Limited data in patients receiving higher than recommended Teflaro dosages show similar adverse reactions as observed in the patients receiving recommended dosages. Relative overdosing could occur in patients with moderate renal impairment. Treatment of overdose should follow standard medical practice;
Ceftaroline can be removed by haemodialysis; over a 4 hour dialysis period, approximately 74% of a given dose was recovered in the dialysate.
Hypersensitivity to the cephalosporin class of antibacterials.
Immediate and severe hypersensitivity (e.g. anaphylactic reaction) to any other type of beta-lactam antibacterial agent (e.g. penicillins or carbapenems).
Summary of the safety profile
The most common adverse reactions occurring in > 3% of approximately 3242 patients treated with Teflaro in clinical studies were diarrhoea, headache, nausea, and pruritus, and were generally mild or moderate in severity. CDAD and severe hypersensitivity reactions may also occur.
A greater incidence of rash in Asian patients (see below) and a greater incidence of DAGT seroconversion were observed in a study of adult patients with cSSTI conducted with Teflaro 600 mg administered over 120 minutes every 8 hours.
Tabulated list of adverse reactions
The following adverse reactions have been identified during clinical trials and post-marketing experience with Teflaro. Adverse reactions are classified according to System Organ Class and frequency. Frequency categories are derived according to the following conventions: very common (> 1/10), common (> 1/100 to < 1/10), uncommon (> 1/1,000 to < 1/100), rare (> 1/10,000 to < 1/1,000), not known (cannot be estimated from the available data).
Table 5 Frequency of adverse reactions by system organ class from clinical trials and post-marketing experience
| System organ class | Very common | Common | Uncommon | Rare | Not known |
| Infections and infestations | Clostridium difficile colitis | ||||
| Blood and lymphatic system disorders | Anaemia, leucopenia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia, prothrombin time (PT) prolonged, activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) prolonged, international normalized ratio (INR) increased | Agranulocytosis | Eosinophilia | ||
| Immune system disorders | Rash, pruritus | Anaphylaxis , hypersensitivity (e.g. urticaria, lip and face swelling) | |||
| Nervous system disorders | Headache, dizziness | ||||
| Vascular disorders | Phlebitis | ||||
| Gastrointestinal disorders | Diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain | ||||
| Hepatobiliary disorders | Increased transaminases | ||||
| Renal and urinary disorders | Blood creatinine increased | ||||
| General disorders and administration site conditions | Pyrexia, infusion site reactions (erythema, phlebitis, pain) | ||||
| Investigations | Coombs Direct Test Positive |
Description of selected adverse reactions
Rash
Rash was observed at a common frequency in both the pooled Phase III studies in cSSTI with administration of Teflaro every 12 hours (600 mg administered over 60 minutes every 12 hours) and the study in cSSTI with administration every 8 hours (600 mg administered over 120 minutes every 8 hours). However, the frequency of rash in the subgroup of Asian patients receiving Teflaro every 8 hours was very common (18.5%).
Paediatric population
The safety assessment in children is based on the safety data from 2 trials in which 227 paediatric patients aged from 2 months to 17 years with cSSTI or CAP received Teflaro. Overall, the safety profile in these 227 children was similar to that observed in the adult population.
Reporting of suspected adverse reactions
Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product.
United Kingdom
Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the Yellow Card Scheme at: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard or search for MHRA Yellow Card in the Google Play or Apple App Store.
Ireland
Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via HPRA Pharmacovigilance, Earlsfort Terrace, IRL - Dublin 2, Tel: +353 1 6764971, Fax: +353 1 6762517, Website: www.hpra.ie:
E-mail: [email protected]
The kidney was the primary target organ of toxicity in both the monkey and rat. Histopathologic findings included pigment deposition and inflammation of the tubular epithelium. Renal changes were not reversible but were reduced in severity following a 4 week recovery period.
