Aside from possible ovarian hyperstimulation (see WARNINGS), little is known concerning the consequences of acute overdosage with menotropins.
Repronex® (menotropins for injection) is contraindicated in women who have:
The following adverse reactions, reported during menotropins therapy, are listed in decreasing order of potential severity:
The following medical events have been reported subsequent to pregnancies resulting from menotropins therapy:
With menotropin therapy congenital abnormalities have been reported. One infant was shown to have multiple congenital anomalies consisting of aplasia of the sigmoid colon, cecovesicle fistula, bifid scrotum, meningocele, bilateral internal tibial torsion, and right metatarsus adductus. Other reported anomalies include imperforate anus, congenital heart lesions, supernumerary digits, hypospadias, extrophy of the bladder, Down's syndrome and hydrocephalus. The incidence of congenital abnormalities does not exceed that found in the general population.
There have been infrequent reports of ovarian neoplasms, both benign and malignant, in women who have undergone multiple drug regimens for ovulation induction; however, a causal relationship has not been established.
Adverse events occurring in ≥ 1% of patients exposed to Repronex® (menotropins for injection) IM or Repronex® (menotropins for injection) SC are described in Table 4.
Table 4: Patients with Adverse Events ≥ 1%
| Repronex® IM (N=101) |
Repronex® SC (N=96) |
|
| Adverse Events | n (%) | n (%) |
| INJECTION SITE AEs | ||
| Injection Site Edema | 1 (1.0) | 8 (8.3)* |
| Injection Site Reaction | 2 (2.0) | 8 (8.3)* |
| GENITOURINARY/REPRODUCTIVE AEs | ||
| OHSS | 2 (2.0) | 5 (5.2) |
| Vaginal Hemorrhage | 8 (7.9) | 3 (3.1) |
| Ovarian Disease | 3 (3.0) | 8 (8.3) |
| Ectopic Pregnancy | 1 (1.0) | 1 (1.0) |
| Pelvic Pain | 3 (3.0) | 1 (1.0) |
| Breast Tenderness | 2 (2.0) | 2 (2.1) |
| GASTROINTESTINAL AEs | ||
| Nausea | 4 (4.0) | 7 (7.3) |
| Vomiting | 0 (0) | 3 (3.1) |
| Diarrhea | 0 (0) | 2 (2.1) |
| Abdominal Cramping | 7(6.9) | 5 (5.2) |
| Abdominal Pain | 5 (5.0) | 7 (7.3) |
| Enlarged Abdomen | 6 (6.0) | 2 (2.1) |
| OTHER BODY SYSTEM AEs | ||
| Headache | 6 (6.0) | 5 (5.2) |
| Infection | 1 (1.0) | 0 (0) |
| Dyspnea | 1 (1.0) | 2 (2.1) |
| * Fisher's Exact/Chi-Squared Tests- significant for Repronex® SC vs.Repronex® IM. | ||
There have been no reports of abuse or dependence with menotropins.
Repronex® (menotropins for injection) , in conjunction with hCG, is indicated for multiple follicular development (controlled ovarian stimulation) and ovulation induction in patients who have previously received pituitary suppression.
Selection of PatientsSingle doses of 300 IU menotropins (Menogon®, Ferring's European formulation) were administered subcutaneously (SC) and intramuscularly (IM) in a 2-period crossover study to 16 healthy female subjects while their endogenous FSH and LH were being suppressed. Serum FSH concentrations were determined. Based on the ratio of FSH Cmax and AUCo-oc, SC and IM administration of menotropins are not bioequivalent. Compared to IM administration, the SC administration of menotropins results in an increase of FSH Cmax and AUCo-oc by 35 and 20%, respectively.
