations | |||
| Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders | Dry throat | Pharyngolaryngeal pain; Cough; Nasal dryness | ||
| Gastrointestinal disorders | Dry mouth | Abdominal pain; Diarrhoea; Dyspepsia; Constipation; Nausea | Abdominal discomfort; Flatulence, Gastroesophageal reflux | |
| Hepatobiliary disorders | ALT increased; GGT increased | |||
| Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders | Rash; Dry skin; Pruritus | Angioedema; Urticaria | ||
| Renal and urinary disorders | Dysuria | Urinary retention (including feeling of residual urine; micturition disorder); Urinary hesitation | ||
| General disorders and administration site conditions | Fatigue |
Description of selected adverse reactions
In clinical trials of fesoterodine, cases of markedly elevated liver enzymes were reported with the occurrence frequency no different from the placebo group. The relation to fesoterodine treatment is unclear.
Electrocardiograms were obtained from 782 patients treated with 4 mg, 785 treated with 8 mg, 222 treated with 12 mg fesoterodine and 780 with placebo. The heart rate corrected QT interval in fesoterodine treated patients did not differ from that seen in placebo treated patients. The incidence rates of QTc >500 ms post baseline or QTc increase of >60 ms is 1.9%, 1.3%, 1.4% and 1.5%, for fesoterodine 4 mg, 8 mg, 12 mg and placebo, respectively. The clinical relevance of these findings will depend on individual patient risk factors and susceptibilities present.
Post-marketing cases of urinary retention requiring catheterisation have been described, generally within the first week of treatment with fesoterodine. They have mainly involved elderly (> 65 years) male patients with a history consistent with benign prostatic hyperplasia.
Reporting of suspected adverse reactions
Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via:
United Kingdom
Yellow Card Scheme
Website: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard or search for the MHRA Yellow Card in the Google Play or Apple App Store
Ireland
HPRA Pharmacovigilance, Earlsfort Terrace, IRL - Dublin 2; Tel: +353 1 6764971
Fax: +353 1 6762517. Website: www.hpra.ie; E-mail: [email protected].
In non-clinical safety pharmacology, general toxicity, genotoxicity and carcinogenicity studies no clinically relevant effects have been observed, except those related to the pharmacological effect of the active substance.
Reproduction studies have shown minor embryotoxicity at doses close to maternally toxic ones (increased number of resorptions, pre-implantation and post-implantation losses).
Supratherapeutic concentrations of the active metabolite of fesoterodine, have been shown to inhibit K+ current in cloned human ether-Ã -go-go-related gene (hERG) channels and prolong action potential duration (70% and 90% repolarisation) in canine isolated Purkinje fibres. However in conscious dogs, the active metabolite had no effect on the QT interval and QTc interval at plasma exposures at least 33-fold higher than mean peak free plasma concentration in human subjects who are extensive metabolisers and 21-fold higher than measured in subjects who are poor CYP2D6 metabolisers after fesoterodine 8 mg once daily.
In a study of fertility and early embryonic development in mice, fesoterodine had no effect on male reproductive function or fertility at doses up to 45 mg/kg/day. At 45 mg/kg/day, a lower number of corpora lutea, implantation sites and viable foetuses was observed in female mice administered fesoterodine for 2 weeks prior to mating and continuing through day 7 of gestation. The maternal No-Observed-Effect Level (NOEL) and the NOEL for effects on reproduction and early embryonic development were both 15 mg/kg/day. Based on AUC, the systemic exposure was 0.6 to 1.5 times higher in mice than in humans at the MRHD, whereas based on peak plasma concentrations, the exposure in mice was 5 to 9 times higher.
Товиаз is indicated in adults for treatment of the symptoms (increased urinary frequency and/or urgency and/or urgency incontinence) that may occur with overactive bladder syndrome.
Pharmacotherapeutic group: Urologicals, Urinary antispasmodics, ATC code: G04BD11.
Mechanism of action
Fesoterodine is a competitive, specific muscarinic receptor antagonist. It is rapidly and extensively hydrolysed by non-specific plasma esterases to the 5-hydroxymethyl derivative, its primary active metabolite, which is the main active pharmacological principle of fesoterodine.
Clinical efficacy and safety
The efficacy of fixed doses of fesoterodine 4 mg and 8 mg was evaluated in two Phase 3 randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 12-week studies. Female (79%) and male (21%) patients with a mean age of 58 years (range 19-91 years) were included. A total of 33% of patients were >65 years of age and 11% were >75 years of age.
Fesoterodine treated patients had statistically significant mean reductions in the number of micturitions per 24 hours and in the number of urge incontinence episodes per 24 hours at the end of treatment compared to placebo. Likewise, the response rate (% of patients reporting that their condition has been “greatly improved†or “improved†using a 4-point Treatment Benefit Scale) was significantly greater with fesoterodine compared to placebo. Furthermore, fesoterodine improved the mean change in the voided volume per micturition, and the mean change in the number of continent days per week (see Table 1 below).
