Overdosage may result in electrolyte disturbances including hypokalemia, hypocalcemia, and hypomagnesemia. Appropriate measures should be taken to correct serum electrolytes (potassium, calcium, magnesium), and the resin should be removed from the alimentary tract by appropriate use of laxatives or enemas.
Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate is contraindicated in patients with the following conditions:
The following adverse reactions are discussed elsewhere in the labeling:
The following adverse reactions have been identified during post-approval use of Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to estimate their frequency reliably or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure.
Gastrointestinal: anorexia, constipation, diarrhea, fecal impaction, gastrointestinal concretions (bezoars), ischemic colitis, nausea, ulcerations, vomiting, gastric irritation, intestinal obstruction (due to concentration of aluminium hydroxide)
Metabolic: systemic alkalosis
Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate is indicated for the treatment of hyperkalemia.
Limitation Of UseSodium Polystyrene Sulfonate should not be used as an emergency treatment for life-threatening hyperkalemia because of its delayed onset of action.
The effective lowering of serum potassium with Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate may take hours to days.
The in vivo efficiency of sodium-potassium exchange resins is approximately 33 percent; hence, about one third of the resin's actual sodium content is delivered to the body.
Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate is not absorbed systemically.
Included as part of the PRECAUTIONS section.
PRECAUTIONS Intestinal NecrosisCases of intestinal necrosis, some fatal, and other serious gastrointestinal adverse events (bleeding, ischemic colitis, perforation) have been reported in association with Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate use. The majority of these cases reported the concomitant use of sorbitol. Risk factors for gastrointestinal adverse events were present in many of the cases including prematurity, history of intestinal disease or surgery, hypovolemia, and renal insufficiency and failure. Concomitant administration of sorbitol is not recommended.
Monitor serum potassium during therapy because severe hypokalemia may occur.
Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate is not totally selective for potassium, and small amounts of other cations such as magnesium and calcium can also be lost during treatment. Monitor calcium and magnesium in patients receiving Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate.
Fluid Overload In Patients Sensitive To High Sodium IntakeEach 15 g dose of Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate contains 1500 mg (60 mEq) of sodium. Monitor patients who are sensitive to sodium intake (heart failure, hypertension, edema) for signs of fluid overload. Adjustment of other sources of sodium may be required.
Risk Of AspirationCases of acute bronchitis or bronchopneumonia caused by inhalation of sodium polystyrene sulfonate particles have been reported. Patients with impaired gag reflex, altered level of consciousness, or patients prone to regurgitation may be at increased risk. Administer Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate with the patient in an upright position.
Binding To Other Orally Administered MedicationsSodium Polystyrene Sulfonate may bind orally administered medications, which could decrease their gastrointestinal absorption and lead to reduced efficacy. Administer other oral medications at least 3 hours before or 3 hours after Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate. Patients with gastroparesis may require a 6 hour separation..
Nonclinical Toxicology Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment Of FertilityStudies have not been performed.
Use In Specific Populations Pregnancy Risk SummarySodium Polystyrene Sulfonate is not absorbed systemically following oral or rectal administration and maternal use is not expected to result in fetal risk.
Lactation Risk SummarySodium Polystyrene Sulfonate is not absorbed systemically by the mother, so breastfeeding is not expected to result in risk to the infant.
Pediatric UseStudies of safety and efficacy have not been conducted in pediatric patients.
In pediatric patients, as in adults, Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate is expected to bind potassium at the practical exchange ratio of 1mEq potassium per 1 gram of resin.
In neonates, Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate should not be given by the oral route. In both children and neonates, excessive dosage or inadequate dilution could result in impaction of the resin. Premature infants or low birth weight infants may have an increased risk for gastrointestinal adverse effects with Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate. use.
Administer Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate at least 3 hours before or 3 hours after other oral medications. Patients with gastroparesis may require a 6 hour separation
Recommended DosageThe intensity and duration of therapy depend upon the severity and resistance of hyperkalemia.
OralThe average total daily adult dose of Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate is 15 g to 60 g, administered as a 15-g dose (four level teaspoons), one to four times daily.
RectalThe average adult dose is 30 g to 50 g every six hours.
Preparation And AdministrationPrepare suspension fresh and use within 24 hours.
Do not heat Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate as it could alter the exchange properties of the resin.
One level teaspoon contains approximately 3.5 g of Sodium Polystyrene Sulfonate and 15 mEq of sodium.
Oral SuspensionSuspend each dose in a small quantity of water or syrup, approximately 3 to 4 mL of liquid per gram of resin. Administer with patient in an upright position.
EnemaAfter an initial cleansing enema, insert a soft, large size (French 28) rubber tube into the rectum for a distance of about 20 cm, with the tip well into the sigmoid colon, and tape in place.
Administer as a warm (body temperature) emulsion in 100 mL of aqueous vehicle and flush with 50 to 100 ml of fluid. A somewhat thicker suspension may be used, but do not form a paste.
Agitate the emulsion gently during administration. The resin should be retained for as long as possible and follow by a cleansing enema with a nonsodium containing solution. Ensure an adequate volume of cleansing solution (up to 2 liters) is utilized.