Based on two subjects who received either the highest SC or IM Repronex® (menotropins for injection) dose, FSH pharmacokinetics (PK) appears to be linear up to 450 IU menotropins. The mean accumulation factors for FSH upon six doses of SC or IM 150 to 450 IU/day Repronex® (menotropins for injection) are 1.6 and 1.4, respectively. Upon six doses of SC or IM 150 IU/day Repronex® (menotropins for injection) , the observed serum FSH concentrations range from 1.7 to 15.9 mIU/mL and 0.5 to 10.1 mIU/mL, respectively. The FSH pharmacokinetic parameters from population modeling for these two studies are in Table 1.
Table 1. FSH Pharmacokinetic Parameters†
Upon Menotropins Administration
| Single Dose‡ | Multiple Dose¶ | |||
| FSH Parameter | SC | IM | SC | IM |
| Ka(h-1) | 0.128 (42.1) | 0.117 (21.3) | 0.076 (46.3) | 0.064 (63.2) |
| C1/F (L/h) | 0.770 (17.1) | 0.94 (6.9) | 1.11 (39.5) | 1.44 (43.5) |
| V/F (L) | 39.37 (14.1) | 57.68 (11.4) | 23.09 (8.3) | 23.5 (2.5) |
| †mean (CV%) ‡Menogon® (Ferring's European formulation of menotropins) ¶ Repronex® (menotropins for injection) |
Serum LH concentrations upon multiple dose SC or IM Repronex® (menotropins for injection) are low and variable. No recognizable trend in the increase in serum LH concentrations from SC or IM 150 to 450 IU/day Repronex® (menotropins for injection) doses was observed. After the 6th dose of SC or IM 150 IU/day Repronex® (menotropins for injection) , the range of baseline-corrected serum LH concentrations is 0 to 3.2 mIU/mL for both routes of administration.
AbsorptionThe geometric mean of FSH Cmax and AUCo-oc upon single dose SC administration of menotropins is 5.62 mIU/mL and 385.2 mIU-h/mL, respectively; the corresponding geometric median of FSH tmax is 12 hours. The geometric mean of FSH Cmax and AUCo-oc upon single dose IM administration of menotropins is 4.15 mIU/mL and 320.1 mIU-h/mL, respectively; the corresponding geometric median of FSH tmax is 18 hours.
DistributionHuman tissue or organ distribution of FSH and LH have not been studied for Repronex® (menotropins for injection).
MetabolismMetabolism of FSH and LH have not been studied for Repronex® (menotropins for injection) in humans.
ExcretionThe mean elimination half-lives of FSH upon single dose SC and IM administration of menotropins are 53.7 and 59.2 hours, respectively.
Pregnancy Category X: See CONTRAINDICATIONS section.
Repronex® (menotropins for injection, USP) is available in vials as a sterile, lyophilized, white to off-white powder or pellet.
Each vial is available with an accompanying vial of sterile diluent containing 2 mL of 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection, USP:
75 IU FSH and 75 IU of LH activity, supplied as:
NDC 55566-7185-1 - Box of 1 vial + 1 vial diluent.
NDC 55566-7185-2 - Box of 5 vials + 5 vials diluent.
150 IU FSH and 150 IU of LH activity, supplied as:
NDC 55566-7125-1 - Box of 1 vial + 1 vial diluent.
By biological assay, one IU of LH for the Second International Reference Preparation (2nd-IRP) for hMG is biologically equivalent to approximately 0.5 U of hCG.
Lyophilized powder may be stored refrigerated or at room temperature (3° to 25°C/37° to 77° F). Protect from light. Use immediately after reconstitution. Discard unused material.
Vials of sterile diluent of 0.9% Sodium Chloride Injection, USP manufactured for Ferring Pharmaceuticals Inc.
Manufactured for: FERRING PHARMACEUTICALS INC. SUFFERN, NY 10901. By: CARDINAL HEALTH, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87107. 03/03. FDA Rev date: 10/23/2001
Repronex® (menotropins for injection) is a drug that should only be used by physicians who are thoroughly familiar with infertility problems. It is a potent gonadotropic substance capable of causing mild to severe adverse reactions in women. Gonadotropin therapy requires a certain time commitment by physicians and supportive health professionals, and its use requires the availability of appropriate monitoring facilities (see PRECAUTIONS - Laboratory Tests). In female patients it must be used with a great deal of care.
