Overdosages of up to 14.4 g have been reported in the literature. No fatalities have been reported and all overdosed patients recovered without sequelae. There is no specific antidote for a thalidomide overdose. In the event of an overdose, the patient's vital signs should be monitored and appropriate supportive care given to maintain blood pressure and respiratory status.
THALOMID can cause fetal harm when administered to a pregnant female. Thalidomide is contraindicated in females who are pregnant. Thalidomide is a powerful human teratogen, inducing a high frequency of severe and life-threatening birth defects, even after a single dose. Mortality at or shortly after birth has been reported in about 40% of infants. If this drug is used during pregnancy, or if the patient becomes pregnant while taking this drug, the patient should be apprised of the potential risk to a fetus. If pregnancy occurs during thalidomide treatment, the drug should be discontinued immediately.
HypersensitivityTHALOMID is contraindicated in patients who have demonstrated hypersensitivity to the drug or its components.
The following adverse reactions are described in detail in other labeling sections:
Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice.
Most patients taking thalidomide can be expected to experience adverse reactions.
TeratogenicityThe most serious toxicity associated with thalidomide is its documented human teratogenicity. The risk of severe birth defects, primarily phocomelia or death to the fetus, is extremely high during the critical period of pregnancy. The critical period is estimated, depending on the source of information, to range from 35 to 50 days after the last menstrual period. The risk of other potentially severe birth defects outside this critical period is unknown, but may be significant. Based on present knowledge, thalidomide must not be used at any time during pregnancy.
Because thalidomide is present in the semen of patients receiving the drug, males receiving thalidomide must always use a latex or synthetic condom during any sexual contact with females of reproductive potential, even if he has undergone a successful vasectomy.
Venous And Arterial Thromboembolism:An increased risk of venous thromboembolism (such as deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism), ischemic heart disease (including myocardial infarction), and stroke have been reported in patients with multiple myeloma treated with thalidomide.
Peripheral NeuropathyPeripheral neuropathy is a very common, potentially severe, adverse reaction of treatment with thalidomide that may result in irreversible damage. Peripheral neuropathy generally occurs following chronic use over a period of months. However, reports following relatively short-term use also exist. Incidence of neuropathy events leading to discontinuation, dose reduction or interruption increases with cumulative dose and duration of therapy. Symptoms may occur some time after thalidomide treatment has been stopped and may resolve slowly or not at all.
Somnolence, dizziness, and rash are the most commonly observed adverse reactions associated with the use of thalidomide. Adverse event profiles from clinical trials are summarized in the sections that follow.
Adverse Reactions In Multiple Myeloma Controlled Clinical TrialsThe safety analyses were conducted in two controlled clinical studies (Study 1 and Study 2). The safety analysis in Study 1 was conducted on 204 patients who received treatment. Table 1 lists the most common adverse drug reactions (≥ 10%). The most frequently reported adverse reactions were fatigue, hypocalcemia, edema, constipation, sensory neuropathy, dyspnea, muscle weakness, leukopenia, neutropenia, rash/desquamation, confusion, anorexia, nausea, anxiety/agitation, tremor, fever, weight loss, thrombosis/embolism, neuropathy-motor, weight gain, dizziness, and dry skin.
Twenty-three percent of patients (47/204) discontinued due to adverse reactions; 30% (31/102) from the THALOMID/dexamethasone arm and 16% (16/102) from the dexamethasone alone arm.
Table 1: Adverse Drug Reactions Reported in ≥10%
of Patients in the THALOMID/Dexamethasone Arm (Study 1 -Safety Population;
N=204)
| Body System Adverse Reaction |
Thal + Dex * (N=102) |
Dex Alone* (N=102) |
||
| All Grades n (%) | Grade 3/4 n (%) | All Grades n (%) | Grade 3/4 n (%) | |
| Metabolic/Laboratory | 97 (95) | 33 (32) | 96 (94) | 30 (29) |
| Hypocalcemia | 73 (72) | 11 (11) | 60 (59) | 5 (5) |
| Neurology | 92 (90) | 30 (29) | 76 (74) | 18 (18) |
| Neuropathy-sensory | 55 (54) | 4 (4) | 28 (28) | 1 (1) |
| Confusion | 29 (28) | 9 (9) | 12 (12) | 3 (3) |
| Anxiety/agitation | 26 (26) | 1 (1) | 14 (14) | 3 (3) |
| Tremor | 26 (26) | 1 (1) | 6 (6) | 0 (0) |
| Neuropathy-motor | 22 (22) | 8 (8) | 16 (16) | 5 (5) |
| Dizziness/ lightheadedness | 20 (20) | 1 (1) | 14 (14) | 0 (0) |
| Depressed level of consciousness | 16 (16) | 3 (3) | 3 (3) | 3 (3) |
| Constitutional Symptoms | 91 (89) | 19 (19) | 84 (82) | 16 (16) |
| Fatigue | 81 (79) | 17 (17) | 72(71) | 13(13) |
| Fever | 24 (24) | 1 (1) | 20 (20) | 3 (3) |
| Weight loss | 23 (23) | 1 (1) | 21 (21) | 2 (2) |
| Weight gain | 22 (22) | 1 (1) | 13(13) | 0 (0) |
| Blood/Bone Marrow | 88 (86) | 29 (29) | 96 (94) | 19 (19) |
| Leukocytes (decreased) | 36 (35) | 6 (6) | 30 (29) | 3 (3) |
| Neutrophils (decreased) | 32 (31) | 10 (10) | 24 (24) | 10 (10) |
| Gastrointestinal | 83 (81) | 22 (22) | 70 (69) | 8 (8) |
| Constipation | 56 (55) | 8 (8) | 29 (28) | 1 (1) |
| Anorexia | 29 (28) | 4 (4) | 25 (24) | 2 (2) |
| Nausea | 29 (28) | 5 (5) | 23 (22) | 1 (1) |
| Mouth dryness | 12 (12) | 1 (1) | 6 (6) | 0 (0) |
| Cardiovascular | 70 (69) | 37 (36) | 60 (59) | 21 (21) |
| Edema | 58 (56) | 6 (6) | 47 (46) | 4 (4) |
| Thrombosis/embolism | 23 (22) | 21 (21) | 5 (5) | 5 (5) |
| Pain | 64 (63) | 10 (10) | 66 (65) | 15(15) |
| Myalgia | 17 (17) | 0 (0) | 14 (14) | 1 (1) |
| Arthralgia | 13(13) | 0 (0) | 10 (10) | 2 (2) |
| Pulmonary | 52 (51) | 19 (19) | 51 (50) | 20 (20) |
| Dyspnea | 43 (42) | 13(13) | 32 (31) | 15(15) |
| Dermatology/Skin | 48 (47) | 5 (5) | 35 (34) | 2 (2) |
| Rash/desquamation | 31 (30) | 4 (4) | 18 (18) | 2 (2) |
| Dry skin | 21 (21) | 0 (0) | 11 (11) | 0 (0) |
| Hepatic | 47 (46) | 7 (7) | 45 (44) | 4 (4) |
| Bilirubin | 14 (14) | 2 (2) | 10 (10) | 2 (2) |
| Musculoskeletal | 42 (41) | 9 (9) | 41 (40) | 14 (14) |
| Muscle weakness | 41(40) | 6 (6) | 38 (37) | 13(13) |
| *Treatment-emergent adverse reactions reported in ≥10% of patients in THALOMID/dexamethasone arm and with a ≥1% difference inthe THALOMID/dexamethasone armcompared to the dexamethasonealonearm. |
The safety analysis in Study 2 was conducted on 466 patients who received treatment. Table 2 lists the most common adverse drug reactions (≥ 10%) that were observed. Table 3 lists the most common Grade 3/4 adverse drug reactions (occurring at > 2%) that were observed. The adverse reactions most often reported by patients treated with THALOMID/dexamethasone were constipation, peripheral edema, tremor, asthenia, dizziness and fatigue. Adverse reactions with a frequency at least 2-fold higher in the THALOMID/dexamethasone group than in the placebo/dexamethasone group include constipation, tremor, deep vein thrombosis and peripheral sensory neuropathy.
Twenty-six percent of patients (121/466) discontinued due to adverse events; 37% (86/234) from the THALOMID/dexamethasone arm and 15% (35/232) from the placebo/dexamethasone arm.