Table 1: Mean changes from Baseline to end of treatment for primary and selected secondary endpoints
|
| Study 1 | Study 2 | |||||
| Parameter | Placebo | Fesoterodine 4 mg | Fesoterodine 8 mg | Active comparator | Placebo | Fesoterodine 4 mg | Fesoterodine 8 mg |
| Number of micturitions per 24 hours# | |||||||
| N=279 | N=265 | N=276 | N=283 | N=266 | N=267 | N=267 | |
| Baseline | 12.0 | 11.6 | 11.9 | 11.5 | 12.2 | 12.9 | 12.0 |
| Change from baseline | -1.02 | -1.74 | -1.94 | -1.69 | -1.02 | -1.86 | -1.94 |
| p-value | <0.001 | <0.001 |
|
| 0.032 | <0.001 | |
| Responder rate (treatment response)# | |||||||
| N=279 | N=265 | N=276 | N=283 | N=266 | N=267 | N=267 | |
| Responder rate | 53.4% | 74.7% | 79.0% | 72.4% | 45.1% | 63.7% | 74.2% |
| p-value | <0.001 | <0.001 |
|
| <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| Number of urge incontinence episodes per 24 hours | |||||||
| N=211 | N=199 | N=223 | N=223 | N=205 | N=228 | N=218 | |
| Baseline | 3.7 | 3.8 | 3.7 | 3.8 | 3.7 | 3.9 | 3.9 |
| Change from baseline | -1.20 | -2.06 | -2.27 | -1.83 | -1.00 | -1.77 | -2.42 |
| p-value | 0.001 | <0.001 |
|
| 0.003 | <0.001 | |
| Number of continent days per week | |||||||
| N=211 | N=199 | N=223 | N=223 | N=205 | N=228 | N=218 | |
| Baseline | 0.8 | 0.8 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.7 | 0.7 |
| Change from baseline | 2.1 | 2.8 | 3.4 | 2.5 | 1.4 | 2.4 | 2.8 |
| p-value | 0.007 | <0.001 |
|
| <0.001 | <0.001 | |
| Voided volume per micturition (ml) | |||||||
| N=279 | N=265 | N=276 | N=283 | N=266 | N=267 | N=267 | |
| Baseline | 150 | 160 | 154 | 154 | 159 | 152 | 156 |
| Change from baseline | 10 | 27 | 33 | 24 | 8 | 17 | 33 |
| p-value | <0.001 | <0.001 |
|
| 0.150 | <0.001 | |
# primary end points
Cardiac electrophysiology
The effect of fesoterodine 4 mg and 28 mg on the QT interval was thoroughly evaluated in a double-blind, randomised, placebo- and positive-controlled (moxifloxacin 400 mg) parallel group study with once-daily treatment over a period of 3 days in 261 male and female subjects aged 45 to 65 years. Change from baseline in QTc based on the Fridericia correction method did not show any differences between the active treatment and placebo group.
Absorption
After oral administration, due to rapid and extensive hydrolysis by non-specific plasma esterases, fesoterodine was not detected in plasma.
Bioavailability of the active metabolite is 52%. After single or multiple-dose oral administration of fesoterodine in doses from 4 mg to 28 mg, plasma concentrations of the active metabolite are proportional to the dose. Maximum plasma levels are reached after approximately 5 hours. Therapeutic plasma levels are achieved after the first administration of fesoterodine. No accumulation occurs after multiple-dose administration.
Distribution
Plasma protein binding of the active metabolite is low with approximately 50% bound to albumin and alpha-1-acid glycoprotein. The mean steady-state volume of distribution following intravenous infusion of the active metabolite is 169 l.
Biotransformation
After oral administration, fesoterodine is rapidly and extensively hydrolysed to its active metabolite. The active metabolite is further metabolised in the liver to its carboxy, carboxy-N-desisopropyl, and N-desisopropyl metabolite with involvement of CYP2D6 and CYP3A4. None of these metabolites contribute significantly to the antimuscarinic activity of fesoterodine. Mean Cmax and AUC of the active metabolite are 1.7 and 2-fold higher, respectively, in CYP2D6 poor metabolisers as compared to extensive metabolisers.
Elimination
Hepatic metabolism and renal excretion contribute significantly to the elimination of the active metabolite. After oral administration of fesoterodine, approximately 70% of the administered dose was recovered in urine as the active metabolite (16%), carboxy metabolite (34%), carboxy-N-desisopropyl metabolite (18%), or N-desisopropyl metabolite (1%), and a smaller amount (7%) was recovered in faeces. The terminal half-life of the active metabolite following oral administration is approximately 7 hours and is absorption rate-limited.
Age and gender
No dose adjustment is recommended in these subpopulations. The pharmacokinetics of fesoterodine are not significantly influenced by age and gender.
Paediatric population
The pharmacokinetics of fesoterodine have not been evaluated in paediatric patients.