Overstimulation of the Ovary During Repronex® (menotropins for injection) TherapyOvarian Enlargement: Mild to moderate uncomplicated ovarian enlargement which may be accompanied by abdominal distension and/or abdominal pain occurs in approximately 5 to 10% of those treated with Repronex® menotropins and hCG, and generally regresses without treatment within two or three weeks.
In order to minimize the hazard associated with the occasional abnormal ovarian enlargement which may occur with Repronex® (menotropins for injection) hCG therapy, the lowest dose consistent with expectation of good results, should be used. Careful monitoring of ovarian response can further minimize the risk of overstimulation.
If the ovaries are abnormally enlarged on the last day of Repronex® (menotropins for injection) therapy, hCG should not be administered in this course of therapy; this will reduce the chances of development of the Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome.
The Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome (OHSS): OHSS is a medical event distinct from uncomplicated ovarian enlargement. OHSS may progress rapidly to become a serious medical event. It is characterized by an apparent dramatic increase in vascular permeability which can result in a rapid accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity, thorax, and potentially, the pericardium. The early warning signs of development of OHSS are severe pelvic pain, nausea, vomiting, and weight gain. The following symptomatology has been seen with cases of OHSS: abdominal pain, abdominal distension, gastrointestinal symptoms including nausea, vomiting and diarrhea, severe ovarian enlargement, weight gain, dyspnea, and oliguria. Clinical evaluation may reveal hypovolemia, hemoconcentration, electrolyte imbalances, ascites, hemoperitoneum, pleural effusions, hydrothorax, acute pulmonary distress, and thromboembolic events (see "Pulmonary and Vascular Complications" below). Transient liver function test abnormalities suggestive of hepatic dysfunction, which may be accompanied by morphologic changes on liver biopsy, have been reported in association with the Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome (OHSS).
OHSS occured in 3 of 125 (2.4%) Repronex® (menotropins for injection) treated women during ART clinical studies. None of these cases was classified as severe. In Ovulation Induction clinical studies, 4 of 72 (5.5%) Repronex® (menotropins for injection) treated women developed OHSS and of this number one case was classified as severe (1.4%). Cases of OHSS are more common, more severe and more protracted if pregnancy occurs. OHSS develops rapidly; therefore patients should be followed for at least two weeks after hCG administration. Most often, OHSS occurs after treatment has been discontinued and reaches its maximum at about seven to ten days following treatment. Usually, OHSS resolves spontaneously with the onset of menses. If there is evidence that OHSS may be developing prior to hCG administration (see PRECAUTIONS - Laboratory Tests), the hCG should be withheld.
If OHSS occurs, treatment should be stopped and the patient hospitalized. Treatment is primarily symptomatic, consisting of bed rest, fluid and electrolyte management, and analgesics if needed. The phenomenon of hemoconcentration associated with fluid loss into the peritoneal cavity, pleural cavity, and the pericardial cavity has been seen to occur and should be thoroughly assessed in the following manner: 1) fluid intake and output, 2) weight, 3) hematocrit, 4) serum and urinary electrolytes, 5) urine specific gravity, 6) BUN and creatinine, and 7) abdominal girth. These determinations are to be performed daily or more often if the need arises.
With OHSS there is an increased risk of injury to the ovary. The ascitic, pleural, and pericardial fluid should not be removed unless absolutely necessary to relieve symptoms such as pulmonary distress or cardiac tamponade. Pelvic examination may cause rupture of an ovarian cyst, which may result in hemoperitoneum, and should therefore be avoided. If this does occur, and if bleeding becomes such that surgery is required, the surgical treatment should be designed to control bleeding and to retain as much ovarian tissue as possible. Intercourse should be prohibited in those patients in whom significant ovarian enlargement occurs after ovulation because of the danger of hemoperitoneum resulting from ruptured ovarian cysts.