Table 2: Adverse Drug
Reactions Reported in ≥10% of Patients in the THALOMID/Dexamethasone Arm (Study 2
-Safety Population; N=466)
| Body System Adverse Reaction |
Thal/Dex (N=234)* n (%) |
Placebo/Dex (N=232)* n (%) |
| Patients with at least 1 Adverse Reaction | 233 (99) | 230 (99) |
| General Disorders and Administration Site Conditions | 176 (75) | 149 (64) |
| Edema peripheral | 80 (34) | 57 (25) |
| Asthenia | 56 (24) | 47 (20) |
| Fatigue | 50 (21) | 36 (16) |
| Edema NOS | 31 (13) | 19 (8) |
| Gastrointestinal Disorders | 162 (69) | 149 (64) |
| Constipation | 116 (50) | 49 (21) |
| Nausea | 30 (13) | 27 (12) |
| Dyspepsia | 27 (11) | 21 (9) |
| Nervous System Disorders | 161 (69) | 138 (60) |
| Tremor | 62 (26) | 29 (12) |
| Dizziness | 51 (23) | 32 (14) |
| Paresthesia | 27 (12) | 15 (6) |
| Peripheral sensory neuropathy | 24 (10) | 12 (5) |
| Infections and Infestations | 139 (59) | 138 (60) |
| Pneumonia NOS | 35 (15) | 28 (12) |
| Psychiatric Disorders | 90 (38) | 97 (42) |
| Anxiety | 27 (12) | 22 (10) |
| Depression | 24 (10) | 19 (8) |
| Metabolism and Nutrition Disorders | 96 (41) | 89 (38) |
| Hyperglycemia NOS | 36 (15) | 32 (14) |
| Vascular Disorders | 92 (39) | 53 (23) |
| Deep vein thrombosis | 30(13) | 4 (2) |
| *All adverse reactions reported
in ≥10% of patients in
THALOMID/dexamethasone arm and with a ≥1% difference in proportion of
patientsbetweenthe THALOMID/dexamethasone armcomparedtothe
placebo/dexamethasonearm. NOS = not otherwise specified. |
Table 3: Grade 3/4 Adverse Drug Reactions Reported in >2% of Patients in the THALOMID/Dexamethasone Arm (Study 2 -Safety Population; N=466)
| Body System Adverse Reaction |
THALOMID/Dex (N=234)* n (%) |
Placebo/Dex (N=232)* n (%) |
| Infections and Infestations | 50 (21) | 36 (16) |
| Pneumonia NOS | 17 (7) | 14 (6) |
| Bronchopneumonia NOS | 7 (3) | 3 (1) |
| General Disorders and Administration Site Conditions | 44 (19) | 26 (11) |
| Asthenia | 11 (5) | 4 (2) |
| Metabolism and Nutrition Disorders | 33 (14) | 34 (15) |
| Hypokalemia | 7 (3) | 3 (1) |
| Nervous System Disorders | 47 (20) | 20 (9) |
| Syncope | 8 (3) | 1 (<1) |
| Peripheral neuropathy NOS | 8 (3) | 0 (0) |
| Cerebrovascular accident | 6 (3) | 1 (<1) |
| Cardiac Disorders | 35 (15) | 27 (11) |
| Atrial fibrillation | 11 (5) | 8 (3) |
| Myocardial ischemia | 6 (3) | 2 (1) |
| Vascular Disorders | 42 (18) | 14 (6) |
| Deep vein thrombosis | 27 (12) | 4 (2) |
| Gastrointestinal Disorders | 26 (11) | 22 (10) |
| Constipation | 7 (3) | 2 (1) |
| Investigations | 21 (9) | 21 (9) |
| Weight increased | 8 (3) | 4 (2) |
| Blood and Lymphatic System Disorders | 24 (10) | 17 (7) |
| Neutropenia | 8 (3) | 6 (3) |
| Respiratory, Thoracic, and Mediastinal Disorders | 27 (12) | 13 (6) |
| Pulmonary embolism | 16 (7) | 4 (2) |
| Psychiatric Disorders | 19 (8) | 8 (3) |
| Anxiety | 5 (2) | 3 (1) |
| Confusional state | 5 (2) | 2 (1) |
| Ear and Labyrinth Disorders | 6 (3) | 0 (0) |
| Vertigo | 5 (2) | 0 (0) |
| *All Grade 3/4 adverse
reactions with >2% of patients in THALOMID/dexamethasone arm and with a
higher frequency in the THALOMID/dexamethasone armcomparedto the
placebo/dexamethasonearm. NOS = not otherwise specified. |
In Study 2, THALOMID in combination with dexamethasone in patients with multiple myeloma, the following adverse drug reactions not described above were reported*:
Gastrointestinal disorders: Vomiting NOS, dry mouth, peritonitis, diverticular perforation
Nervous system disorders: Somnolence, hypoesthesia, polyneuropathy NOS, transient ischemic attack
Respiratory, thoracic, and mediastinal disorders: Bronchitis
NOS Psychiatric disorders: Mood alteration NOS
Vascular disorders: Hypotension NOS, orthostatic hypotension
Cardiac disorders: Bradycardia NOS
Eye disorders: Blurred vision
* All adverse reactions with ≥3% of patients in THALOMID/dexamethasone arm and with a ≥1% difference in proportion of patients between the THALOMID/dexamethasone armcomparedto the placebo/dexamethasonearm. All grade3/4 and seriousadversereactionsreported>2 patients in THALOMID/dexamethasone arm and with a percentage higher in the THALOMID/dexamethasone arm compared to the placebo/dexamethasone arm have been considered for possible inclusion. In any cases medical judgment has been applied for consideration of causality assessment.
Adverse Reactions In Erythema Nodosum Leprosum (ENL) Clinical TrialsTable 4 lists treatment-emergent signs and symptoms that occurred in THALOMID-treated patients in clinical trials in ENL. The most common adverse reactions (≥10%) reported in patients with ENL were somnolence, rash, headache. Doses ranged from 50 to 300 mg/day. All adverse reactions were mild to moderate in severity, and none resulted in discontinuation.
Table 4: Summary of Adverse Events (AEs) Reported in
Celgene-sponsored Controlled Clinical Trials
| Body System/ Adverse Event |
All AEs Reported in Patients with ENL | AEs Reported in ≥3 HIV-seropositive Patients | ||
| 50 to 300 mg/day (N=24) |
Thalidomide | Placebo (N=35) |
||
| 100 mg/day (N=36) |
200 mg/day (N=32) |
|||
| Blood and Lymphatic | 0 | 8 (22.2%) | 13 (40.6%) | 10 (28.6%) |
| Anemia | 0 | 2 (5.6%) | 4 (12.5%) | 3 (8.6%) |
| Leukopenia | 0 | 6 (16.7%) | 8 (25.0%) | 3 (8.6%) |
| Lymphadenopathy | 0 | 2 (5.6%) | 4 (12.5%) | 3 (8.6%) |
| Body as a Whole | 16 (66.7%) | 18 (50.0%) | 19 (59.4%) | 13 (37.1%) |
| Abdominal pain | 1 (4.2%) | 1 (2.8%) | 1 (3.1%) | 4 (11.4%) |
| Accidental injury | 1 (4.2%) | 2 (5.6%) | 0 | 1 (2.9%) |
| Asthenia | 2 (8.3%) | 2 (5.6%) | 7 (21.9%) | 1 (2.9%) |
| Back pain | 1 (4.2%) | 2 (5.6%) | 0 | 0 |
| Chills | 1 (4.2%) | 0 | 3 (9.4%) | 4 (11.4%) |
| Facial edema | 1 (4.2%) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Fever | 0 | 7 (19.4%) | 7 (21.9%) | 6 (17.1%) |
| Headache | 3 (12.5%) | 6 (16.7%) | 6 (18.7%) | 4 (11.4%) |
| Infection | 0 | 3 (8.3%) | 2 (6.3%) | 1 (2.9%) |
| Malaise | 2 (8.3%) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Neck pain | 1 (4.2%) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Neck rigidity | 1 (4.2%) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Pain | 2 (8.3%) | 0 | 1 (3.1%) | 2 (5.7%) |
| Digestive System | 5 (20.8%) | 16 (44.4%) | 16 (50.0%) | 15 (42.9%) |
| Anorexia | 0 | 1 (2.8%) | 3 (9.4%) | 2 (5.7%) |
| Constipation | 1 (4.2%) | 1 (2.8%) | 3 (9.4%) | 0 |
| Diarrhea | 1 (4.2%) | 4 (11.1%) | 6 (18.7%) | 6 (17.1%) |
| Dry mouth | 0 | 3 (8.3%) | 3 (9.4%) | 2 (5.7%) |
| Flatulence | 0 | 3 (8.3%) | 0 | 2 (5.7%) |
| Liver function tests multiple abnormalities | 0 | 0 | 3 (9.4%) | 0 |
| Nausea | 1 (4.2%) | 0 | 4 (12.5%) | 1 (2.9%) |
| Oral moniliasis | 1 (4.2%) | 4 (11.1%) | 2 (6.3%) | 0 |
| Tooth pain | 1 (4.2%) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders | 1 (4.2%) | 8 (22.2%) | 12 (37.5%) | 8 (22.9%) |
| Edema peripheral | 1 (4.2%) | 3 (8.3%) | 1 (3.1%) | 0 |
| Hyperlipemia | 0 | 2 (5.6%) | 3 (9.4%) | 1 (2.9%) |
| SGOT increased | 0 | 1 (2.8%) | 4 (12.5%) | 2 (5.7%) |
| Nervous System | 13 (54.2%) | 19 (52.8%) | 18 (56.3%) | 12 (34.3%) |
| Agitation | 0 | 0 | 3 (9.4%) | 0 |
| Dizziness | 1 (4.2%) | 7 (19.4%) | 6 (18.7%) | 0 |
| Insomnia | 0 | 0 | 3 (9.4%) | 2 (5.7%) |
| Nervousness | 0 | 1 (2.8%) | 3 (9.4%) | 0 |
| Neuropathy | 0 | 3 (8.3%) | 0 | 0 |
| Paresthesia | 0 | 2 (5.6%) | 5 (15.6%) | 4 (11.4%) |
| Somnolence | 9 (37.5%) | 13 (36.1%) | 12 (37.5%) | 4 (11.4%) |
| Tremor | 1 (4.2%) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Vertigo | 2 (8.3%) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Respiratory System | 3 (12.5%) | 9 (25.0%) | 6 (18.7%) | 9 (25.7%) |
| Pharyngitis | 1 (4.2%) | 3 (8.3%) | 2 (6.3%) | 2 (5.7%) |
| Rhinitis | 1 (4.2%) | 0 | 0 | 4 (11.4%) |
| Sinusitis | 1 (4.2%) | 3 (8.3%) | 1 (3.1%) | 2 (5.7%) |
| Skin and Appendages | 10 (41.7%) | 17 (47.2%) | 18 (56.3%) | 19 (54.3%) |
| Acne | 0 | 4 (11.1%) | 1 (3.1%) | 0 |
| Dermatitis fungal | 1 (4.2%) | 2 (5.6%) | 3 (9.4%) | 0 |
| Nail disorder | 1 (4.2%) | 0 | 1 (3.1%) | 0 |
| Pruritus | 2 (8.3%) | 1 (2.8%) | 2 (6.3%) | 2 (5.7%) |
| Rash | 5 (20.8%) | 9 (25.0%) | 8 (25.0%) | 11 (31.4% ) |
| Rash maculopapular | 1 (4.2%) | 6 (16.7%) | 6 (18.7%) | 2 (5.7%) |
| Sweating | 0 | 0 | 4 (12.5%) | 4 (11.4%) |
| Urogenital System | 2 (8.3%) | 6 (16.7%) | 2 (6.3%) | 4 (11.4%) |
| Albuminuria | 0 | 3 (8.3%) | 1 (3.1%) | 2 (5.7%) |
| Hematuria | 0 | 4 (11.1%) | 0 | 1 (2.9%) |
| Impotence | 2 (8.3%) | 1 (2.8%) | 0 | 0 |
THALOMID in doses up to 400 mg/day has been administered investigationally in the United States over a 19-year period in 1465 patients with ENL. The published literature describes the treatment of an additional 1678 patients. To provide a meaningful estimate of the proportion of the individuals having adverse events, similar types of events were grouped into a smaller number of standardized categories using a modified COSTART dictionary/terminology. These categories are used in the listing below. All reported events are included except those already listed in the previous table. Due to the fact that these data were collected from uncontrolled studies, the incidence rate cannot be determined. No causal relationship between THALOMID and these events can be conclusively determined at this time. These are reports of all adverse events noted by investigators in patients to whom they had administered thalidomide.
