Symptoms
Goitre and hypothyroidism may be induced by repeated over dosage. Single overdose is not dangerous. Overdose may manifest as vomiting, epigastric distress, headache, fever, arthralgia, pruritus, and pancytopenia.
Treatment
The treatment of PTUthiouracil overdose should aim to minimise the amount of drug absorbed into the circulation. Treatment should involve liberal use of oral fluids. Activated charcoal may also be employed. General symptomatic and supportive measures should then be instituted. A full blood analysis should be considered because of the slight risk of haematological complications and appropriate therapy given if bone marrow depression develops.
There is no specific antidote for PTUthiouracil.
Previous severe hypersensitivity reaction e.g. agranulocytosis, hepatitis, vasculitis, nephritis.
Owing to the presence of Lactose, patients with rare hereditary problems of galactose intolerance, the Lapp lactase deficiency or glucose-galactose malabsorption should not take this medicine.
None known
Blood and lymphatic system: Reversible leucopenia. Rarely, agranulocytosis, thrombocytopenia, leucopenia, aplastic anaemia, pancytopenia. A rare complication of therapy is a tendency to haemorrhage associated with hypoprothrombinaemia which may be controlled by the administration of phytomenadione.
Ear and labyrinth disorders: Rarely, hearing impairment may occur with PTUthiouracil. The impairment usually becomes less marked after withdrawal of the drug.
Gastrointestinal: Nausea, gastrointestinal disturbances, taste perversion. Rarely vomiting.
General: Fever.
Hepatobiliary: Jaundice (usually cholestatic), hepatic necrosis (sometimes with fatal consequences), encephalopathy. More commonly, asymptomatic liver function test abnormalities (increased serum bilirubin, Alanine transaminase and / or alkaline phosphatase concentrations), which are reversible on dose reduction or discontinuation of treatment, may occur with PTUthiouracil.
Frequency unknown: Hepatitis, hepatic failure.
Immune system: Interstitial pneumonitis, alveolar haemorrhage, lymphadenopathy, arthritis, nephritis, vasculitis and lupus erythematosus-like syndromes have occurred in some patients taking thiourea antithyroid drugs. An immune mechanism has been proposed. There have also been rare reports of acute glomerulonephritis. Hypersensitivity reactions may also be associated with the development of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCA).
Musculoskeletal: Myopathy, arthralgia,
Nervous system: Headache.
Skin: Mild papular skin rashes, pruritus, urticaria, alopecia, cutaneous vasculitis.
Reporting of suspected adverse reactions
Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the Yellow Card Scheme at www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard.
There have been no systematic long term animal toxicology studies performed. Some short term studies carried out when this class of drugs was introduced (approx 45 years ago) show that rats and rodents treated with high doses of PTUthiouracil and made markedly hypothyroid will frequently develop thyroid hyperplasia, adenomas, carcinoma, pituitary adenomas and parathyroid hyperplasia.
Hyperthyroidism
PTUthiouracil is an antithyroid drug that depresses the formation of thyroid hormone. This is effected by interference both with the incorporation of iodine into tyrosyl residues and the coupling of such residues to form iodothyronines. PTUthiouracil achieves these actions by the inhibition of the enzyme peroxidase.
Its effects are only manifest after a latent period of up to 3 or 4 weeks because all the preformed hormone has to be used up before circulatory concentrations will fall.
PTUthiouracil is rapidly absorbed from the gut with average peak blood levels about one hour after administration of an oral dose. Between half and three quarters of the oral dose is bioavailable, due to incomplete absorption or rapid first pass metabolism by the liver. Most is excreted as the glucuronic acid conjugate in the urine. Plasma half life is 1-3 hours, the volume of distribution approximately 30l, with about 80% plasma protein binding.
PTUthiouracil crosses the placenta and is secreted in breast milk reaching about 10% of the serum concentration.
Because of the risk of agranulocytosis it is advised that patients should be warned to report to their doctor in the event of a sore throat, fever, mouth ulcers, bruising, malaise, non-specific illness or other symptoms of infection immediately. A full blood count should be performed and treatment should be discontinued immediately if there is clinical or laboratory evidence of neutropenia.
The prothrombin time should be monitored during therapy, especially prior to surgery, because PTUthiouracil may cause thrombocytopenia.
Some cases of severe hepatic reactions, both in adults and children, including fatal cases and cases requiring a liver transplant have been reported with PTUthiouracil. Time to onset has varied but in a majority of cases the liver reaction occurred within 6 months. If significant hepatic enzyme abnormalities develop during treatment with PTUthiouracil the drug should be discontinued immediately (see 4.8).
PTUthiouracil should be used with caution in patients with renal impairment or hepatic disease (see 4.2 Posology and Method of Administration). Patients should be advised of the symptoms of hepatic dysfunction (anorexia, pruritus, right upper quadrant pain, etc) and told to report them immediately. The occurrence of hepatic necrosis may have fatal consequences.
None known.
Adults and elderly:
Initially 300 to 600mg daily, once daily or in divided doses until the patient becomes euthyroid.
When the condition is controlled (usually after 1-2 months), the dose is reduced to 50 to 150mg daily and continued for 1-2 years.
In renal impairment: | GFR 10 to 50ml/min, 75% dose |
GFR < 10ml/min, 50% dose | |
In hepatic disease: | Reduced dose |
Children under 6 years: | Not recommended |
Children 6-10 years: | Initially 50 to 150mg once daily or in divided doses |
Children over 10 years: | Initially 150 to 300mg once daily or in divided doses |
The tablets are administered orally.