Convulsions have been observed at relatively high exposures during single and multi-dose studies in both the rat and monkey (> 7 times to the estimated ceftaroline Cmax level of a 600 mg twice a day).
Other important toxicologic findings noted in the rat and monkey included histopathologic changes in the bladder and spleen.
Genetic toxicology
Ceftaroline fosamil and ceftaroline were clastogenic in an in vitro chromosomal aberration assay, however there was no evidence of mutagenic activity in an Ames test, mouse lymphoma and unscheduled DNA synthesis assay. Furthermore, in vivo micronucleus assays in rat and mouse were negative. Carcinogenicity studies have not been conducted.
Reproductive toxicology
Overall, no adverse effects on fertility or post-natal development were observed in the rat at up to 5 times the observed clinical exposure. When ceftaroline was administered during organogenesis, minor changes in foetal weight and delayed ossification of the interparietal bone were observed in the rat at exposures below that observed clinically. However, when ceftaroline was administered throughout pregnancy and lactation, there was no effect on pup weight or growth. Ceftaroline administration to pregnant rabbits resulted in an increased foetal incidence of angulated hyoid alae, a common skeletal variation in rabbit fetuses, at exposures similar to those observed clinically.
Juvenile toxicity
Intravenous bolus dosing of ceftaroline fosamil to suckling rats from post-natal day 7 to 20 was well tolerated at plasma exposures approximately 2-fold higher than those for paediatric patients. Renal cortical cysts were oberved in all groups, including controls, on PND50. The cysts involved a small portion of the kidney and ocurred in the absence of significant changes in either renal function or urinary parameters. Therefore, these findings were not considered to be adverse.
Teflaro is indicated for the treatment of the following infections in adults and children from the age of 2 months :
- Complicated skin and soft tissue infections (cSSTI)
- Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP)
Consideration should be given to official guidance on the appropriate use of antibacterial agents.
Pharmacotherapeutic group: Antibacterials for systemic use, other cephalosporins and penems, ATC code: J01DI02
The active moiety after Teflaro administration is ceftaroline.
Mechanism of action
In vitro studies have shown that ceftaroline is bactericidal and able to inhibit bacterial cell wall synthesis in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and penicillin non-susceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae (PNSP) due to its affinity for the altered penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) found in these organisms. As a result, minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of ceftaroline against a proportion of these organisms tested fall into the susceptible range (see Resistance section below).
Resistance
Ceftaroline is not active against strains of Enterobacteriaceae producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) from the TEM, SHV or CTX-M families, serine carbapenemases (such as KPC), class B metallo-beta-lactamases or class C (AmpC) cephalosporinases. Organisms that express these enzymes and which are therefore resistant to ceftaroline occur at very variable rates between countries and between healthcare facilities within countries. If ceftaroline is commenced before susceptibility test results are available then local information on the risk of encountering organisms that express these enzymes should be taken into consideration. Resistance may also be mediated by bacterial impermeability or drug efflux pump mechanisms. One or more of these mechanisms may co-exist in a single bacterial isolate.
Interaction with other antibacterial agents
In vitro studies have not demonstrated any antagonism between ceftaroline in combination with other commonly used antibacterial agents (e.g. amikacin, azithromycin, aztreonam, daptomycin, levofloxacin, linezolid, meropenem, tigecycline, and vancomycin).
Susceptibility testing breakpoints
The European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) breakpoints for susceptibility testing are presented below.
| Organisms | MIC breakpoints (mg/L) | |
| Susceptible (≤ S) | Resistant (R>) | |
| Staphylococcus aureus | 11 | >22 |
| Streptococcus pneumoniae | 0.25 | 0.25 |
| Streptococcus Groups A, B, C, G | Note3 | Note3 |
| Haemophilus influenzae | 0.03 | 0.03 |
| Enterobacteriaceae | 0.5 | 0.5 |
1. Refers to dosing of adults or adolescents (from 12 years and 33 kg) with ceftaroline every 12 hours using 1-hour infusions. Note that: There are no clinical trial data regarding the use of ceftaroline to treat CAP due to S. aureus with ceftaroline MICs > 1 mg/L
2. Refers to dosing of adults or adolescents (from 12 years and 33 kg) with ceftaroline every 8 hours using 2-hour infusions to treat cSSTI. S. aureus with ceftaroline MICs > 4 mg/L are rare. PK-PD analyses suggest that dosing of adults or adolescents (from 12 years and 33 kg) with ceftaroline every 8 hours using 2-hour infusions may treat cSSTI due to S. aureus for which the ceftaroline MIC is 4 mg/L.