Blood and Lymphatic: ESR decrease, eosinophilia, granulocytopenia, hypochromic anemia, leukemia, leukocytosis, leukopenia, MCV elevated, RBC abnormal, spleen palpable, thrombocytopenia.
Body as a Whole: Abdomen enlarged, fever, photosensitivity, upper extremity pain.
Cardiovascular System: Bradycardia, hypertension, hypotension, peripheral vascular disorder, tachycardia, vasodilation.
Digestive System: Anorexia, appetite increase/weight gain, dry mouth, dyspepsia, enlarged liver, eructation, flatulence, increased liver function tests, intestinal obstruction, vomiting.
Metabolic and Endocrine: ADH inappropriate, amyloidosis, bilirubinemia, BUN increased, creatinine increased, cyanosis, diabetes, edema, electrolyte abnormalities, hyperglycemia, hyperkalemia, hyperuricemia, hypocalcemia, hypoproteinemia, LDH increased, phosphorus decreased, SGPT increased.
Muscular Skeletal: Arthritis, bone tenderness, hypertonia, joint disorder, leg cramps, myalgia, myasthenia, periosteal disorder.
Nervous System: Abnormal thinking, agitation, amnesia, anxiety, causalgia, circumoral paresthesia, confusion, depression, euphoria, hyperesthesia, insomnia, nervousness, neuralgia, neuritis, neuropathy, paresthesia, peripheral neuritis, psychosis.
Respiratory System: Cough, emphysema, epistaxis, pulmonary embolus, rales, upper respiratory infection, voice alteration.
Skin and Appendages: Acne, alopecia, dry skin, eczematous rash, exfoliative dermatitis, ichthyosis, perifollicular thickening, skin necrosis, seborrhea, sweating, urticaria, vesiculobullous rash.
Special Senses: Amblyopia, deafness, dry eye, eye pain, tinnitus.
Urogenital: Decreased creatinine clearance, hematuria, orchitis, proteinuria, pyuria, urinary frequency.
Other Adverse Events Observed In HIV-seropositive PatientsIn addition to controlled clinical trials, THALOMID has been used in uncontrolled studies in 145 patients. Less frequent adverse events that have been reported in these HIV-seropositive patients treated with THALOMID were grouped into a smaller number of standardized categories using modified COSTART dictionary/terminology and these categories are used in the listing below. Adverse events that have already been included in the tables and narrative above, or that are too general to be informative are not listed.
Blood and Lymphatic: Aplastic anemia, macrocytic anemia, megaloblastic anemia, microcytic anemia.
Body as a Whole: Ascites, AIDS, allergic reaction, cellulitis, chest pain, chills and fever, cyst, decreased CD4 count, facial edema, flu syndrome, hernia, thyroid hormone level altered, moniliasis, photosensitivity reaction, sarcoma, sepsis, viral infection.
Cardiovascular System: Angina pectoris, arrhythmia, atrial fibrillation, bradycardia, cerebral ischemia, cerebrovascular accident, congestive heart failure, deep thrombophlebitis, heart arrest, heart failure, hypertension, hypotension, murmur, myocardial infarct, palpitation, pericarditis, peripheral vascular disorder, postural hypotension, syncope, tachycardia, thrombophlebitis, thrombosis.
Dig
THALOMID in combination with dexamethasone is indicated for the treatment of patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (MM).
Erythema Nodosum LeprosumTHALOMID is indicated for the acute treatment of the cutaneous manifestations of moderate to severe erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL). THALOMID is not indicated as monotherapy for such ENL treatment in the presence of moderate to severe neuritis. THALOMID is also indicated as maintenance therapy for prevention and suppression of the cutaneous manifestations of ENL recurrence.
Absorption of THALOMID is slow after oral administration. The maximum plasma concentrations are reached approximately 2-5 hours after administration.Theabsolutebioavailabilityof thalidomidefromthalidomidecapsuleshas not yet been characterizedinhuman subjectsduetoits poor aqueous solubility. Based on the 14C-radiolabel thalidomide study in human, greater than 90% of the total radioactivity is recovered in urine suggesting good oral absorption. While the extent of absorption (as measured by area under the curve [AUC]) is proportional to dose in healthy subjects, the observed peak concentration (Cmax) increased in a less than proportional manner (see Table 5 below). This lack of Cmax dose proportionality, coupled with the observed increase in Tmax values, suggests that the poor solubility of thalidomide in aqueous media may be hindering the rate of absorption.
Table 5: Pharmacokinetic Parameter Values for THALOMID
Mean (%CV)
| Population/ Single Dose | AUC0-∞ mcg•hr/mL | C max mcg/mL | Tmax (hrs) | Half-life (hrs) |
| Healthy Subjects (n=14) | ||||
| 50 mg | 4.9 (16%) | 0.62 (52%) | 2.9 (66%) | 5.52 (37%) |
| 200 mg | 18.9 (17%) | 1.76 (30%) | 3.5 (57%) | 5.53 (25%) |
| 400 mg | 36.4 (26%) | 2.82 (28%) | 4.3 (37%) | 7.29 (36%) |
| Patients with Hansen's Disease (n=6) | ||||
| 400 mg | 46.4 (44.1%) | 3.44 (52.6%) | 5.7 (27%) | 6.86 (17%) |
Coadministration of THALOMID®(thalidomide) with a high-fat meal causes minor (<10%) changes in the observed AUC and Cmax values; however, it causes an increase in Tmax to approximately 6 hours.
DistributionIn human plasma, the geometric mean plasma protein binding was 55% and 66%, respectively, for (+)-(R)-and (-)-(S)-thalidomide. In a pharmacokinetic study of thalidomide in HIV-seropositive adult male subjects receiving thalidomide 100 mg/day, thalidomide was detectable in the semen.
MetabolismIn a 14C-radiolabel ADME study in humans, unchanged drug is the predominant circulating component. Thalidomide is not a substrate of the cytochrome P450 system. At therapeutic concentrations, thalidomide is not an inhibitor or inducer of human cytochrome P450 enzymes in vitro. Pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions with substrates, inhibitors or inducers of CYP450 are not anticipated.
EliminationThe mean elimination half-life of thalidomide in plasma following single oral doses between 50 mg and 400 mg was 5.5 to 7.3 hours. Following a single 400 mg oral dose of radiolabeled thalidomide, the total mean recovery was 93.6% of the administered dose by Day 8. The majority of the radioactive dose was excreted within 48 hours following dose administration. In humans, 14C-thalidomide is primarily excreted in urine (91.9% of the radioactive dose) mainly as hydrolytic metabolites while fecal excretion is minor (< 2% of the dose). Unchanged thalidomide is not eliminated by the kidney to a notable degree (<3.5% of the dose).
Effects Of WeightThere is a linear relationship between body weight and estimated thalidomide clearance. In MM patients with body weight from 47-133 kg, thalidomide clearance ranged from approximately 6-12 L/h, representing an increase in thalidomide clearance of 0.605 L/h per 10 kg body weight increase.
Effects Of Age, Gender And RaceAnalysis of the data from pharmacokinetic studies in healthy volunteers and patients with Hansen's disease ranging in age from 20 to 69 years does not reveal any age-related changes.
Whilea comparativetrial of the effectsof gender onthalidomidepharmacokineticshas not been conducted,examinationof the data for thalidomide does not reveal any significant gender differences in pharmacokinetic parameter values.
Pharmacokinetic differences due to race have not been studied.
Pharmacokinetic Data In Special PopulationsHIV-seropositive Subjects
There is no apparent significant difference in measured pharmacokinetic parameter values between healthy human subjects and HIV-seropositive subjects following single-dose administration of THALOMID Capsules.
Patients With Hansen's Disease
Analysis of data from a small study in Hansen's patients suggests that these patients, relative to healthy subjects, may have an increased bioavailability of THALOMID. The increase is reflected both in an increased area under the curve and in increased peak plasma levels. The clinical significance of this increase is unknown.
Pediatric
No pharmacokinetic data are available in subjects below the age of 18 years.
There is a pregnancy exposure registry that monitors pregnancy outcomes in females exposed to THALOMID during pregnancy as well as female partners of male patients who are exposed to THALOMID. This registry is also used to understand the root cause for the pregnancy. Report any suspected fetal exposure to THALOMID to the FDA via the MedWatch program at 1-800-FDA-1088 and to Celgene Corporation at 1-888-423Â5436.
Risk SummaryBased on the mechanism of action , human and animal data , THALOMID can cause embryo-fetal harm when administered to a pregnant female and is contraindicated during pregnancy.
