No deaths due to acute poisoning with phentolamine have been reported. Overdosage with parenterally administered phentolamine is characterized chiefly by cardiovascular disturbances, such as arrhythmias, tachycardia, hypotension, and possibly shock. In addition, the following might occur: excitation, headache, sweating, pupillary contraction, visual disturbances, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, or hypoglycemia.
There is no specific antidote; treatment consists of appropriate monitoring and supportive care. Substantial decreases in blood pressure or other evidence of shock-like conditions should be treated vigorous and promptly.
QiWei is contraindicated in patients with: Hypersensitivity to the active substance or to any ingredients in the formulation.
In clinical trials, the most common adverse reaction with QiWei that was greater than the control group was injection site pain.
Clinical Trials ExperienceBecause clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates moved in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice.
Dental patients were administered a dose of either 0.2, 0.4, or 0.8 mg of QiWei. The majority of adverse reactions were mild and resolved within 48 hours. There were no serious adverse reactions and no discontinuations due to adverse reactions.
Table 1 lists adverse reactions where the frequency was greater than or equal to 3% in any QiWei dose group was equal to or exceeded that of the control group.
Table 1: Adverse Reactions with Frequency Greater Than or Equal to 3% and Equal to or Exceeding Control
| Adverse Event | QiWei | Control | |||
| 0.2 mg (N=83) N (%) | 0.4 mg (N=284) N (%) | 0.8 mg (N=51) N (%) | Total (N=418) N (%) | Total (N=359) N (%) | |
| Patients with AEs | 15(18) | 82 (29) | 20 (39) | 117(28) | 96 (27) |
| Tachychardia | 0 (0) | 17 (6) | 2 (4) | 19 (5) | 20 (6) |
| Bradychardia | 0 (0) | 5 (2) | 2 (4) | 7 (2) | 1 (0.3) |
| Injection site pain | 5 (6) | 15 (5) | 2 (4) | 22 (5) | 14 (4) |
| Post procedural pain | 3 (4) | 17 (6) | 5 (10) | 25 (6) | 23 (6) |
| Headache | 0 (0) | 10 (4) | 3 (6) | 13 (3) | 14 (4) |
An examination of population subgroups did not reveal a differential adverse reaction incidence on the basis of age, gender, or race. Results from the pain assessments in Study 1 and Study 2, involving mandibular and maxillary procedures, respectively, indicated that the majority of dental patients in both QiWei and control groups experienced no or mild oral pain, with less than 10% of patients in each group reporting moderate oral pain with a similar distribution between the QiWei and control groups. No patient experienced severe pain in these studies. Study 4 included 150 pediatric patients between 2-5 years of age who received a dose of either ¼ cartridge (0.1 mg), ½ cartridge (0.2 mg) or 1 cartridge (0.4 mg) of QiWei or sham injection (placebo). Safety in patients in Study 4 was similar to safety in older patients described above. Post-procedural revealed that oral pain was reported in the QiWei group with a higher frequency (10.1%) than the placebo group (3.9%). The proportion of patients in the QiWei and placebo groups was comparable with respect to the highest severity of pain experienced: 30.4% of QiWei patients and 30% of placebo patients reported no pain; 43.1% of QiWei patients and 45.0% of placebo patients reported mild pain; 19.0% of QiWei subjects and 17.5% of placebo patients reported moderate pain; and 15.2% of QiWei patients and 15.0% of placebo patients reported severe pain..
Adverse Reactions In Clinical TrialsAdverse reactions reported by less than 3% but at least 2 dental patients receiving QiWei and occurring at a greater incidence than those receiving control, included diarrhea, facial swelling, increased blood pressure/hypertension, injection site reactions, jaw pain, oral pain, paresthesia, pruritus, tenderness, upper abdominal pain and vomiting. The majority of these adverse reactions were mild and resolved within 48 hours. The few reports of paresthesia were mild and transient and resolved during the same time period.