3. Infer susceptibility from susceptibility to benzylpenicillin.
Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic relationship
As with other beta-lactam antimicrobial agents, the percent time above the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the infecting organism over the dosing interval (%T > MIC) has been shown to be the parameter that best correlates with the efficacy of ceftaroline.
Clinical efficacy against specific pathogens
Efficacy has been demonstrated in clinical studies against the pathogens listed under each indication that were susceptible to ceftaroline in vitro.
Complicated skin and soft tissue infections
Gram-positive micro-organisms
- Staphylococcus aureus (including methicillin-resistant strains)
- Streptococcus pyogenes
- Streptococcus agalactiae
- Streptococcus anginosus group (includes S. anginosus, S. intermedius, and S. constellatus)
- Streptococcus dysgalactiae
Gram-negative micro-organisms
- Escherichia coli
- Klebsiella pneumoniae
- Klebsiella oxytoca
- Morganella morganii
Community-acquired pneumonia
No cases of CAP due to MRSA were enrolled into the studies. The available clinical data cannot substantiate efficacy against penicillin non-susceptible strains of S. pneumoniae.
Gram-positive micro-organisms
- Streptococcus pneumoniae
- Staphylococcus aureus (methicillin-susceptible strains only)
Gram-negative micro-organisms
- Escherichia coli
- Haemophilus influenzae
- Haemophilus parainfluenzae
- Klebsiella pneumoniae
Antibacterial activity against other relevant pathogens
Clinical efficacy has not been established against the following pathogens although in vitro studies suggest that they would be susceptible to ceftaroline in the absence of acquired mechanisms of resistance:
Anaerobic micro-organisms
Gram-positive micro-organisms
- Peptostreptococcus spp.
Gram-negative micro-organisms
- Fusobacterium spp.
In vitro data indicate that the following species are not susceptible to ceftaroline:
- Chlamydophila spp.
- Legionella spp.
- Mycoplasma spp.
- Proteus spp.
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Paediatric population
The European Medicines Agency has deferred the obligation to submit the results of studies with Teflaro in the paediatric population aged birth to < 2 months (see section 4.2 for information on paediatric use).
The Cmax and AUC of ceftaroline increase approximately in proportion to dose within the single dose range of 50 to 1000 mg. No appreciable accumulation of ceftaroline is observed following multiple intravenous infusions of 600 mg every 8 or 12 hours in healthy adults with CrCL > 50 mL/min.
Distribution
The plasma protein binding of ceftaroline is low (approximately 20%) and ceftaroline is not distributed into erythrocytes. The median steady-state volume of distribution of ceftaroline in healthy adult males following a single 600 mg intravenous dose of radiolabelled ceftaroline fosamil was 20.3 l, similar to the volume of extracellular fluid.
Biotransformation
Ceftaroline fosamil (prodrug) is converted into the active ceftaroline in plasma by phosphatase enzymes and concentrations of the prodrug are measurable in plasma primarily during intravenous infusion. Hydrolysis of the beta-lactam ring of ceftaroline occurs to form the microbiologically inactive, open-ring metabolite, ceftaroline M-1. The mean plasma ceftaroline M-1 to ceftaroline AUC ratio following a single 600 mg intravenous infusion of ceftaroline fosamil in healthy subjects is approximately 20-30%.