THALOMID is a human teratogen, inducing a high frequency of severe and life-threatening birth defects such as amelia (absence of limbs), phocomelia (short limbs), hypoplasticity of the bones, absence of bones, external ear abnormalities (including anotia, micropinna, small or absent external auditorycanals),facial palsy, eyeabnormalities(anophthalmos, microphthalmos),and congenitalheart defects.Alimentarytract, urinary tract, and genital malformations have also been documented and mortality at or shortly after birth has been reported in about 40% of infants. Even a single dose taken by a pregnant woman can cause birth defects. If this drug is used during pregnancy, or if the patient becomes pregnant while taking this drug, the patient should be apprised of the potential risk to a fetus.
If pregnancy does occur during treatment, immediately discontinue the drug. Under these conditions, refer the patient to an obstetrician/gynecologist experienced in reproductive toxicity for further evaluation and counseling. Report any suspected fetal exposure to THALOMID to the FDA via the MedWatch program at 1-800-FDA-1088 and also to Celgene Corporation at 1-888-423-5436.
Thalidomide crossed the placenta after administration to pregnant hamsters.
The estimatedbackgroundrisk of major birthdefectsand miscarriagefor the indicatedpopulationisunknown.The estimatedbackgroundrisk in the U.S. general population of major birth defects is 2%-4% and of miscarriage is 15%-20% of clinically recognized pregnancies.
DataAnimal Data
A pre-and postnatal reproductive toxicity study was conducted in pregnant female rabbits. Compound-related increased abortion incidences and elevated fetotoxicity were observed at the lowest oral dose level of 30 mg/kg/day (approximately 1.5-fold the maximum human dose based upon BSA) and all higher dose levels. Neonatal mortality was elevated at oral dose levels to the lactating female rabbits ≥150 mg/kg/day (approximately7.5-foldthe maximumhumandosebaseduponBSA).No delayin postnatal development,includinglearningand memory functions, were noted at the oral dose level to the lactating female rabbits of 150 mg/kg/day (average thalidomide concentrations in milk ranged from 22 to 36 mcg per mL).
In a study conducted in pregnant rabbits, thalidomide levels in fetal plasma were approximately 11% to 73% of the maternal Cmax. In a study conductedwith 14C-thalidomide(150mg/kgorally)in pregnanthamsters,radioactivitywasdetectedintheembryo,andtherelative concentrations of radioactivity in the embryo and maternal plasma were about the same at 4, 12 and 24 hours after dosing. Based on the radioactivity data, thalidomide crossed the placental barrier, and the fetal levels of drug-related material were approximately similar to those of maternal levels.
Included as part of the PRECAUTIONS section.
PRECAUTIONS Embryo-Fetal ToxicityThalidomide is a powerful human teratogen that induces a high frequency of severe and life-threatening birth defects, even after a single dose. Mortality at or shortly after birth has been reported in about 40% of infants. When there is no satisfactory alternative treatment, females of reproductive potential may be treated with thalidomide provided adequate precautions are taken to avoid pregnancy. THALOMID® (thalidomide) is only available through the THALOMID REMS program.
Oral ingestion is the only type of maternal thalidomide exposure known to result in drug-associated birth defects. There are no specific data available regarding the reproductive risks of cutaneous absorption or inhalation of thalidomide; however, females of reproductive potential should avoid contact with THALOMID® (thalidomide) Capsules. THALOMID Capsules should be stored in blister packs until ingestion. If there is contact with non-intact thalidomide capsules or the powder contents, the exposed area should be washed with soap and water.
If healthcare providers or other care givers are exposed to body fluids from patients receiving THALOMID (thalidomide) the exposed area should be washed with soap and water. Appropriate precautions should be utilized, such as wearing gloves to prevent the potential cutaneous exposure to THALOMID.
Females Of Reproductive PotentialFemales of reproductive potential must avoid pregnancy for at least 4 weeks before beginning THALOMID therapy, during therapy, during dose interruptions and for at least 4 weeks after completing therapy.
Females must commit either to abstain continuously from heterosexual sexual intercourse or to use two methods of reliable birth control, beginning 4 weeks prior to initiating treatment with THALOMID, during therapy, during dose interruptions and continuing for 4 weeks following discontinuation of THALOMID therapy.
Two negative pregnancy tests must be obtained prior to initiating therapy. The first test should be performed within 10-14 days and the second test within 24 hours prior to prescribing THALOMID therapy and then weekly during the first month, then monthly thereafter in females with regular menstrual cycles or every 2 weeks in females with irregular menstrual cycles.
MalesThalidomide is present in the semen of patients receiving the drug. Therefore, males must always use a latex or synthetic condom during any sexual contact with females of reproductive potential while taking THALOMID and for up to 4 weeks after discontinuing THALOMID, even if they have undergone a successful vasectomy. Male patients taking THALOMID must not donate sperm.
Blood DonationPatients must not donate blood during treatment with THALOMID and for 4 weeks following discontinuation of the drug because the blood might be given to a pregnant female patient whose fetus must not be exposed to THALOMID.
THALOMID REMS ProgramBecause of the embryo-fetal risk , THALOMID is available only through a restricted program under a Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy (REMS), the THALOMID REMS program.
Required components of the THALOMID REMS program include the following:
Further information about the THALOMID REMS program is available at www.celgeneriskmanagement.com or by telephone at 1-888-423Â5436.
Venous And Arterial ThromboembolismThe use of THALOMID in patients with MM results in an increased risk of venous thromboembolism, such as deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism. This risk increases significantly when thalidomide is used in combination with standard chemotherapeutic agents including dexamethasone. In one controlled trial, the rate of venous thromboembolism was 22.5% in patients receiving thalidomide in combination with dexamethasone compared to 4.9% in patients receiving dexamethasone alone (p = 0.002).
Ischemic heart disease (11.1%), including myocardial infarction (1.3%), and stroke (cerebrovascular accident, 2.6%) have also occurred in patients with previously untreated MM treated with THALOMID and dexamethasone compared to placebo and dexamethasone (4.7%, 1.7%, and 0.9%, respectively) in one clinical trial.
Considerthromboprophylaxisbased on anassessment ofindividual patients' underlyingrisk factors. Patientsand physiciansshouldbeobservant for the signs and symptoms of thromboembolism. Advise patients to seek immediate medical care if they develop symptoms such as shortness of breath, chest pain, or arm or leg swelling. Agents that also may increase the risk of thromboembolism should be used with caution in patients receiving THALOMID.
Increased Mortality in Patients with MM When Pembrolizumab Is Added to a Thalidomide Analogue and DexamethasoneIn two randomized clinical trials in patients with MM, the addition of pembrolizumab to a thalidomide analogue plus dexamethasone, a use for which no PD-1 or PD-L1 blocking antibody is indicated, resulted in increased mortality. Treatment of patients with MM with a PD-1 or PD-L1 blocking antibody in combination with a thalidomide analogue plus dexamethasone is not recommended outside of controlled clinical trials.
Drowsiness And SomnolenceThalidomide frequently causes drowsiness and somnolence. Patients should be instructed to avoid situations where drowsiness may be a problem and not to take other medications that may cause drowsiness without adequate medical advice. Advise patients as to the possible impairment of mental and/or physical abilities required for the performance of hazardous tasks, such as driving a car or operating other complex or dangerous machinery. Dose reductions may be required.
Peripheral NeuropathyThalidomide is known to cause nerve damage that may be permanent. Peripheral neuropathy is a common (≥10%) and potentially severe adverse reaction of treatment with thalidomide that may be irreversible. Peripheral neuropathy generally occurs following chronic use over a period of months; however, peripheral neuropathy following relatively short-term use has been reported. The correlation with cumulative dose is unclear. Symptoms may occur some time after thalidomide treatment has been stopped and may resolve slowly or not at all.
Few reports of neuropathy have arisen in the treatment of ENL despite long-term thalidomide treatment. However, the inability clinically to differentiate thalidomide neuropathy from the neuropathy often seen in Hansen's disease makes it difficult to determine accurately the incidence of thalidomide-related neuropathy in ENL patients treated with thalidomide.
Patients should be examined at monthly intervals for the first 3 months of thalidomide therapy to enable the clinician to detect early signs of neuropathy, which include numbness, tingling or pain in the hands and feet. Patients should be evaluated periodically thereafter during treatment. Patients should be regularly counseled, questioned, and evaluated for signs or symptoms of peripheral neuropathy. Consideration should be given to electrophysiological testing, consisting of measurement of sensory nerve action potential (SNAP) amplitudes at baseline and thereafter every 6 months in an effort to detect asymptomatic neuropathy. If symptoms of drug-induced neuropathy develop, thalidomide should be discontinued immediately to limit further damage, if clinically appropriate. Usually, treatment with thalidomide should only be reinitiated if the neuropathy returns to baseline status.
Medicationsknowntobeassociatedwith neuropathyshouldbe usedwith cautionin patientsreceivingthalidomide.
Dizziness And Orthostatic HypotensionPatients should also be advised that thalidomide may cause dizziness and orthostatic hypotension and that, therefore, they should sit upright for a few minutes prior to standing up from a recumbent position.
NeutropeniaDecreased white blood cell counts, including neutropenia, have been reported in association with the clinical use of thalidomide. Treatment should not be initiated with an absolute neutrophil count (ANC) of <750/mm³. White blood cell count and differential should be monitored on an ongoing basis, especiallyinpatients who maybe moreproneto neutropenia,such as patientswhoareHIV-seropositive.If ANC decreasestobelow 750/mm³ while on treatment, the patient's medication regimen should be re-evaluated and, if the neutropenia persists, consideration should be given to withholding thalidomide if clinically appropriate.
ThrombocytopeniaThrombocytopenia, including Grade 3 or 4 occurrences, has been reported in association with the clinical use of thalidomide. Monitor blood counts, including platelet counts. Dose reduction, delay, or discontinuation may be required. Monitor for signs and symptoms of bleeding including petechiae, epistaxis, and gastrointestinal bleeding, especially if concomitant medication may increase the risk of bleeding.