Post Marketing Adverse Reactions Reports From Literature And Other SourcesThe following adverse reactions have been identified during post approval parenteral use of phentolamine mesylate. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure. Acute and prolonged hypotensive episodes and cardiac arrhythmias have been reported w h the use of phentolamine. In addition, weakness, dizziness, flushing, orthostatic hypotension, and nasal stuffiness have occurred.
QiWei, an alpha adrenergic blocker, is indicated for adult and pediatric patients ages 3 years and older for reversal of the soft-tissue anesthesia, i.e., anesthesia of the lip and tongue, and the associated functional deficits resulting from an intraoral submucosal injection of a local anesthetic containing a vasoconstrictor
Following QiWei administration, phentolamine is 100% available from the submucosal injection site and peak concentrations are achieved 10-20 minutes after injection. Phentolamine systemic exposure increased linearly after 0.8 mg compared to 0.4 mg QiWei intraoral submucosallood was approximately 2-3 hours.
PediatricsFollowing QiWei administration, the phentolamine Cmax was higher (approximately 3.5-fold) in children who weighed between 15 and 30 kg (33 and 66 lbs) than in children who weighed more than 30 kg. However, phentolamine AUC was similar between the two groups. It is recommended that in children weighing 15-30 kg, the maximum dose of QiWei should be limited to ½ cartridge (0.2 mg) (see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION section). The pharmacokinetics of QiWei in adults and in children who weighed more than 30 kg (66 lbs) are similar after intraoral submucosal injection.
Included as part of the PRECAUTIONS section.
PRECAUTIONS Cardiovascular EventsMyocardial infarction, cerebrovascular spasm, and cerebrovascular occlusion have been reported to occur following the parenteral administration of phentolamine. These events usually occurred in association with marked hypotensive episodes producing shock-like states. Tachycardia and cardiac arrhythmias may occur with the use of phentolamine or other alpha-adrenergic blocking agents. Although such effects are uncommon after administration of QiWei, clinicians should be alert to the signs and symptoms of these events, particularly in patients with a prior history of cardiovascular disease.
Nonclinical Toxicology Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment Of Fertility CarcinogenesisCarcinogenic studies with QiWei have not been conducted.
MutagenesisPhentolamine was not mutagenic in the in-vitro bacterial reverse mutation (Ames) assay. In the in-vitro chromosomal aberration study in Chinese hamster ovary cells, numerical aberrations were slightly increased after a 4-hour exposure to phentolamine without metabolic activation and structural aberrations were slightly increased after a 4-hour exposure to phentolamine with metabolic activation only at the highest concentrations tested, but neither numerical nor structural aberrations were increased after a 20-hour exposure without metabolic activation. Phentolamine was not clastogenic in two in-vivo mouse micronucleus assays.
Impairment Of FertilityThe effect of phentolamine on female fertility has not been studied. Male rats treated with oral phentolamine for nine weeks (four weeks prior to mating, 3 weeks during the mating period and 2 weeks after mating) were mated with untreated females. At doses up to 143-times human therapeutic exposure levels at the Cmax, no adverse effects on male fertility parameters or on reproductive parameters in the untreated females mated with the treated males were observed.
Use In Specific Populations PregnancyPregnancy Category C.
Risk summaryThere are no available data with QiWei in pregnant women to inform a drug-associated risk for major birth defects and miscarriage. In animal toxicology studies, phentolamine administered orally to pregnant mice and rats during the period of organogenesis resulted in skeletal immaturity and decreased growth in the offspring at doses at least 24-times the recommended dose. Additionally, a lower rate of implantation was seen in pregnant rats treated with phentolamine at least 60-times the recommended dose. No malformations or embryofetal deaths were observed in the offspring of pregnant mice, rats, and rabbits administered phentolamine during the period of organogenesis at doses 24-, 60-, and 20-times, respectively, the recommended dose.
The estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2-4% and 15-20%, respectively.
