In the event of accidental overdose, general supportive measures should be instituted, including close monitoring of respiratory and cardiac status of the patient. The major symptom requiring intervention is respiratory depression, which could lead to respiratory arrest and death. If the patient vomits, care must be taken to prevent aspiration of the vomitus.
Treatment: Symptomatic treatment of respiratory depression, following standard intensive care measures, should be instituted. A patent airway and assisted or controlled ventilation must be assured. The patient should be transferred to an environment within which full resuscitation facilities are available. Use of an opioid antagonist (i.e., naloxone) is recommended, despite the modest effect it may have in reversing the respiratory symptoms of buprenorphine compared with its effects on full agonist opioid agents.
The long duration of action of buprenorphine should be taken into consideration when determining length of treatment needed to reverse the effects of an overdose.
- Hypersensitivity to buprenorphine or any of the excipients
- Children and adolescents less than 15 years of age
- Severe respiratory insufficiency
- Severe hepatic insufficiency
- Acute alcoholism or delirium tremens
Not applicable
Citric acid anhydrous
Lactose monohydrate
Mannitol
Sodium citrate
Sodium stearyl fumarate
Pregelatinised starch (maize)
Sublingual tablet.
White to off-white, round, biplane tablet with facet and one-sided ornamental notch (diameter: approximately 5.0 mm).
The score line is not intended for breaking the tablet.
The evaluation of side effects is based on the following frequencies:
very common (> 1/10) ; common (> 1/100 to <1/10) ; uncommon (> 1/1,000 to <1/100) ; rare (> 1/10,000 to < 1/1,000) ; very rare (< 1/10,000)
The side effects that occurred after buprenorphine intake were observed in clinical and post-authorisation studies.
|
System Organ Class |
Adverse Reactions |
|
Immune system disorders Very rare |
anaphylactic shock, angiooedema |
|
Psychiatric disorders Very common Common Uncommon |
insomnia anxiety, nervousness, drowsiness hallucinations |
|
Nervous system disorders Common |
dizziness, headache |
|
Eye disorders Common |
lacrimation disorders |
|
Cardiac disorders Common |
QT prolongation |
|
Vascular disorders Common |
fainting, orthostatic hypotension |
|
Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders Common Uncommon Very rare |
rhinitis respiratory depression bronchospasm |
|
Gastrointestinal disorders Common |
constipation, diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain |
|
Hepatobiliary disorders Uncommon |
hepatic necrosis, hepatitis* |
|
Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders Common |
sweating |
|
General disorders and administration site conditions Very common common |
asthenia, withdrawal syndrome back pain, chills |
*In cases of intravenous misuse, local reactions, sometimes septic, and potentially serious acute hepatitis have been reported.
Acute toxicity of buprenorphine was determined in the mouse and rat following oral and parenteral administration. The median lethal doses (LD50) in the mouse were 26, 94 and 261 mg/kg for intravenous, intraperitoneal and oral administration, respectively. The LD50 values in the rat were 35, 243, and 600 mg/kg for intravenous, intraperitoneal and oral administration, respectively.
When beagles were dosed continuously subcutaneously for one month, rhesus monkeys orally for one month and rats and baboons intramuscularly for six months, buprenorphine showed remarkably low tissue and biochemical toxicities.
From teratology studies in rats and rabbits, it was concluded that buprenorphine is not embryotoxic or teratogenic, and it does not have any marked effects on weaning potential. There were no adverse effects on fertility or general reproductive function in rats, although at the highest intramuscular dose (5mg/kg/day) the mothers experienced some difficulty in parturition and there was a high neonatal mortality.
Minimal to moderate hyperplasia of the bile duct with associated peribiliary fibrosis occurred in dogs following 52 weeks of oral dosing of 75mg/kg/day.
Substitution treatment for opioid drug dependence, within a framework of medical, social and psychological treatment.
Treatment is intended for use in adults and adolescents aged 15 years and over who have agreed to be treated for addiction.
Pharmacotherapeutic group: Drugs used in opioid dependence
ATC code: N07 BC01
Buprenorphine is an opioid partial agonist/antagonist which attaches itself to the µ (mu) and κ (kappa) receptors of the brain. Its activity in opioid maintenance treatment is attributed to its slowly reversible link with the µ receptors which, over a prolonged period, minimises the need of the addicted patient for drugs.
During clinical pharmacologic studies in opiate-dependent subjects, buprenorphine demonstrated a ceiling effect on a number of parameters, including positive mood, “good effectâ€, and respiratory depression.
Absorption
When taken orally, buprenorphine undergoes first-pass hepatic metabolism with N-dealkylation and glucuroconjugation in the small intestine and in the liver. The use of this medication by the oral route is therefore inappropriate.
When taken sublingually, the absolute bioavailability of buprenorphine tablets is not well known but has been estimated to be between 15 and 30%.
Peak plasma concentrations are achieved 90 minutes after sublingual administration and the maximal dose-concentration relationship is linear, between 2 mg and 16 mg.
Distribution
The absorption of buprenorphine is followed by a rapid distribution phase and a half-life of 2 to 5 hours.