Increased HIV Viral LoadIn a randomized, placebo-controlled trial of thalidomide in an HIV-seropositive patient population, plasma HIV RNA levels were found to increase (median change = 0.42 log10 copies HIV RNA/mL, p = 0.04 compared to placebo). A similar trend was observed in a second, unpublished study conducted in patients who were HIV-seropositive. The clinical significance of this increase is unknown. Both studies were conducted prior to availability of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Until the clinical significance of this finding is further understood, in HIVÂseropositive patients, viral load should be measured after the first and third months of treatment and every 3 months thereafter.
BradycardiaBradycardia in association with thalidomide use has been reported. Cases of bradycardia have been reported, some required medical interventions. The clinical significance and underlying etiology of the bradycardia noted in some thalidomide-treated patients are presently unknown. Monitor patients for bradycardia and syncope. Dose reduction or discontinuation may be required.
Medications known to decrease heart rate should be used with caution in patients receiving thalidomide.
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome And Toxic Epidermal NecrolysisSerious dermatologic reactions including Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis, which may be fatal, have been reported. THALOMID should be discontinued if a skin rash occurs and only resumed following appropriate clinical evaluation. If the rash is exfoliative, purpuric, or bullous or if Stevens-Johnson syndrome or toxic epidermal necrolysis is suspected, use of THALOMID should not be resumed.
SeizuresAlthough not reported from pre-marketing controlled clinical trials, seizures, including grand mal convulsions, have been reported during post-approval use of THALOMID in clinical practice. Because these events are reported voluntarily from a population of unknown size, estimates of frequency cannot be made. Most patients had disorders that may have predisposed them to seizure activity, and it is not currently known whether thalidomide has any epileptogenic influence. During therapy with thalidomide, patients with a history of seizures or with other risk factors for the development of seizures should be monitored closely for clinical changes that could precipitate acute seizure activity.
Tumor Lysis SyndromeMonitor patients at risk of tumor lysis syndrome (e.g., patients with high tumor burden prior to treatment) and take appropriate precautions.
Contraceptive RisksSome contraceptive methods may pose a higher risk of adverse effects or may be medically contraindicated in some patients treated with THALOMID. Because some patients may develop sudden, severe neutropenia and/or thrombocytopenia, use of an intrauterine device (IUD) or implantable contraception in these patients may carry an increased risk for infection or bleeding either at insertion, removal or during use. Treatment with THALOMID, the presence of an underlying malignancy, and/or use of an estrogen-containing contraceptive can each increase the risk of thromboembolism. It is not known if these risks of thromboembolism are additive. However, they should be taken into consideration when choosing contraceptive methods.
HypersensitivityHypersensitivity to THALOMID has been reported. Signs and symptoms have included the occurrence of erythematous macular rash, possibly associated with fever, tachycardia, and hypotension, and if severe, may necessitate interruption of therapy. If the reaction recurs when dosing is resumed, THALOMID should be discontinued.
Patient Counseling InformationSee FDA-approved Patient labeling (Medication Guide)
Embryo-Fetal ToxicityAdvise patients that THALOMID is contraindicated in pregnancy and can cause serious birth defects or death to a developing baby.
Because of the risk of embryo-fetal toxicity, THALOMID is only available through a restricted program called the THALOMID REMS program.
Inform females there is a Pregnancy Exposure Registry that monitors pregnancy outcomes in females exposed to THALOMID during pregnancy and that they can contact the Pregnancy Exposure Registry by calling 1-888-423-5436.
Venous And Arterial ThromboembolismInform patients of the potential risk of developing venous thromboembolism (such as DVT and PE), ischemic heart disease (including myocardial infarction), and stroke, and discuss the need for appropriate prophylactic treatment.
Drowsiness And SomnolenceInform patients of the risk of drowsiness and somnolence with the drug and to avoid situations where drowsiness or somnolence may be a problem and not to take other medications that may cause drowsiness or somnolence without adequate medical advice.
Peripheral NeuropathyInform patients of the risk of peripheral neuropathy and report the signs and symptoms associated with this event to their health care provider for further evaluation.
Dizziness And Orthostatic HypotensionInform patients of the risk of dizziness and orthostatic hypotension with the drug. Inform patients to sit upright for a few minutes prior to standing.
NeutropeniaInform patients on the risk of developing neutropenia and the need to monitor their white blood cell count.
ThrombocytopeniaInform patients of the risk of developing thrombocytopenia and the need to monitor their platelet count.
Increased HIV Viral LoadInform HIV seropositive patients of the risk of increased viral load and the need to monitor viral load.
BradycardiaInform patients of the risk of bradycardia and report signs and symptoms associated with this event to their healthcare provider for evaluation.
Stevens-Johnson Syndrome And Toxic Epidermal NecrolysisInform patients of the potential risk for Stevens Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis and report any signs and symptoms associated with these events to their healthcare provider for evaluation.
SeizuresInform patients of the risk of seizures and report any seizure while taking THALOMID.
Tumor Lysis SyndromeInform patients of the potential risk of tumor lysis syndrome and report any signs and symptoms associated with this event to their healthcare provider for evaluation.
Contraceptive RisksInform patients that some contraceptive methods may pose a higher risk of adverse effects or may be medically contraindicated in some patients treated with THALOMID.
HypersensitivityInform patients of the potential for a hypersensitivity reaction to THALOMID if they have had such a reaction in the past to Revlimid.
Nonclinical Toxicology Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment Of FertilityTwo-year carcinogenicity studies were conducted in male and female rats and mice. No compound-related tumorigenic effects were observed at the highest dose levels of 3,000 mg/kg/day to male and female mice (38-fold greater than the highest recommended daily human dose of 400 mg based upon body surface area [BSA]), 3,000 mg/kg/day to female rats (75-fold the maximum human dose based upon BSA), and 300 mg/kg/day to male rats (7.5-fold the maximum human dose based upon BSA).
Thalidomide was neither mutagenic nor genotoxic in the following assays: the Ames bacterial (S. typhimurium and E. coli) reverse mutation assay, a Chinese hamster ovary cell (AS52/XPRT) forward mutation assay, and an in vivo mouse micronucleus test.
Fertility studies were conducted in male and female rabbits; no compound-related effects in mating and fertility indices were observed at any oral thalidomide dose level including the highest of 100 mg/kg/day to female rabbits and 500 mg/kg/day to male rabbits (approximately 5-and 25-fold the maximum human dose, respectively, based upon BSA). Testicular pathological and histopathological effects (classified as slight) were seen in male rabbits at dose levels ≥30 mg/kg/day (approximately 1.5-fold the maximum human dose based upon BSA).
Use In Specific Populations Pregnancy Pregnancy Exposure RegistryThere is a pregnancy exposure registry that monitors pregnancy outcomes in females exposed to THALOMID during pregnancy as well as female partners of male patients who are exposed to THALOMID. This registry is also used to understand the root cause for the pregnancy. Report any suspected fetal exposure to THALOMID to the FDA via the MedWatch program at 1-800-FDA-1088 and to Celgene Corporation at 1-888-423Â5436.
Risk SummaryBased on the mechanism of action , human and animal data , THALOMID can cause embryo-fetal harm when administered to a pregnant female and is contraindicated during pregnancy.
THALOMID is a human teratogen, inducing a high frequency of severe and life-threatening birth defects such as amelia (absence of limbs), phocomelia (short limbs), hypoplasticity of the bones, absence of bones, external ear abnormalities (including anotia, micropinna, small or absent external auditorycanals),facial palsy, eyeabnormalities(anophthalmos, microphthalmos),and congenitalheart defects.Alimentarytract, urinary tract, and genital malformations have also been documented and mortality at or shortly after birth has been reported in about 40% of infants. Even a single dose taken by a pregnant woman can cause birth defects. If this drug is used during pregnancy, or if the patient becomes pregnant while taking this drug, the patient should be apprised of the potential risk to a fetus.
If pregnancy does occur during treatment, immediately discontinue the drug. Under these conditions, refer the patient to an obstetrician/gynecologist experienced in reproductive toxicity for further evaluation and counseling. Report any suspected fetal exposure to THALOMID to the FDA via the MedWatch program at 1-800-FDA-1088 and also to Celgene Corporation at 1-888-423-5436.
Thalidomide crossed the placenta after administration to pregnant hamsters.
The estimatedbackgroundrisk of major birthdefectsand miscarriagefor the indicatedpopulationisunknown.The estimatedbackgroundrisk in the U.S. general population of major birth defects is 2%-4% and of miscarriage is 15%-20% of clinically recognized pregnancies.
DataAnimal Data
A pre-and postnatal reproductive toxicity study was conducted in pregnant female rabbits. Compound-related increased abortion incidences and elevated fetotoxicity were observed at the lowest oral dose level of 30 mg/kg/day (approximately 1.5-fold the maximum human dose based upon BSA) and all higher dose levels. Neonatal mortality was elevated at oral dose levels to the lactating female rabbits ≥150 mg/kg/day (approximately7.5-foldthe maximumhumandosebaseduponBSA).No delayin postnatal development,includinglearningand memory functions, were noted at the oral dose level to the lactating female rabbits of 150 mg/kg/day (average thalidomide concentrations in milk ranged from 22 to 36 mcg per mL).
In a study conducted in pregnant rabbits, thalidomide levels in fetal plasma were approximately 11% to 73% of the maternal Cmax. In a study conductedwith 14C-thalidomide(150mg/kgorally)in pregnanthamsters,radioactivitywasdetectedintheembryo,andtherelative concentrations of radioactivity in the embryo and maternal plasma were about the same at 4, 12 and 24 hours after dosing. Based on the radioactivity data, thalidomide crossed the placental barrier, and the fetal levels of drug-related material were approximately similar to those of maternal levels.
Lactation Risk SummaryThere is no information regarding the presence of thalidomide in human milk, the effects of THALOMID on the breastfed infant, or the effects of THALOMID on milk production. Thalidomide is excreted in the milk of lactating rabbits. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk and because of the potential for adverse reactions in breastfed infants from THALOMID, advise women not to breastfeed during treatment with THALOMID.
