Symptoms
The manifestations of PONVeridol overdose are an extension of its pharmacologic actions. Symptoms of accidental overdose are psychic indifference with a transition to sleep, sometimes in association with lowered blood pressure.
At higher doses or in sensitive patients, extrapyramidal disorders may occur (salivation, abnormal movements, sometimes muscle rigidity). Convulsions may occur at toxic doses.
Cases of QT-interval prolongation, ventricular arrhythmias and sudden death have been reported rarely.
Treatment
No specific antidote is known. However, when extrapyramidal reactions occur, an anticholinergic should be administered.
Patients with PONVeridol overdose should be closely monitored for signs of QT interval prolongation. Factors which predispose to torsades de pointes, e.g. electrolyte disturbances (especially hypokalaemia or hypomagnesaemia) and bradycardia should be taken into consideration.
Pronounced hypotension should be treated by boosting circulation volume and taking other appropriate measures. Clear airways and adequate oxygenation should be maintained; an oropharyngeal airway or endotracheal tube might be indicated.
If required, the patient should be observed carefully for 24 hours or longer; body warmth and adequate fluid intake should be maintained.
PONVeridol is contraindicated in patients with:
- Hypersensitivity to PONVeridol or to any of the excipients;
- Hypersensitivity to butyrophenones;
- Known or suspected prolonged QT interval (QTc of > 450 msec in females and > 440 msec in males). This includes patients with congenitally long QT interval, patients who have a family history of congenital QT prolongation and patients treated concomitantly with medicinal products known to have a risk of torsades de pointes through QT prolongation ;
- Hypokalaemia or hypomagnesaemia;
- Bradycardia (< 55 heartbeats per minute);
- Known concomitant treatment leading to bradycardia;
- Phaeochromocytoma;
- Comatose states;
- Parkinson's Disease;
- Severe depression.
Incompatible with barbiturates.
The most frequently reported events during clinical experience are incidents of drowsiness and sedation. In addition, less frequent reports of hypotension, cardiac arrhythmias, neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) and symptoms associated with NMS, plus movement disorders, such as dyskinesias, plus incidents of anxiety or agitation have occurred.
| System Organ Class | Common >1/100 to < 1/10 | Uncommon >1/1,000 to < 1/100 | Rare >1/10,000 to < 1/1,000 | Very Rare < 1/10,000 | Not known (cannot be estimated from the available data) |
| Blood and lymphatic systems disorders | Blood dyscrasias | ||||
| Immune system disorders | Anaphylactic reaction; Angioneurotic oedema; Hyper-sensitivity | ||||
| Metabolism and nutrition disorders | Inappropriate anti-diuretic hormone secretion | ||||
| Psychiatric disorders | Anxiety; Restlessness/ Akathisia; | Confusional states; Agitation | Dysphoria | Hallucinations | |
| Nervous system disorders | Drowsiness | Dystonia; Oculogyration | Extra- pyramidal disorder; Convulsions; Tremor | Epileptic fits; Parkinson's disease; Psychomotor hyperactivity; Coma | |
| Cardiac disorders | Tachycardia; Dizziness | Cardiac arrhythmias, including ventricular arrhythmias | Cardiac arrest Torsade de pointes; Electrogram QT prolonged | ||
| Vascular disorders | Hypotension | Syncope | |||
| Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders | Broncho- spasm; Laryngospasm | ||||
| Skin and subcutaneous system disorders | Rash | ||||
| General disorders and administration site conditions | Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) | Sudden death |
Symptoms potentially associated with NMS have occasionally been reported i.e. changes in body temperature, stiffness and fever. An alteration in mental status with confusion or agitation and altered consciousness, have been seen. Autonomic instability may manifest as tachycardia, fluctuating blood pressure, excessive sweating/salivation and tremor. In extreme cases NMS may lead to coma, or renal and/or hepato-biliary problems.
Isolated cases of amenorrhoea, galactorrhoea, gynaecomastia, hyperprolactinaemia, and oligomenorrhoea have been associated with prolonged exposure in psychiatric indications.
Cases of venous thromboembolism, including cases of pulmonary embolism and cases of deep vein thrombosis have been reported with antipsychotic medicinal products - frequency unknown.