The management of OHSS may be divided into three phases: the acute, the chronic, and the resolution phases. Because the use of diuretics can accentuate the diminished intravascular volume, diuretics should be avoided except in the late phase of resolution as described below.
Acute Phase: Management during the acute phase should be designed to prevent hemoconcentration due to loss of intravascular volume to the third space and to minimize the risk of thromboembolic phenomena and kidney damage. Treatment is designed to normalize electrolytes while maintaining an acceptable but somewhat reduced intravascular volume. Full correction of the intravascular volume deficit may lead to an unacceptable increase in the amount of third space fluid accumulation. Management includes administration of limited intravenous fluids, electrolytes, and human serum albumin. Monitoring for the development of hyperkalemia is recommended.
Chronic Phase: After stabilizing the patient during the acute phase, excessive fluid accumulation in the third space should be limited by instituting severe potassium, sodium, and fluid restriction.
Resolution Phase: A fall in hematocrit and an increasing urinary output without an increased intake are observed due to the return of third space fluid to the intravascular compartment. Peripheral and/or pulmonary edema may result if the kidneys are unable to excrete third space fluid as rapidly as it is mobilized. Diuretics may be indicated during the resolution phase if necessary to combat pulmonary edema.
Pulmonary and Vascular ComplicationsSerious pulmonary conditions (e.g., atelectasis, acute respiratory distress syndrome) have been reported. In addition, thromboembolic events both in association with, and separate from, the Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome have been reported following menotropins therapy. Intravascular thrombosis and embolism, which may originate in venous or arterial vessels, can result in reduced blood flow to critical organs or the extremities. Sequelae of such events have included venous thrombophlebitis, pulmonary embolism, pulmonary infarction, cerebral vascular occlusion (stroke), and arterial occlusion resulting in loss of limb. In rare cases, pulmonary complications and/or thromboembolic events have resulted in death.
Multiple PregnanciesMultiple pregnancies have occurred following treatment with Repronex® (menotropins for injection) IM and SC. In a clinical trial for ovulation induction in which Repronex® (menotropins for injection) IM and Repronex® (menotropins for injection) SC were directly compared, the rates of multiple pregnancies were as follows. Of the four clinical pregnancies with Repronex® (menotropins for injection) IM, two were single and two were multiple pregnancies. Both multiple pregnancies were triplet pregnancies. Of the six clinical pregnancies with Repronex® (menotropins for injection) SC, three were single and three were multiple pregnancies. The three multiple pregnancies included one twin pregnancy and two quadruplet pregnancies.
In a clinical trial of IVF patients in which Repronex® (menotropins for injection) IM and Repronex® (menotropins for injection) SC were directly compared, the rates of multiple pregnancies were as follows. Of the 24 continuing pregnancies on Repronex® (menotropins for injection) IM, 14 were single and 10 were multiple pregnancies. The ten multiple pregnancies included three triplet and seven twin pregnancies. Of the 29 continuing pregnancies on Repronex® (menotropins for injection) SC, 14 were single and 15 were multiple pregnancies. The 15 multiple pregnancies included three quadruplet, three triplet and nine twin pregnancies. The patient and her partner should be advised of the potential risk of multiple births before starting treatment.
Hypersensitivity/Anaphylactic ReactionsHypersensitivity/anaphylactic reactions associated with menotropins administration have been reported in some patients. These reactions presented as generalized urticaria, facial edema, angioneurotic edema, and/or dyspnea suggestive of laryngeal edema. The relationship of these symptoms to uncharacterized urinary proteins is uncertain.
PRECAUTIONS GeneralCareful attention should be given to diagnosis in the selection of candidates for menotropins therapy (see "INDICATIONS - Selection of Patients").
Laboratory TestsTreatment for Induction of ovulation
The combination of both estradiol levels and ultrasonography are useful for monitoring the growth and development of follicles, timing hCG administration, as well as minimizing the risk of the Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome and multiple gestation.