DataAnimal Data
In lactating female rabbits at an oral dose of 150 mg/kg/day, the average thalidomide concentrations in milk ranged from 22 to 36 mcg per mL. In the study of lactating female rabbits, high concentrations of thalidomide (7741 – 71425 ng per mL) were noted in milk during four weeks of pre-weaning period. Milk concentrations were 1.16 -2.11, 1.05 – 2.43, and 0.64 – 3.63 times that of plasma at 30, 150 and 500 mg/kg thalidomide doses, respectively; thalidomide, as a lipophilic compound, distributed into milk, with concentrations attained similar to or slightly higher than those of systemic concentrations.
Females And Males Of Reproductive Potential Pregnancy TestingTHALOMID can cause fetal harm when administered during pregnancy. Verify the pregnancy status of females of reproductive potential prior to initiating THALOMID therapy and during therapy. Advise females of reproductive potential that they must avoid pregnancy 4 weeks before therapy, while taking THALOMID, during dose interruptions and for at least 4 weeks after completing therapy.
Females of reproductive potential must have 2 negative pregnancy tests before initiating THALOMID. The first test should be performed within 10-14 days, and the second test within 24 hours prior to prescribing THALOMID. Once treatment has started and during dose interruptions, pregnancy testing for females of reproductive potential should occur weekly during the first 4 weeks of use, then pregnancy testing should be repeated every 4 weeks in females with regular menstrual cycles. If menstrual cycles are irregular, the pregnancy testing should occur every 2 weeks. Pregnancy testing and counseling should be performed if a patient misses her period or if there is any abnormality in her menstrual bleeding. THALOMID treatment must be discontinued during this evaluation.
ContraceptionFemales
Females of reproductive potential must commit either to abstain continuously from heterosexual sexual intercourse or to use 2 methods of reliable birth control simultaneously: one highly effective form of contraception – tubal ligation, IUD, hormonal (birth control pills, injections, hormonal patches, vaginal rings, or implants), or partner's vasectomy, and 1 additional effective contraceptive method – male latex or synthetic condom, diaphragm, or cervical cap. Contraception must begin 4 weeks prior to initiating treatment with THALOMID, during therapy, during dose interruptions, and continuing for 4 weeks following discontinuation of THALOMID therapy. Reliable contraception is indicated even where there has been a history of infertility, unless due to hysterectomy. Females of reproductive potential should be referred to a qualified provider of contraceptive methods, if needed.
Males
Thalidomide is present in the semen of males who take THALOMID. Therefore, males must always use a latex or synthetic condom during any sexual contactwith femalesofreproductivepotential whiletakingTHALOMID,during doseinterruptionsand for up to28 daysafter discontinuing THALOMID, even if they have undergone a successful vasectomy. Male patients taking THALOMID must not donate sperm.
InfertilityBased on findings in animals, male fertility may be compromised by treatment with THALOMID.
Pediatric UseSafety and effectiveness in pediatric patients below the age of 12 years have not been established.
Geriatric UseOne hundred and seventy-six (52%) of 336 patients treated with THALOMID in combination with dexamethasone were ≥65 of age while 50 (15%) were ≥75. Patients ≥65 years of age on Study 2 had higher incidences of atrial fibrillation, constipation, fatigue, nausea, hypokalemia, deep venous thrombosis, hyperglycemia, pulmonary embolism, and asthenia compared to patients <65.
Renal ImpairmentNo clinical studies were conducted with THALOMID in patients with mild, moderate or severe renal function. Renal impairment is not expected to influence drug exposure since <3.5% of the dose is excreted in the urine as unchanged drug.
In a study of 6 patients with end-stage renal disease, thalidomide (200 mg/day) was administered on a non-dialysis day and on a dialysis day and blood samples for pharmacokinetics were collected at least 10 hours following the dose. Comparison of concentration-time profiles on a non-dialysis day and during dialysis showed that the mean total clearance increased by a 2.5-fold during hemodialysis. Because the dialysis was performed 10 hours following administration of the dose, the drug-concentration time curves were not statistically significantly different for days patients were on and off of dialysis. In addition, there were no major differences in thalidomide PK between patients with end-stage renal disease and healthy volunteers. Thus, no dosage adjustment is needed for patients with renal impairment or patients on dialysis.
Hepatic ImpairmentNo clinical studies have been conducted in patients with hepatic impairment.
THALOMID (thalidomide) must only be administered in compliance with all of the terms outlined in the THALOMID REMS program. THALOMID (thalidomide) may only be prescribed by prescribers certified with the THALOMID REMS program and may only be dispensed by pharmacists certified with the THALOMID REMS program.
Drug prescribing to females of reproductive potential is contingent upon initial and continued negative results of pregnancy testing.
Consider dose reduction, delay, or discontinuation in patients who develop National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria (NCI CTC) Grade 3 or 4 adverse reactions and/or based on clinical judgment.
Multiple MyelomaTHALOMID is administered in combination with dexamethasone in 28-day treatment cycles. The dose of THALOMID is 200 mg administered orally once daily with water, preferably at bedtime and at least 1 hour after the evening meal. The dose of dexamethasone is 40 mg daily administered orally on days 1-4, 9-12, and 17-20 every 28 days.
Patients who develop adverse reactions such as constipation, somnolence, or peripheral neuropathy may benefit by either temporarily discontinuing the drug or continuing at a lower dose. With the abatement of these adverse reactions, the drug may be started at a lower dose or at the previous dose based on clinical judgment.
Erythema Nodosum LeprosumFor an episode of cutaneous ENL, THALOMID dosing should be initiated at 100 to 300 mg/day, administered once daily with water, preferably at bedtime and at least 1 hour after the evening meal. Patients weighing less than 50 kilograms should be started at the low end of the dose range.
In patients with a severe cutaneous ENL reaction, or in those who have previously required higher doses to control the reaction, THALOMID dosing may be initiated at higher doses up to 400 mg/day once daily at bedtime or in divided doses with water, at least 1 hour after meals.
In patients with moderate to severe neuritis associated with a severe ENL reaction, corticosteroids may be started concomitantly with THALOMID. Steroid usage can be tapered and discontinued when the neuritis has ameliorated.
Dosing with THALOMID should usually continue until signs and symptoms of active reaction have subsided, usually a period of at least 2 weeks. Patients may then be tapered off medication in 50 mg decrements every 2 to 4 weeks.
Patients who have a documented history of requiring prolonged maintenance treatment to prevent the recurrence of cutaneous ENL or who flare during tapering should be maintained on the minimum dose necessary to control the reaction. Tapering off medication should be attempted every 3 to 6 months, in decrements of 50 mg every 2 to 4 weeks.
The following adverse reactions are described in detail in other labeling sections:
Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice.
Most patients taking thalidomide can be expected to experience adverse reactions.
TeratogenicityThe most serious toxicity associated with thalidomide is its documented human teratogenicity. The risk of severe birth defects, primarily phocomelia or death to the fetus, is extremely high during the critical period of pregnancy. The critical period is estimated, depending on the source of information, to range from 35 to 50 days after the last menstrual period. The risk of other potentially severe birth defects outside this critical period is unknown, but may be significant. Based on present knowledge, thalidomide must not be used at any time during pregnancy.
Because thalidomide is present in the semen of patients receiving the drug, males receiving thalidomide must always use a latex or synthetic condom during any sexual contact with females of reproductive potential, even if he has undergone a successful vasectomy.
Venous And Arterial Thromboembolism:An increased risk of venous thromboembolism (such as deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism), ischemic heart disease (including myocardial infarction), and stroke have been reported in patients with multiple myeloma treated with thalidomide.
Peripheral NeuropathyPeripheral neuropathy is a very common, potentially severe, adverse reaction of treatment with thalidomide that may result in irreversible damage. Peripheral neuropathy generally occurs following chronic use over a period of months. However, reports following relatively short-term use also exist. Incidence of neuropathy events leading to discontinuation, dose reduction or interruption increases with cumulative dose and duration of therapy. Symptoms may occur some time after thalidomide treatment has been stopped and may resolve slowly or not at all.
Somnolence, dizziness, and rash are the most commonly observed adverse reactions associated with the use of thalidomide. Adverse event profiles from clinical trials are summarized in the sections that follow.
Adverse Reactions In Multiple Myeloma Controlled Clinical TrialsThe safety analyses were conducted in two controlled clinical studies (Study 1 and Study 2). The safety analysis in Study 1 was conducted on 204 patients who received treatment. Table 1 lists the most common adverse drug reactions (≥ 10%). The most frequently reported adverse reactions were fatigue, hypocalcemia, edema, constipation, sensory neuropathy, dyspnea, muscle weakness, leukopenia, neutropenia, rash/desquamation, confusion, anorexia, nausea, anxiety/agitation, tremor, fever, weight loss, thrombosis/embolism, neuropathy-motor, weight gain, dizziness, and dry skin.
Twenty-three percent of patients (47/204) discontinued due to adverse reactions; 30% (31/102) from the THALOMID/dexamethasone arm and 16% (16/102) from the dexamethasone alone arm.