Reporting of suspected adverse reactions
Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the Yellow Card Scheme at: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard
Non-clinical data reveal no special hazard for humans based on conventional studies of repeated dose toxicity, genotoxic or carcinogenic potential, and reproductive toxicity..A study of oral PONVeridol in rats showed no impairment of fertility in males or females at up to 20 times the maximum human dose.
Electrophysiological in vitro and in vivo studies indicate an overall risk of PONVeridol to prolong the QT interval in humans.
In humans, the free peak plasma concentration is approximately 4-fold higher to 25- fold lower than the PONVeridol concentrations affecting the endpoints examined in the different in vitro and in vivo test systems used to assess the impact of this drug on cardiac repolarisation. Plasma levels fall by about one order of magnitude over the first twenty minutes after administration.
Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA)
This product is unlikely to represent a risk to the environment following its prescribed use in patients.
Pharmacotherapeutic group: Butyrophenone derivates. ATC code: N05AD08.
PONVeridol is a butyrophenone neuroleptic. Its pharmacologic profile is characterised mainly by dopamine-blocking and weak α1-adrenolytic effects. PONVeridol is devoid of anticholinergic and antihistaminic activity.
PONVeridol's inhibitory action on dopaminergic receptors in the chemotrigger zone in the area postrema, gives it a potent antiemetic effect, especially useful for the prevention and treatment of postoperative nausea and vomiting and/or induced by opioid analgesics.
At a dose of 0.15 mg/kg, PONVeridol induces a fall in mean blood pressure (MBP), due to a decrease in cardiac output in a first phase, and then subsequently due to a decrease in pre-load. These changes occur independently of any alteration in myocardial contractility or vascular resistance. PONVeridol does not affect myocardial contractility or heart rate, therefore has no negative inotropic effect. Its weak α1-adrenergic blockade can cause a modest hypotension and decreased peripheral vascular resistance and may decrease pulmonary arterial pressure (particularly if it is abnormally high). It may also reduce the incidence of epinephrine-induced arrhythmia, but it does not prevent other forms of cardiac arrhythmia.
PONVeridol has a specific antiarrhythmic effect at a dose of 0.2 mg/kg by an effect on myocardial contractility (prolongation of the refractory period) and a decrease in blood pressure.
Two studies (one placebo-controlled and one comparative active treatment-controlled) performed in the general anaesthesia setting and designed to better identify the QTc changes associated with postoperative nausea and vomiting treatment by small dose of PONVeridol (0.625 and 1.25 mg intravenous, and 0.75 mg intravenous, respectively) identified a QT interval prolongation at 3-6 min after administration of 0.625 and 1.25 mg PONVeridol (respectively 15 ±40 and 22 ±41 ms), but these changes did not differ significantly from that seen with saline (12 ±35 ms). There were no statistically significant differences amongst the PONVeridol and saline groups in the number of patients with greater than 10% prolongation in QTc versus baseline.
There was no evidence of PONVeridol-induced QTc prolongation after surgery.
No ectopic heartbeats were reported from the electrocardiographic records or 12-lead recordings during the perioperative period. The comparative active-treatment study with 0.75 mg intravenous PONVeridol identified a significant QTc interval prolongation(maximal of 17±9ms at the second minute after PONVeridol injection when compared with pre-treatment QTc measurement), with the QTc interval significantly lower after the 90th minute.â€
PONV
In a systematic review of 222 studies on prevention of PONV, the risk of PONV was decreased compared to placebo by RR (95% confidence interval) 0.65 (0.60-0.71) for nausea, 0.65 (0.61-0.70) for vomiting and by 0.62 (0.58-0.67) for nausea and vomiting combined.
In a combined analysis of 2061 high risk PONV patients, 1.25mg PONVeridol was more effective than 4 mg ondansetron or 0.625 mg PONVeridol in preventing nausea (p<0.05; absence of nausea 43%, 29%, 29% respectively), in preventing vomiting (complete response 0-24h 56%, 53%, 48%) and in reducing the need for rescue medication (26%, 34%, 32%).