Metabolism and elimination
Buprenorphine is oxidatively metabolised by 14-N-dealkylation to N-desalkyl-buprenorphine (also known as norbuprenorphine) via cytochrome P450 CYP3A4 and by glucuroconjugation of the parent molecule and the dealkylated metabolite. Norbuprenorphine is a µ (mu) agonist with weak intrinsic activity.
Elimination of buprenorphine is bi- or tri- exponential, with a long terminal elimination phase of 20 to 25 hours, due in part to reabsorption of buprenorphine after intestinal hydrolysis of the conjugated derivative, and in part to the highly lipophilic nature of the molecule.
Buprenorphine is essentially eliminated in the faeces by biliary excretion of the glucuroconjugated metabolites (70%), the rest being eliminated in the urine.
28/03/2018
Prefibin, 0.4 mg, sublingual tablets
Sandoz Limited
Frimley Business Park,
Frimley,
Camberley,
Surrey,
GU16 7SR.
United Kingdom
This medicinal product does not require any special storage conditions.
PVC/PVDC-aluminium blister packs
Pack sizes 7, 10, 20, 24, 28, 30, 48 or 50 sublingual tablets.
Not all pack sizes may be marketed.
PL 04416/0950
Each tablet contains 0.4 mg of buprenorphine (as buprenorphine hydrochloride).
Excipient: 44.8 mg lactose monohydrate.
Warnings
Buprenorphine sublingual tablets are recommended only for the treatment of opioid drug dependence.
It is also recommended that treatment is prescribed by a physician who ensures comprehensive management of drug addicts.
Special risks in substitution therapy
- The patient must be informed on the possible deadly risk of combining centrally acting depressants like alcohol, illegal opiates, benzodiazepines, hypnotics with buprenorphine.
- The patient must be informed on the possible risks of i.v. misuse: respiratory arrest, shock, thrombophlebitis, embolism, endocarditis, sepsis, liver damage
- The clinician should consider the risk of abuse and misuse (e.g. IV administration), particularly at the beginning of the treatment. Due to misuse risk, especially by intravenous route, and posology adaptation, prescription duration should be brief particularly at the beginning of the treatment. If possible, a controlled or partial dispensing should be implemented in order to favour also treatment compliance.
- If high doses are used, special precaution is necessary to avoid drug diversion.
- In case of concomitant illnesses, symptoms may be masked by analgetic effects of buprenorphine, therefore adequate surveillance is necessary.
- Respiratory depression: some cases of death due to respiratory depression have been reported, particularly when used in combination with benzodiazepines or when buprenorphine was not used according to labelling.
- Hepatitis, hepatic events: Serious cases of acute hepatic injury have been reported in a context of misuse, especially by intravenous route. These hepatic injuries have mainly been observed at the high doses and could be due to a mitochondrial toxicity. Pre-existing or acquired mitochondrial impairment (genetic diseases, viral infections particularly chronic C hepatitis, alcohol abuse, anorexia, associated mitochondrial toxins, e.g. aspirin, isoniazid, valproate, amiodarone, antiretroviral nucleoside analogues), could promote the occurrence of such hepatic injuries. These co-factors must be taken into consideration before prescribing Buprenorphine and during the treatment monitoring. When a hepatic event is suspected, further biological and etiological evaluation is required. Depending upon the findings, the medicinal product may be discontinued cautiously so as to prevent withdrawal syndrome and to prevent a return to drug addiction. If the drug treatment is continued, hepatic function should be monitored closely.This product can cause opioid withdrawal symptoms if administered to an addicted patient less than 4 hours after the last use of the drug.
- Discontinuation of treatment may result in a withdrawal syndrome that may be delayed
- This product can cause drowsiness, which may be exacerbated by other centrally acting agents, such as: alcohol, tranquillisers, sedatives, hypnotics.
- This product can cause orthostatic hypotension.
Studies in animals, as well as clinical experience, have showed that buprenorphine may produce dependence but at a lower level than morphine. Consequently, it is important to follow the recommendations for initiating treatment, dosage adjustment and monitoring of the patient.
Paediatric Use
No data are available in children less than 15 years of age; therefore, buprenorphine should not be used in children under the age of 15.
Precautions for use
This product should be used with care in patients with:
- asthma or respiratory insufficiency (cases of respiratory depression have been reported with buprenorphine)
- renal insufficiency (30% of the administered dose is eliminated by the renal route; thus, renal elimination may be prolonged)
- hepatic insufficiency (hepatic metabolism of buprenorphine may be altered).
As with other opioids, caution is requested in patients using buprenorphine and having:
- head injury and increased cranial pressure,
- hypotension,
- prostatic hypertrophy and urethral stenosis.
Athletes should be aware that this medicine may cause a positive reaction to “anti-doping tests.
This medicinal product contains lactose. Patients with rare hereditary problems of galactose intolerance, the Lapp lactase deficiency or glucose-galactose malabsorption should not take this medicine.