Table 1: Adverse Drug Reactions Reported in ≥10%
of Patients in the THALOMID/Dexamethasone Arm (Study 1 -Safety Population;
N=204)
| Body System Adverse Reaction |
Thal + Dex * (N=102) |
Dex Alone* (N=102) |
||
| All Grades n (%) | Grade 3/4 n (%) | All Grades n (%) | Grade 3/4 n (%) | |
| Metabolic/Laboratory | 97 (95) | 33 (32) | 96 (94) | 30 (29) |
| Hypocalcemia | 73 (72) | 11 (11) | 60 (59) | 5 (5) |
| Neurology | 92 (90) | 30 (29) | 76 (74) | 18 (18) |
| Neuropathy-sensory | 55 (54) | 4 (4) | 28 (28) | 1 (1) |
| Confusion | 29 (28) | 9 (9) | 12 (12) | 3 (3) |
| Anxiety/agitation | 26 (26) | 1 (1) | 14 (14) | 3 (3) |
| Tremor | 26 (26) | 1 (1) | 6 (6) | 0 (0) |
| Neuropathy-motor | 22 (22) | 8 (8) | 16 (16) | 5 (5) |
| Dizziness/ lightheadedness | 20 (20) | 1 (1) | 14 (14) | 0 (0) |
| Depressed level of consciousness | 16 (16) | 3 (3) | 3 (3) | 3 (3) |
| Constitutional Symptoms | 91 (89) | 19 (19) | 84 (82) | 16 (16) |
| Fatigue | 81 (79) | 17 (17) | 72(71) | 13(13) |
| Fever | 24 (24) | 1 (1) | 20 (20) | 3 (3) |
| Weight loss | 23 (23) | 1 (1) | 21 (21) | 2 (2) |
| Weight gain | 22 (22) | 1 (1) | 13(13) | 0 (0) |
| Blood/Bone Marrow | 88 (86) | 29 (29) | 96 (94) | 19 (19) |
| Leukocytes (decreased) | 36 (35) | 6 (6) | 30 (29) | 3 (3) |
| Neutrophils (decreased) | 32 (31) | 10 (10) | 24 (24) | 10 (10) |
| Gastrointestinal | 83 (81) | 22 (22) | 70 (69) | 8 (8) |
| Constipation | 56 (55) | 8 (8) | 29 (28) | 1 (1) |
| Anorexia | 29 (28) | 4 (4) | 25 (24) | 2 (2) |
| Nausea | 29 (28) | 5 (5) | 23 (22) | 1 (1) |
| Mouth dryness | 12 (12) | 1 (1) | 6 (6) | 0 (0) |
| Cardiovascular | 70 (69) | 37 (36) | 60 (59) | 21 (21) |
| Edema | 58 (56) | 6 (6) | 47 (46) | 4 (4) |
| Thrombosis/embolism | 23 (22) | 21 (21) | 5 (5) | 5 (5) |
| Pain | 64 (63) | 10 (10) | 66 (65) | 15(15) |
| Myalgia | 17 (17) | 0 (0) | 14 (14) | 1 (1) |
| Arthralgia | 13(13) | 0 (0) | 10 (10) | 2 (2) |
| Pulmonary | 52 (51) | 19 (19) | 51 (50) | 20 (20) |
| Dyspnea | 43 (42) | 13(13) | 32 (31) | 15(15) |
| Dermatology/Skin | 48 (47) | 5 (5) | 35 (34) | 2 (2) |
| Rash/desquamation | 31 (30) | 4 (4) | 18 (18) | 2 (2) |
| Dry skin | 21 (21) | 0 (0) | 11 (11) | 0 (0) |
| Hepatic | 47 (46) | 7 (7) | 45 (44) | 4 (4) |
| Bilirubin | 14 (14) | 2 (2) | 10 (10) | 2 (2) |
| Musculoskeletal | 42 (41) | 9 (9) | 41 (40) | 14 (14) |
| Muscle weakness | 41(40) | 6 (6) | 38 (37) | 13(13) |
| *Treatment-emergent adverse reactions reported in ≥10% of patients in THALOMID/dexamethasone arm and with a ≥1% difference inthe THALOMID/dexamethasone armcompared to the dexamethasonealonearm. |
The safety analysis in Study 2 was conducted on 466 patients who received treatment. Table 2 lists the most common adverse drug reactions (≥ 10%) that were observed. Table 3 lists the most common Grade 3/4 adverse drug reactions (occurring at > 2%) that were observed. The adverse reactions most often reported by patients treated with THALOMID/dexamethasone were constipation, peripheral edema, tremor, asthenia, dizziness and fatigue. Adverse reactions with a frequency at least 2-fold higher in the THALOMID/dexamethasone group than in the placebo/dexamethasone group include constipation, tremor, deep vein thrombosis and peripheral sensory neuropathy.
Twenty-six percent of patients (121/466) discontinued due to adverse events; 37% (86/234) from the THALOMID/dexamethasone arm and 15% (35/232) from the placebo/dexamethasone arm.
Table 2: Adverse Drug
Reactions Reported in ≥10% of Patients in the THALOMID/Dexamethasone Arm (Study 2
-Safety Population; N=466)
| Body System Adverse Reaction |
Thal/Dex (N=234)* n (%) |
Placebo/Dex (N=232)* n (%) |
| Patients with at least 1 Adverse Reaction | 233 (99) | 230 (99) |
| General Disorders and Administration Site Conditions | 176 (75) | 149 (64) |
| Edema peripheral | 80 (34) | 57 (25) |
| Asthenia | 56 (24) | 47 (20) |
| Fatigue | 50 (21) | 36 (16) |
| Edema NOS | 31 (13) | 19 (8) |
| Gastrointestinal Disorders | 162 (69) | 149 (64) |
| Constipation | 116 (50) | 49 (21) |
| Nausea | 30 (13) | 27 (12) |
| Dyspepsia | 27 (11) | 21 (9) |
| Nervous System Disorders | 161 (69) | 138 (60) |
| Tremor | 62 (26) | 29 (12) |
| Dizziness | 51 (23) | 32 (14) |
| Paresthesia | 27 (12) | 15 (6) |
| Peripheral sensory neuropathy | 24 (10) | 12 (5) |
| Infections and Infestations | 139 (59) | 138 (60) |
| Pneumonia NOS | 35 (15) | 28 (12) |
| Psychiatric Disorders | 90 (38) | 97 (42) |
| Anxiety | 27 (12) | 22 (10) |
| Depression | 24 (10) | 19 (8) |
| Metabolism and Nutrition Disorders | 96 (41) | 89 (38) |
| Hyperglycemia NOS | 36 (15) | 32 (14) |
| Vascular Disorders | 92 (39) | 53 (23) |
| Deep vein thrombosis | 30(13) | 4 (2) |
| *All adverse reactions reported
in ≥10% of patients in
THALOMID/dexamethasone arm and with a ≥1% difference in proportion of
patientsbetweenthe THALOMID/dexamethasone armcomparedtothe
placebo/dexamethasonearm. NOS = not otherwise specified. |
Table 3: Grade 3/4 Adverse Drug Reactions Reported in >2% of Patients in the THALOMID/Dexamethasone Arm (Study 2 -Safety Population; N=466)
| Body System Adverse Reaction |
THALOMID/Dex (N=234)* n (%) |
Placebo/Dex (N=232)* n (%) |
| Infections and Infestations | 50 (21) | 36 (16) |
| Pneumonia NOS | 17 (7) | 14 (6) |
| Bronchopneumonia NOS | 7 (3) | 3 (1) |
| General Disorders and Administration Site Conditions | 44 (19) | 26 (11) |
| Asthenia | 11 (5) | 4 (2) |
| Metabolism and Nutrition Disorders | 33 (14) | 34 (15) |
| Hypokalemia | 7 (3) | 3 (1) |
| Nervous System Disorders | 47 (20) | 20 (9) |
| Syncope | 8 (3) | 1 (<1) |
| Peripheral neuropathy NOS | 8 (3) | 0 (0) |
| Cerebrovascular accident | 6 (3) | 1 (<1) |
| Cardiac Disorders | 35 (15) | 27 (11) |
| Atrial fibrillation | 11 (5) | 8 (3) |
| Myocardial ischemia | 6 (3) | 2 (1) |
| Vascular Disorders | 42 (18) | 14 (6) |
| Deep vein thrombosis | 27 (12) | 4 (2) |
| Gastrointestinal Disorders | 26 (11) | 22 (10) |
| Constipation | 7 (3) | 2 (1) |
| Investigations | 21 (9) | 21 (9) |
| Weight increased | 8 (3) | 4 (2) |
| Blood and Lymphatic System Disorders | 24 (10) | 17 (7) |
| Neutropenia | 8 (3) | 6 (3) |
| Respiratory, Thoracic, and Mediastinal Disorders | 27 (12) | 13 (6) |
| Pulmonary embolism | 16 (7) | 4 (2) |
| Psychiatric Disorders | 19 (8) | 8 (3) |
| Anxiety | 5 (2) | 3 (1) |
| Confusional state | 5 (2) | 2 (1) |
| Ear and Labyrinth Disorders | 6 (3) | 0 (0) |
| Vertigo | 5 (2) | 0 (0) |
| *All Grade 3/4 adverse
reactions with >2% of patients in THALOMID/dexamethasone arm and with a
higher frequency in the THALOMID/dexamethasone armcomparedto the
placebo/dexamethasonearm. NOS = not otherwise specified. |
In Study 2, THALOMID in combination with dexamethasone in patients with multiple myeloma, the following adverse drug reactions not described above were reported*:
Gastrointestinal disorders: Vomiting NOS, dry mouth, peritonitis, diverticular perforation
Nervous system disorders: Somnolence, hypoesthesia, polyneuropathy NOS, transient ischemic attack
Respiratory, thoracic, and mediastinal disorders: Bronchitis
NOS Psychiatric disorders: Mood alteration NOS
Vascular disorders: Hypotension NOS, orthostatic hypotension
Cardiac disorders: Bradycardia NOS
Eye disorders: Blurred vision
* All adverse reactions with ≥3% of patients in THALOMID/dexamethasone arm and with a ≥1% difference in proportion of patients between the THALOMID/dexamethasone armcomparedto the placebo/dexamethasonearm. All grade3/4 and seriousadversereactionsreported>2 patients in THALOMID/dexamethasone arm and with a percentage higher in the THALOMID/dexamethasone arm compared to the placebo/dexamethasone arm have been considered for possible inclusion. In any cases medical judgment has been applied for consideration of causality assessment.
Adverse Reactions In Erythema Nodosum Leprosum (ENL) Clinical TrialsTable 4 lists treatment-emergent signs and symptoms that occurred in THALOMID-treated patients in clinical trials in ENL. The most common adverse reactions (≥10%) reported in patients with ENL were somnolence, rash, headache. Doses ranged from 50 to 300 mg/day. All adverse reactions were mild to moderate in severity, and none resulted in discontinuation.