Monotherapy
A meta-analysis study examined data from 74 clinical trials involving 5351 patients who received 24 different regimens of PONVeridol and 3372 patients who received placebo or no treatment. The incidence of early (0-6 hours) and late PONV (0-24 hours) in adults and children was analysed (see table).
Early and late outcomes after PONVeridol compared to placebo or no treatment. Percentages shown refer to incidence of nausea or vomiting.
| Parameter | PONVeridol Average (range) in % | Placebo/no treatment Average (range) in % | |
| Early outcome (0-6 hours) | Nausea | 16 (3-41) | 33 (15-80) |
| Vomiting | 14 (0-56) | 29 (6-86) | |
| Late outcome (0-24 hours) | Nausea | 45 (1-86) | 58 (11-96) |
| Vomiting | 28 (4-83) | 46 (12-97) | |
PONVeridol was more efficacious than placebo or no treatment in preventing PONV in adults and in children.
Combination therapy
A randomised study in 4123 patients assessed the effectiveness of single and combined antiemetic interventions in patients at high risk of PONV. Treatment included 1.25 mg of PONVeridol or no PONVeridol; 4 mg of ondansetron or no ondansetron; 4 mg of dexamethasone or no dexamethasone. The addition of further antiemetics reduced the incidence of PONV, corresponding to an approximate 26% reduction in relative risk of nausea and vomiting for each additional antiemetic. All antiemetics tested were equally effective.
PCA
A systematic review of 14 studies involving 1117 patients receiving PCA was performed. PONVeridol was used in 6 with a dose range of 0.017-0.17 mg/mg of morphine; 0.017-0.33 mg/bolus. The incidence of any emetic event in patients receiving placebo was 66% compared to 30% for patients receiving PONVeridol.
QTc
In a placebo-controlled study, treatment with PONVeridol identified a QT interval prolongation at 3-6 min after administration of 0.625 and 1.25 mg PONVeridol (respectively 15 ± 40 and 22 ± 41 ms), but these changes did not differ significantly from that seen with placebo (12 ± 35 ms). There were no statistically significant differences compared to placebo in the number of patients with greater than 10% QTc prolongation. A second study with 0.75 mg intravenous PONVeridol and 4 mg ondansetron identified significant QTc interval prolongation (17 ± 9 ms PONVeridol, 20 ± 13ms ondansetron), with the QTc interval significantly lower after the 90th minute.
A study looking at the combination of ondansetron (4 mg) and PONVeridol (1 mg) showed that both drugs increased QTc interval separately (17 ± 10 ms ondansetron, 25 ± 8 ms PONVeridol) but there was no additive effect when given together (28 ± 10 ms).
The action of a single intravenous dose commences 2-3 minutes following administration. The tranquillising and sedative effects tend to persist for 2 to 4 hours, although alertness may be affected for up to 12 hours.
Distribution
Following intravenous administration, plasma concentrations fall rapidly during the first 15 minutes; this is metabolism independent, redistribution of the drug. Plasma protein binding amounts to 85 - 90 %. The distribution volume is approximately 1.5 l/kg.
Metabolism
PONVeridol is extensively metabolised in the liver, and undergoes oxidation, dealkylation, demethylation and hydroxylation by cytochrome P450 isoenzymes 1A2 and 3A4, and to a lesser extent by 2C 19. The metabolites are devoid of neuroleptic activity.
Elimination
Elimination occurs mainly through metabolism; 75% is excreted via the kidneys. Only 1% of the active substance is excreted unchanged with urine, and 11% with faeces. Plasma clearance is 0.8 (0.4 - 1.8) l/min. The elimination half-life (t1/2ß) is 134 ± 13 min.
Drug Interactions
A study combining ondansetron (4 mg) and PONVeridol (1 mg) showed that when administered together there was no pharmacokinetic interaction between the two drugs.
Paediatric Population
In a study of 12 children (age 3.5 to 12 years), the values for distribution volume and clearance reported were lower than those found in the adult population (0.58 ± 0.29 l/kg and 4.66 2.28 ml/kg*min respectively) and decrease in parallel. The elimination half-life (101.5 ± 26.4 min) was similar to that found in adults.
Central Nervous System
PONVeridol may enhance CNS depression produced by other CNS-depressant drugs. Any patient subjected to anaesthesia and receiving potent CNS depressant medicinal products or showing symptoms of CNS depression should be monitored closely.