In pooled human liver microsomes, metabolic turnover was low for ceftaroline, indicating that ceftaroline is not metabolised by hepatic CYP450 enzymes.
Elimination
Ceftaroline is primarily eliminated by the kidneys. Renal clearance of ceftaroline is approximately equal, or slightly lower than the glomerular filtration rate in the kidney, and in vitro transporter studies indicate that active secretion does not contribute to the renal elimination of ceftaroline.
The mean terminal elimination half-life of ceftaroline in healthy adults is approximately 2.5 hours.
Following the administration of a single 600 mg intravenous dose of radiolabelled ceftaroline fosamil to healthy male adults, approximately 88% of radioactivity was recovered in urine and 6% in faeces.
Special populations
Renal impairment
Dosage adjustments are required in adults, adolescents and children with CrCL ≤ 50 mL/min.
There is insufficient information to recommend dosage adjustments in adolescents with ESRD aged from 12 to < 18 years and with bodyweight < 33 kg and in children with ESRD aged from 2 to < 12 years. There is insufficient information to recommend dosage adjustments in children aged < 2 years with moderate or severe renal impairment or ESRD.
Hepatic impairment
The pharmacokinetics of ceftaroline in patients with hepatic impairment has not been established. As ceftaroline does not appear to undergo significant hepatic metabolism, the systemic clearance of ceftaroline is not expected to be significantly affected by hepatic impairment. Therefore, no dosage adjustment is recommended for patients with hepatic impairment.
Elderly
Following administration of a single 600 mg intravenous dose of ceftaroline fosamil, the pharmacokinetics of ceftaroline were similar between healthy elderly subjects (> 65 years of age), and healthy young adult subjects (18-45 years of age). There was a 33% increase in AUC0-∞ in the elderly that was mainly attributable to age-related changes in renal function. Teflaro dose adjustment is not required in elderly patients with creatinine clearance above 50 mL/min.
Paediatric population
Dose adjustments are required for children aged from 2 months to < 12 years and for adolescents aged 12 to < 18 years with bodyweight < 33 kg. The safety and efficacy of Teflaro in children aged birth to < 2 months have not been established.
Hypersensitivity reactions
Serious and occasionally fatal hypersensitivity reactions are possible.
Patients who have a history of hypersensitivity to cephalosporins, penicillins or other beta-lactam antibacterials may also be hypersensitive to ceftaroline fosamil. Ceftaroline should be used with caution in patients with a history of non-severe hypersensitivity reactions to any other beta-lactam antibiotics (e.g. penicillins or carbapenems). If a severe allergic reaction occurs during treament with Teflaro, the medicinal product should be discontinued and appropriate measures taken.
Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea
Antibacterial-associated colitis and pseudomembranous colitis have been reported with ceftaroline fosamil and may range in severity from mild to life threatening. Therefore, it is important to consider this diagnosis in patients who present with diarrhoea during or subsequent to the administration of ceftaroline fosamil. In such circumstance, the discontinuation of therapy with ceftaroline fosamil and the use of supportive measures together with the administration of specific treatment for Clostridium difficile should be considered.
Non-susceptible organisms
Superinfections may occur during or following treatment with Teflaro.
Patients with pre-existing seizure disorder
Seizures have occurred in toxicology studies at 7-25 times human ceftaroline Cmax levels. Clinical study experience with ceftaroline fosamil in patients with pre-existing seizure disorders is very limited. Therefore, Teflaro should be used with caution in this patient population.
Direct antiglobulin test (Coombs test) seroconversion and potential risk of haemolytic anaemia
The development of a positive direct antiglobulin test (DAGT) may occur during treatment with cephalosporins. The incidence of DAGT seroconversion in patients receiving ceftaroline fosamil was 11.2% in the five pooled pivotal studies with administration every 12 hours (600 mg administered over 60 minutes every 12 hours) and 32.3% in a study in patients receiving ceftaroline fosamil every 8 hours (600 mg administered over 120 minutes every 8 hours),. In clinical studies there was no evidence of haemolysis in patients who developed a positive DAGT on treatment. However, the possibility that haemolytic anaemia may occur in association with cephalosporins including Teflaro treatment cannot be ruled out. Patients experiencing anaemia during or after treatment with Teflaro should be investigated for this possibility.