Renal impairment
In patients with mild or moderate renal impairment (GFR 30 - 80 ml/min), Cmax and AUC of the active metabolite increased up to 1.5 and 1.8-fold, respectively, as compared to healthy subjects. In patients with severe renal impairment (GFR < 30 ml/min), Cmax and AUC are increased 2.0 and 2.3-fold, respectively.
Hepatic impairment
In patients with moderate hepatic impairment (Child Pugh B), Cmax and AUC of the active metabolite increased 1.4 and 2.1-fold, respectively, as compared to healthy subjects. Pharmacokinetics of fesoterodine in patients with severe hepatic impairment have not been studied.
Товиаз should be used with caution in patients with:
)- Gastrointestinal obstructive disorders (e.g. pyloric stenosis)
- Gastro-oesophageal reflux and/or who are concurrently taking medicinal products (such as oral bisphosphonates) that can cause or exacerbate oesophagitis
- Decreased gastrointestinal motility
- Autonomic neuropathy
- Controlled narrow-angle glaucoma
Caution should be exercised when prescribing or uptitrating fesoterodine to patients in whom an increased exposure to the active metabolite is expected:
- Hepatic impairment
- Renal impairment
- Concomitant administration of potent or moderate CYP3A4 inhibitors
- Concomitant administration of a potent CYP2D6 inhibitor.
Dose increases
In patients with a combination of these factors, additional exposure increases are expected. Dose dependent antimuscarinic adverse reactions are likely to occur. In populations where the dose may be increased to 8 mg once daily, the dose increase should be preceded by an evaluation of the individual response and tolerability.
Organic causes must be excluded before any treatment with antimuscarinics is considered. Safety and efficacy have not yet been established in patients with a neurogenic cause for detrusor overactivity.
Other causes of frequent urination (treatment of heart failure or renal disease) should be assessed before treatment with fesoterodine. If urinary tract infection is present, an appropriate medical approach should be taken/antibacterial therapy should be started.
Angioedema
Angioedema has been reported with fesoterodine and has occurred after the first dose in some cases. If angioedema occurs, fesoterodine should be discontinued and appropriate therapy should be promptly provided.
Potent CYP3A4 inducers
The concomitant use of fesoterodine with a potent CYP3A4 inducer (i.e. carbamazepine, rifampicin, phenobarbital, phenytoin, St John's Wort) is not recommended.
QT prolongation
Товиаз should be used with caution in patients with risk for QT prolongation (e.g. hypokalaemia, bradycardia and concomitant administration of medicines known to prolong QT interval) and relevant pre-existing cardiac diseases (e.g. myocardial ischaemia, arrhythmia, congestive heart failure),. This especially holds true when taking potent CYP3A4 inhibitors.
Lactose
Товиаз prolonged-release tablets contain lactose. Patients with rare hereditary problems of galactose intolerance, the Lapp lactase deficiency or glucose-galactose malabsorption should not take this medicine.
Товиаз has minor influence on the ability to drive and use machines.
Caution should be exercised when driving or using machines due to possible occurrence of side effects such as blurred vision, dizziness, and somnolence.
Posology
Adults (including elderly)
The recommended starting dose is 4 mg once daily. Based upon individual response, the dose may be increased to 8 mg once daily. The maximum daily dose is 8 mg.
Full treatment effect was observed between 2 and 8 weeks. Hence, it is recommended to re-evaluate the efficacy for the individual patient after 8 weeks of treatment.
In subjects with normal renal and hepatic function receiving concomitant administration of potent CYP3A4 inhibitors, the maximum daily dose of Товиаз should be 4 mg once daily.
Special population
Renal and hepatic impairment
The following table provides the daily dosing recommendations for subjects with renal or hepatic impairment in the absence and presence of moderate and potent CYP3A4 inhibitors.
|
| Moderate(3) or potent(4) CYP3A4 inhibitors | |||
| None | Moderate | Potent | ||
| Renal impairment(1) | Mild | 4→8 mg(2) | 4 mg | Should be avoided |
| Moderate | 4→8 mg(2) | 4 mg | Contraindicated | |
| Severe | 4 mg | Should be avoided | Contraindicated | |
| Hepatic impairment | Mild | 4→8 mg(2) | 4 mg | Should be avoided |
| Moderate | 4 mg | Should be avoided | Contraindicated | |
| (1) Mild GFR = 50-80 ml/min; Moderate GFR = 30-50 ml/min; Severe GFR = <30 ml/min (2) Cautious dose increase.5 and 5.2 (3) Moderate CYP3A4 inhibitors. (4) Potent CYP3A4 inhibitors.4 and 4.5 | ||||
Товиаз is contraindicated in subjects with severe hepatic impairment.
Paediatric population
The safety and efficacy of Товиаз in children below 18 years of age have not yet been established. No data are available.
Method of administration
Tablets are to be taken once daily with liquid and swallowed whole. Товиаз can be administered with or without food.
Any unused medicinal product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements.