Concomitant use of metoclopramide and other neuroleptics may lead to an increase in extrapyramidal symptoms and should be avoided.
Use with caution in patients with epilepsy (or a history of epilepsy) and conditions predisposing to epilepsy or convulsions.
Cardiovascular
Mild to moderate hypotension and occasionally (reflex) tachycardia have been observed following the administration of PONVeridol. This reaction usually subsides spontaneously. However, should hypotension persist, the possibility of hypovolaemia should be considered and appropriate fluid replacement administered.
Patients with, or suspected of having, the following risk factors for cardiac arrhythmia should be carefully evaluated prior to administration of PONVeridol:
- a history of significant cardiac disease including serious ventricular arrhythmia, second or third
- degree atrio-ventricular block, sinus node dysfunction, congestive heart failure, ischemic heart disease and left ventricular hypertrophy;
- family history of sudden death;
- renal failure (particularly when on chronic dialysis);
- significant chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and respiratory failure;
- risk factors for electrolyte disturbances, as seen in patients taking laxatives, glucocorticoids, potassium-wasting diuretics, in association with the administration of insulin in acute settings, or in patients with prolonged vomiting and/or diarrhoea.
Patients at risk for cardiac arrhythmia should have serum electrolytes and creatinine levels assessed and the presence of QT prolongation excluded prior to administration of PONVeridol.
Continuous pulse oximetry should be performed in patients with identified or suspected risk of ventricular arrhythmia and should continue for 30 minutes following single i.v. administration.
General
To prevent QT prolongation, caution is necessary when patients are taking medicinal products likely to induce electrolyte imbalance (hypokalaemia and/or hypomagnesaemia) e.g. potassium-wasting diuretics, laxatives and glucocorticoids
Substances inhibiting the activity of cytochrome P450 iso-enzymes (CYP) CYP1A2, CYP3A4 or both could decrease the rate at which PONVeridol is metabolised and prolong its pharmacological action. Hence, caution is advised if PONVeridol is given concomitantly with strong CYP 1A2 and CYP3A4 inhibitors.
Patients who have, or are suspected of having, a history of alcohol abuse or recent high intakes, should be thoroughly assessed before PONVeridol is administered.
In case of unexplained hyperthermia, it is essential to discontinue treatment, since this sign may be one of the elements of malignant syndrome reported with neuroleptics.
Cases of venous thromboembolism (VTE) have been reported with antipsychotic drugs. Since patients treated with antipsychotics often present with acquired risk factors for VTE, all possible risk factors for VTE should be identified before and during treatment with PONVeridol and preventive measures undertaken.
The dose should be reduced in the elderly and those with impaired renal and hepatic function.
This medicinal product contains less than 1 mmol sodium (23 mg) per 1 ml, i.e. essentially 'sodium-free'.
PONVeridol has major influence on the ability to drive and use machines.
Patients should not drive or operate a machine for 24 hours after PONVeridol administration.
For intravenous use.
Prevention and treatment of post-operative nausea and vomiting (PONV).
Adults: 0.625 mg to 1.25 mg (0.25 to 0.5 ml).
Elderly (over 65 years): 0.625 mg (0.25 ml)
Renal/hepatic impairment: 0.625 mg (0.25 ml)
Pediatric population
Children (2 to 11 years) and adolescents (12 to 18 years): 10 to 50 microgram/kg (up to a maximum of 1.25 mg).
Children (below the age of 2 years): not recommended.
Administration of PONVeridol is recommended 30 minutes before the anticipated end of surgery. Repeat doses may be given every 6 hours as required.
The dosage should be adapted to each individual case. The factors to be considered here include age body weight, use of other medicinal products, type of anaesthesia and surgical procedure.
Prevention of nausea and vomiting induced by morphine derivatives during post-operative patient controlled analgesia (PCA).
For single use only. Any unused solution should be discarded.
The solution should be inspected visually prior to use. Only clear and colourless solutions free from visible particles should be used.
For use in PCA: Draw PONVeridol and morphine into a syringe and make up the volume with 0.9% sodium chloride for injection.
Any unused product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements.