Limitations of the clinical data
There is no experience with ceftaroline in the treatment of CAP in the following patient groups: the immunocompromised, patients with severe sepsis/septic shock, severe underlying lung disease, those with PORT Risk Class V, and/or CAP requiring ventilation at presentation, CAP due to methicillin-resistant S. aureus or patients requiring intensive care. Caution is advised when treating such patients.
There is no experience with ceftaroline in the treatment of cSSTI in the following patient groups: the immunocompromised, patients with severe sepsis/septic shock, necrotizing fasciitis, perirectal abscess and patients with third degree and extensive burns. There is limited experience in treating patients with diabetic foot infections. Caution is advised when treating such patients.
There are limited clinical trial data on the use of ceftaroline to treat cSSTI caused by S. aureus with an MIC of > 1 mg/L. The recommended dosages of Teflaro shown in Tables 1 and 3 for the treatment of cSSTI caused by S. aureus with ceftaroline MIC of 2 or 4 mg/L are based on pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modelling and simulation. Teflaro should not be used to treat cSSTI due to S. aureus for which the ceftaroline MIC is > 4 mg/L.
Undesirable effects e.g. dizziness may occur and this may have an effect on the ability to drive and use of machines.
Posology
Adults and adolescents (aged from 12 to < 18 years with bodyweight > 33 kg) with creatinine clearance (CrCL) > 50 mL/min: see Table 1.
Table 1 Dosage in adults and adolescents (aged from 12 to < 18 years with bodyweight > 33 kg) with CrCL > 50 mL/min
| Infection | Dosage | Frequency | Infusion time (minutes) | Duration of treatment (days) |
| cSSTIa | 600 mg | Every 12 hours | 60 | 5-14 |
| CAP | 600 mg | Every 12 hours | 60 | 5-7 |
a Based on pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analyses the recommended dose regimen for treatment of cSSTI due to S. aureus for which the ceftaroline MIC is 2 or 4 mg/L is 600 mg every 8 hours using 2 hour infusions.1.
Children aged from 2 months to < 12 years with CrCL > 50 mL/min and adolescents aged from 12 to < 18 years with bodyweight < 33 kg and with CrCL > 50 mL/min: see Table 2.
The recommended durations of treatment are 5-14 days for cSSTI and 5-7 days for CAP.
Table 2 Dosage in children aged from 2 months to < 12 years with CrCL > 50 mL/min and adolescents aged from 12 to < 18 years with bodyweight < 33 kg and CrCL > 50 mL/mina
| Age and bodyweight | Dosage | Frequency | Infusion time (minutes) |
| > 12 years to < 18 years and bodyweight < 33 kg | 12 mg/kgb | Every 8 hours | 60 |
| > 2 years to < 12 years | 12 mg/kgb | Every 8 hours | 60 |
| > 2 months to < 2 years | 8 mg/kg | Every 8 hours | 60 |
a The dose recommendations are applicable to treatment of S.aureus for which the ceftaroline MIC is ≤ 1 mg/L
b The dose administered every 8 hours should not exceed 400 mg
Special populations
Elderly
No dosage adjustment is required for the elderly with creatinine clearance values > 50 mL/min.
Renal impairment
The dose should be adjusted when creatinine clearance (CrCL) is ≤ 50 mL/min, as shown in Tables 3 and 4. The recommended durations of treatment are the same as for patients with CrCL > 50 mL/min.
Dose recommendations for children and adolescents are based on pharmacokinetic (PK) modelling.
There is insufficient information to recommend dosage adjustments in adolescents aged from 12 to < 18 years with bodyweight < 33 kg and in children aged from 2 to 12 years with End-stage renal disease (ESRD).