This medicine can impair cognitive function and can affect a patient's ability to drive safely. This class of medicine is in the list of drugs included in regulations under 5a of the Road Traffic Act 1988. When prescribing this medicine, patients should be told:
- The medicine is likely to affect your ability to drive
- Do not drive until you know how the medicine affects you
- It is an offence to drive while under the influence of this medicine
- However, you would not be committing an offence (called 'statutory defence') if:
o The medicine has been prescribed to treat a medical or dental problem and
o You have taken it according to the instructions given by the prescriber and in the information provided with the medicine and
o It was not affecting your ability to drive safely.
Buprenorphine may cause drowsiness, particularly when taken together with alcohol or central nervous system depressants. Therefore, patients should be warned against driving or operating machinery.
Treatment must be under the supervision of a physician experienced in the management of opiate dependence/addiction.
The result of the treatment depends on the dosage prescribed as well as on the combined medical, psychological, social and educational measures taken in monitoring the patient
When initiating buprenorphine treatment, the physician should be aware of the partial agonist profile of buprenorphine and that it can precipitate withdrawal in opioid-dependent patients. Buprenorphine binds to the µ and κ opiate receptors.
Administration is sublingual. Physicians must advise patients that the sublingual route is the only effective and safe route of administration for this drug. The tablet should be kept under the tongue until dissolved, which usually occurs within 5 to 10 minutes.
Initiation therapy
Baseline liver function tests documentation of viral hepatitis status is recommended prior to commencing therapy. Patients who are positive for viral hepatitis, on concomitant medication and/or have existing liver dysfunction are at risk of accelerated liver injury. Regular monitoring of liver function is recommended
Induction
Prior to treatment induction, consideration should be given to the types of opioid dependence (i.e. long- or short- acting opioid), the time since last opioid use and the degrees of opioid dependence. To avoid precipitating withdrawal, induction with Buprenorphine should be undertaken when objective and clear signs of withdrawal are evident.
The initial dose is from 0.8 mg to 4 mg, administered as a single daily dose.
- For opioid-dependent drug addicts who have not undergone withdrawal: one dose of buprenorphine tablet(s) administered sublingually at least 6 hours after the last use of the opioid, or when the first signs of craving appear.
- For patients receiving methadone: before beginning buprenorphine therapy, the dose of methadone should be reduced to a maximum of 30 mg/day. Buprenorphine may precipitate symptoms of withdrawal in patients dependent upon methadone, therefore buprenorphine should not be administered less than 24 hours after the last dose of methadone.
Dosage adjustment and maintenance
The dose of buprenorphine should be increased progressively according to the clinical effect of the individual patient.
The mean maintenance daily dose is 8 mg. The majority of patients will not require doses exceeding 16 mg/day, however, the efficacy and safety of buprenorphine tablets was tested in clinical trials in doses up to 24 mg per day.
The dosage is titrated according to reassessment of the clinical status and global management of the patient. Unsatisfactory stabilisation on 16 mg per day may be related to potential misuse or psychiatric comorbidities. In theses case alternative treatment options should be taken into account.
Daily dispensing of buprenorphine is recommended, particularly during the initiation of treatment. Then, after stabilisation, the patient may be given a supply of the product sufficient for several days of treatment. However, it is recommended that the amount of the product dispensed be limited to a maximum of 7 days or to local requirements.
Less than daily dosing
After a satisfactory stabilisation has been achieved the frequency of dosing may be decreased to dosing every other day at twice the individually titrated daily dose. For example, a patient stabilised to receive a daily dose of 8 mg may be given 16 mg on alternate days,with no dose on the intervening days. In some patients, after a satisfactory stabilisation has been achieved, the frequency of dosing may be decreased to 3 times a week (for example on Monday, Wednesday and Friday). The dose on Monday and Wednesday should be twice the individually titrated daily dose, and the dose on Friday should be three times the individually titrated daily dose, with no dose on the intervening days. However, the dose given on any one day should not exceed 24 mg. Patients requiring a titrated daily dose > 8 mg/day may not find this regimen adequate.
Dosage reduction and termination of treatment
After a satisfactory period of stabilisation has been achieved, the dosage may be reduced gradually to a lower maintenance dose; when deemed appropriate, treatment may be discontinued in some patients.
The availability of the sublingual tablet in doses of 0.4 mg, 2 mg (divisible into 2x1 mg) and 8 mg (divisible into 2x4 mg), respectively, allows for a downward titration of dosage. Patients should be monitored following termination of buprenorphine treatment because of the potential for relapse.
Patients must also be informed accordingly about the loss of opioid tolerance after discontinuation and its dangerous impact in case of relapse.
Patients with impaired hepatic function
The effect of hepatic impairment on the pharmacokinetics of buprenorphine is unknown. Since buprenorphine is extensively metabolized, the plasma levels will be expected to be higher in patients with moderate and severe hepatic impairment.
As Buprenorphine pharmacokinetics may be altered in patients with hepatic insufficiency, lower initial doses and careful dose titration in patients with mild to moderate hepatic impairment are recommended.
No special requirements.
Date of first authorisation: 02/09/2011
Date of latest renewal: 24/03/2018