Table 4: Summary of Adverse Events (AEs) Reported in
Celgene-sponsored Controlled Clinical Trials
| Body System/ Adverse Event |
All AEs Reported in Patients with ENL | AEs Reported in ≥3 HIV-seropositive Patients | ||
| 50 to 300 mg/day (N=24) |
Thalidomide | Placebo (N=35) |
||
| 100 mg/day (N=36) |
200 mg/day (N=32) |
|||
| Blood and Lymphatic | 0 | 8 (22.2%) | 13 (40.6%) | 10 (28.6%) |
| Anemia | 0 | 2 (5.6%) | 4 (12.5%) | 3 (8.6%) |
| Leukopenia | 0 | 6 (16.7%) | 8 (25.0%) | 3 (8.6%) |
| Lymphadenopathy | 0 | 2 (5.6%) | 4 (12.5%) | 3 (8.6%) |
| Body as a Whole | 16 (66.7%) | 18 (50.0%) | 19 (59.4%) | 13 (37.1%) |
| Abdominal pain | 1 (4.2%) | 1 (2.8%) | 1 (3.1%) | 4 (11.4%) |
| Accidental injury | 1 (4.2%) | 2 (5.6%) | 0 | 1 (2.9%) |
| Asthenia | 2 (8.3%) | 2 (5.6%) | 7 (21.9%) | 1 (2.9%) |
| Back pain | 1 (4.2%) | 2 (5.6%) | 0 | 0 |
| Chills | 1 (4.2%) | 0 | 3 (9.4%) | 4 (11.4%) |
| Facial edema | 1 (4.2%) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Fever | 0 | 7 (19.4%) | 7 (21.9%) | 6 (17.1%) |
| Headache | 3 (12.5%) | 6 (16.7%) | 6 (18.7%) | 4 (11.4%) |
| Infection | 0 | 3 (8.3%) | 2 (6.3%) | 1 (2.9%) |
| Malaise | 2 (8.3%) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Neck pain | 1 (4.2%) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Neck rigidity | 1 (4.2%) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Pain | 2 (8.3%) | 0 | 1 (3.1%) | 2 (5.7%) |
| Digestive System | 5 (20.8%) | 16 (44.4%) | 16 (50.0%) | 15 (42.9%) |
| Anorexia | 0 | 1 (2.8%) | 3 (9.4%) | 2 (5.7%) |
| Constipation | 1 (4.2%) | 1 (2.8%) | 3 (9.4%) | 0 |
| Diarrhea | 1 (4.2%) | 4 (11.1%) | 6 (18.7%) | 6 (17.1%) |
| Dry mouth | 0 | 3 (8.3%) | 3 (9.4%) | 2 (5.7%) |
| Flatulence | 0 | 3 (8.3%) | 0 | 2 (5.7%) |
| Liver function tests multiple abnormalities | 0 | 0 | 3 (9.4%) | 0 |
| Nausea | 1 (4.2%) | 0 | 4 (12.5%) | 1 (2.9%) |
| Oral moniliasis | 1 (4.2%) | 4 (11.1%) | 2 (6.3%) | 0 |
| Tooth pain | 1 (4.2%) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders | 1 (4.2%) | 8 (22.2%) | 12 (37.5%) | 8 (22.9%) |
| Edema peripheral | 1 (4.2%) | 3 (8.3%) | 1 (3.1%) | 0 |
| Hyperlipemia | 0 | 2 (5.6%) | 3 (9.4%) | 1 (2.9%) |
| SGOT increased | 0 | 1 (2.8%) | 4 (12.5%) | 2 (5.7%) |
| Nervous System | 13 (54.2%) | 19 (52.8%) | 18 (56.3%) | 12 (34.3%) |
| Agitation | 0 | 0 | 3 (9.4%) | 0 |
| Dizziness | 1 (4.2%) | 7 (19.4%) | 6 (18.7%) | 0 |
| Insomnia | 0 | 0 | 3 (9.4%) | 2 (5.7%) |
| Nervousness | 0 | 1 (2.8%) | 3 (9.4%) | 0 |
| Neuropathy | 0 | 3 (8.3%) | 0 | 0 |
| Paresthesia | 0 | 2 (5.6%) | 5 (15.6%) | 4 (11.4%) |
| Somnolence | 9 (37.5%) | 13 (36.1%) | 12 (37.5%) | 4 (11.4%) |
| Tremor | 1 (4.2%) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Vertigo | 2 (8.3%) | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Respiratory System | 3 (12.5%) | 9 (25.0%) | 6 (18.7%) | 9 (25.7%) |
| Pharyngitis | 1 (4.2%) | 3 (8.3%) | 2 (6.3%) | 2 (5.7%) |
| Rhinitis | 1 (4.2%) | 0 | 0 | 4 (11.4%) |
| Sinusitis | 1 (4.2%) | 3 (8.3%) | 1 (3.1%) | 2 (5.7%) |
| Skin and Appendages | 10 (41.7%) | 17 (47.2%) | 18 (56.3%) | 19 (54.3%) |
| Acne | 0 | 4 (11.1%) | 1 (3.1%) | 0 |
| Dermatitis fungal | 1 (4.2%) | 2 (5.6%) | 3 (9.4%) | 0 |
| Nail disorder | 1 (4.2%) | 0 | 1 (3.1%) | 0 |
| Pruritus | 2 (8.3%) | 1 (2.8%) | 2 (6.3%) | 2 (5.7%) |
| Rash | 5 (20.8%) | 9 (25.0%) | 8 (25.0%) | 11 (31.4% ) |
| Rash maculopapular | 1 (4.2%) | 6 (16.7%) | 6 (18.7%) | 2 (5.7%) |
| Sweating | 0 | 0 | 4 (12.5%) | 4 (11.4%) |
| Urogenital System | 2 (8.3%) | 6 (16.7%) | 2 (6.3%) | 4 (11.4%) |
| Albuminuria | 0 | 3 (8.3%) | 1 (3.1%) | 2 (5.7%) |
| Hematuria | 0 | 4 (11.1%) | 0 | 1 (2.9%) |
| Impotence | 2 (8.3%) | 1 (2.8%) | 0 | 0 |
THALOMID in doses up to 400 mg/day has been administered investigationally in the United States over a 19-year period in 1465 patients with ENL. The published literature describes the treatment of an additional 1678 patients. To provide a meaningful estimate of the proportion of the individuals having adverse events, similar types of events were grouped into a smaller number of standardized categories using a modified COSTART dictionary/terminology. These categories are used in the listing below. All reported events are included except those already listed in the previous table. Due to the fact that these data were collected from uncontrolled studies, the incidence rate cannot be determined. No causal relationship between THALOMID and these events can be conclusively determined at this time. These are reports of all adverse events noted by investigators in patients to whom they had administered thalidomide.
Blood and Lymphatic: ESR decrease, eosinophilia, granulocytopenia, hypochromic anemia, leukemia, leukocytosis, leukopenia, MCV elevated, RBC abnormal, spleen palpable, thrombocytopenia.
Body as a Whole: Abdomen enlarged, fever, photosensitivity, upper extremity pain.
Cardiovascular System: Bradycardia, hypertension, hypotension, peripheral vascular disorder, tachycardia, vasodilation.
Digestive System: Anorexia, appetite increase/weight gain, dry mouth, dyspepsia, enlarged liver, eructation, flatulence, increased liver function tests, intestinal obstruction, vomiting.
Metabolic and Endocrine: ADH inappropriate, amyloidosis, bilirubinemia, BUN increased, creatinine increased, cyanosis, diabetes, edema, electrolyte abnormalities, hyperglycemia, hyperkalemia, hyperuricemia, hypocalcemia, hypoproteinemia, LDH increased, phosphorus decreased, SGPT increased.
Muscular Skeletal: Arthritis, bone tenderness, hypertonia, joint disorder, leg cramps, myalgia, myasthenia, periosteal disorder.
Nervous System: Abnormal thinking, agitation, amnesia, anxiety, causalgia, circumoral paresthesia, confusion, depression, euphoria, hyperesthesia, insomnia, nervousness, neuralgia, neuritis, neuropathy, paresthesia, peripheral neuritis, psychosis.
Respiratory System: Cough, emphysema, epistaxis, pulmonary embolus, rales, upper respiratory infection, voice alteration.
Skin and Appendages: Acne, alopecia, dry skin, eczematous rash, exfoliative dermatitis, ichthyosis, perifollicular thickening, skin necrosis, seborrhea, sweating, urticaria, vesiculobullous rash.
Special Senses: Amblyopia, deafness, dry eye, eye pain, tinnitus.
Urogenital: Decreased creatinine clearance, hematuria, orchitis, proteinuria, pyuria, urinary frequency.
Other Adverse Events Observed In HIV-seropositive PatientsIn addition to controlled clinical trials, THALOMID has been used in uncontrolled studies in 145 patients. Less frequent adverse events that have been reported in these HIV-seropositive patients treated with THALOMID were grouped into a smaller number of standardized categories using modified COSTART dictionary/terminology and these categories are used in the listing below. Adverse events that have already been included in the tables and narrative above, or that are too general to be informative are not listed.
Blood and Lymphatic: Aplastic anemia, macrocytic anemia, megaloblastic anemia, microcytic anemia.
Body as a Whole: Ascites, AIDS, allergic reaction, cellulitis, chest pain, chills and fever, cyst, decreased CD4 count, facial edema, flu syndrome, hernia, thyroid hormone level altered, moniliasis, photosensitivity reaction, sarcoma, sepsis, viral infection.
Cardiovascular System: Angina pectoris, arrhythmia, atrial fibrillation, bradycardia, cerebral ischemia, cerebrovascular accident, congestive heart failure, deep thrombophlebitis, heart arrest, heart failure, hypertension, hypotension, murmur, myocardial infarct, palpitation, pericarditis, peripheral vascular disorder, postural hypotension, syncope, tachycardia, thrombophlebitis, thr