There is insufficient information to recommend dosage adjustments in children aged from 2 months to < 2 years with moderate or severe renal impairment or ESRD.
Table 3 Dosage in adults and adolescents (aged from 12 to < 18 years with bodyweight > 33 kg) with CrCL ≤ 50 mL/min
| Infection | Creatinine clearancea (mL/min) | Dosage | Frequency c | Infusion time (minutes)c |
| cSSTI and CAP | > 30 to ≤ 50 | 400 mg | Every 12 hours | 60 |
|
| > 15 to ≤ 30 | 300 mg | Every 12 hours | 60 |
|
| ESRD, including haemodialysisb | 200 mg | Every 12 hours | 60 |
a Calculated using the Cockcroft-Gault formula
b Teflaro should be administered after haemodialysis on haemodialysis days
c Based on pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analyses the recommended dose regimen for treatment of cSSTI due to S. aureus for which the ceftaroline MIC is 2 or 4 mg/L is the dose recommended in the table by renal function category administered every 8 hours using 2 hour infusions.1.
Table 4 Dosage in children aged from 2 to < 12 years with CrCL ≤ 50 mL/min and adolescents aged from 12 to < 18 years with bodyweight < 33 kg and CrCL ≤ 50 mL/min
| Creatinine clearancea (mL/min)
| Age and bodyweight | Dosageb, c
| Frequencyb | Infusion time (minutes)b |
| > 30 to ≤ 50 | > 12 years to < 18 years and bodyweight < 33 kg | 8 mg/kgd | Every 8 hours | 60 |
| > 2 years to < 12 years | 8 mg/kgd | Every 8 hours | 60 | |
| > 15 to ≤ 30 | > 12 years to < 18 years and bodyweight < 33 kg | 6 mg/kge | Every 8 hours | 60 |
| > 2 years to < 12 years | 6 mg/kge | Every 8 hours | 60 |
a Calculated using the Schwartz formula
b The dose recommendations are applicable to treatment of S. aureus for which the ceftaroline MIC is ≤ 1 mg/L
c Dose is based on CrCL. CrCL should be closely monitored and the dose adjusted according to changing renal function
d The dose administered every 8 hours should not exceed 300 mg
e The dose administered every 8 hours should not exceed 200 mg
Hepatic impairment
No dosage adjustment is considered necessary in patients with hepatic impairment.
Paediatric population
The safety and efficacy of Teflaro in children below the age of 2 months have not yet been established. No data are available.
Method of administration
Intravenous use. Teflaro is administered by intravenous infusion over 60 minutes or 120 minutes for all infusion volumes (50 ml, 100 ml or 250 ml).
Infusion volumes for paediatric patients will vary according to the weight of the child. The infusion solution concentration during preparation and administration should not exceed 12 mg/ml ceftaroline fosamil.
The powder must be reconstituted with water for injections and the resulting concentrate must then be immediately diluted prior to use. The reconstituted solution is a pale yellow solution that is free of any particles.
Standard aseptic techniques should be used for solution preparation and administration.
Teflaro powder should be reconstituted with 20 ml of sterile water for injections. The resulting solution should be shaken prior to being transferred to an infusion bag or bottle containing either sodium chloride 9 mg/ml (0.9%) solution for injection, dextrose 50 mg/ml (5%) solution for injection, sodium chloride 4.5 mg/ml and dextrose 25 mg/ml solution for injection (0.45% sodium chloride and 2.5% dextrose) or Lactated Ringer's solution. A 250 ml, 100 ml or 50 ml infusion bag can be used to prepare the infusion, based on the patient's volume requirements. The total time interval between starting reconstitution and completing preparation of the intravenous infusion should not exceed 30 minutes.
Infusion volumes for paediatric patients will vary according to the weight of the child. The infusion solution concentration during preparation and administration should not exceed 12 mg/ml ceftaroline fosamil.
Each vial is for single use only.
Any unused medicinal product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements.