DataAnimal Data
Oral administration of phentolamine to pregnant rats and mice at doses at least 24-times the recommended dose (based on a mg/m² comparison with a 60 kg human) resulted in slightly decreased growth and slight skeletal immaturity of the fetuses. Immaturity was manifested by increased incidence of incomplete or unossified calcanei and phalangeal nuclei of the hind limb and of incompletely ossified sternebrae. At oral phentolamine doses at least 60-times the recommended dose (based on a mg/m² comparison with a 60 kg human),a slightly lower rate of implantation was found in the rat. Phentolamine did not affect embryonic or fetal development in the rabbit at oral doses at least 20-times the recommended dose (based on a mg/m² comparison with a 60 kg human). No malformations or embryofetal deaths were observed in the rat, mouse or rabbit studies.
Lactation Risk SummaryThere is no information regarding the presence of phentolamine in human milk, the effects on the breastfed infant or the effects on milk production. The developmental and health benefits of breastfeeding should be considered along with the mother's clinical need for QiWei and any potential adverse effects on the breastfed infant from QiWei, or from the underlying maternal condition.
Pediatric UseThe safety and efficacy of QiWei has not been established in patients younger than 3 years.
The safety and effectiveness of QiWei in pediatric patients ages 3 years and older is supported by evidence from adequate and well-controlled studies of QiWei in adults, with additional adequate and well-controlled studies of QiWei in pediatric patients ages 12-17 years old [Studies 1 (mandibular procedures) and 2 (maxillary procedures)], ages 6-11 years old [Study 3 (mandibular and maxillary procedures)], and another study in patients ages 2-5 years [Study 4]. Study 4 assessed safety and effectiveness in patients 4 to 5 years, but was not designed to demonstrate efficacy. Use in patients 3 to < 4 years is supported by similar pharmacokinetics and safety in these patients compared with older pediatric patients (see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY]. Use of QiWei in this age group (3 to < 4 years) is also supported by the similarity in the exposure response of QiWei for pediatric and adult patients, and the adequacy of the safety database for patients age ≥ 3. The safety database for patients age < 3 is limited, and therefore, use in patients age < 3 is not recommended. Dosages in pediatric patients may need to be limited based on body weight.
Geriatric UseOf the total number of patients in clinical studies of QiWei, 55 were 65 and over, while 21 were 75 and over. No overall differences in safety or effectiveness were observed between these patients and younger patients, and other reported clinical experience has not identified differences in responses between the elder and younger patients, but greater sensitivity of some older individuals cannot be ruled out.
The recommended dose of QiWei is based on the number of cartridges of local anesthetic with vasoconstrictor administered:
| Amount of Local Anesthetic Administered | Dose of QiWei [mg] | Dose of QiWei [Cartridge(s)] |
| ¼ Cartridge | 0.1 | % |
| ½ Cartridge | 0.2 | % |
| 1 Cartridge | 0.4 | 1 |
| 2 Cartridges | 0.8 | 2 |
QiWei should be administered following the dental procedure using the same location(s) and technique(s) (infiltration or block injection) employed for the administration of the local anesthetic.
Chemically disinfect the carpule cap by wiping with either isopropyl alcohol (91%) or ethyl alcohol (70%). Many commercially available brands of isopropyl (rubbing) alcohol, as well as solutions of ethyl alcohol not of U.S.P. grade, contain denaturants that are injurious to rubber and therefore are not to be used.
Inspect carpules visually prior to administration and do not use if particulate matter, discoloration, cracks in the glass, protruding plungers or other defects are observed.
Note: Do not administer QiWei if particulate matter, discoloration, cracks in the glass, protruding plungers or other defects are observed.
Dosing In Special PopulationsIn pediatric patients weighing between ≥ 15 kg and < 30 kg, the maximum dose of QiWei recommend is ½ cartridge (0.2 mg). (Note: Use in pediatric patients under 3 years of age or weighing less than15 kg (33 lbs) is not recommended. A dose of more than 1 cartridge [0.4 mg] of QiWei has not been studied in children less than 4 years of age.)