The clinical confirmation of ovulation, is determined by:
When used in conjunction with indices of progesterone production, sonographic visualization of the ovaries will assist in determining if ovulation has occurred. Sonographic evidence of ovulation may include the following:
Because of the subjectivity of the various tests for the determination of follicular maturation and ovulation, it cannot be overemphasized that the physician should choose tests with which he/she is thoroughly familiar.
Carcinogenesis and MutagenesisLong-term toxicity studies in animals have not been performed to evaluate the carcinogenic potential of menotropins.
PregnancyPregnancy Category X: See CONTRAINDICATIONS section.
Nursing MothersIt is not known whether this drug is excreted in human milk. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk, caution should be exercised if menotropins are administered to a nursing woman.
Pediatric PatientsSafety and effectiveness in pediatric patients have not been established.
Geriatric PatientsSafety and effectiveness in geriatric patients have not been established.
The dose of Repronex® (menotropins for injection) to stimulate development of ovarian follicles must be individualized for each patient. The lowest dose consistent with achieving good results based on clinical experience and reported clinical data should be used.
The recommended initial dose of Repronex® (menotropins for injection) for patients who have received GnRH agonist or antagonist pituitary suppression is 150 IU daily for the first 5 days of treatment. Based on clinical monitoring (including serum estradiol levels and vaginal ultrasound results) subsequent dosing should be adjusted according to individual patient response. Adjustments in dose should not be made more frequently than once every 2 days and should not exceed more than 75 to 150 IU per adjustment. The maximum daily dose of Repronex® (menotropins for injection) should not exceed 450 IU and dosing beyond 12 days is not recommended.
If patient response to Repronex® (menotropins for injection) is appropriate, hCG (5000 to 10,000 USP units) should be given 1 day following the last dose of Repronex® (menotropins for injection). The hCG should be withheld if the serum estradiol is greater than 2000 pg/mL, if the ovaries are abnormally enlarged or if abdominal pain occurs, and the patient should be advised to refrain from intercourse. These precautions may reduce the risk of Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome and multiple gestation. Patients should be followed closely for at least 2 weeks after hCG administration. If there is inadequate follicle development or ovulation without subsequent pregnancy, the course of treatment with Repronex® (menotropins for injection) may be repeated. The couple should be encouraged to have intercourse daily, beginning on the day prior to the administration of hCG until ovulation becomes apparent from the indices employed for the determination of progestational activity. In the light of the foregoing indices and parameters mentioned, it should become obvious that, unless a physician is willing to devote considerable time to these patients and be familiar with and conduct the necessary laboratory studies, he/she should not use Repronex® (menotropins for injection).
Assisted Reproductive TechnologiesThe recommended initial dose of Repronex® (menotropins for injection) for patients who have received GnRH agonist or antagonist pituitary suppression is 225 IU. Based on clinical monitoring (including serum estradiol levels and vaginal ultrasound results) subsequent dosing should be adjusted according to individual patient response. Adjustments in dose should not be made more frequently than once every 2 days and should not exceed more than 75 to 150 IU per adjustment. The maximum daily dose of Repronex® (menotropins for injection) given should not exceed 450 IU and dosing beyond 12 days is not recommended.
Once adequate follicular development is evident, hCG (5000 - 10,000 USP units) should be administered to induce final follicular maturation in preparation for oocyte retrieval. The administration of hCG must be withheld in cases where the ovaries are abnormally enlarged on the last day of therapy. This should reduce the chance of developing OHSS.
AdministrationDissolve the contents of one to 6 vials of Repronex® (menotropins for injection) in one to two mL of sterile saline and ADMINISTER SUBCUTANEOUSLY OR INTRAMUSCULARLY immediately. Any unused reconstituted material should be discarded.
Parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration, whenever solution and container permit.
The lower abdomen (alternating sides) should be used for subcutaneous administration.
No drug/drug interaction studies have been conducted for Repronex® (menotropins for injection) in humans.
