To date no significant acute toxicity has been described in the case of a single oral intake of a multiple of therapeutic doses of doxycycline. In case of overdosage there is, however, a risk of parenchymatous hepatic and renal damage and of pancreatitis.
The usual dose of PERIOSTAT is low when compared with the usual doses for doxycycline when used for antimicrobial therapy. Therefore clinicians should bear in mind that a significant proportion of overdoses are likely to produce blood concentrations of doxycycline within the therapeutic range of antimicrobial treatment, for which there is a large quantity of data supporting the safety of the drug. In these cases observation is recommended. In cases of significant overdosage, doxycycline therapy should be stopped immediately; and symptomatic measures undertaken as required. Intestinal absorption of unabsorbed doxycycline should be minimised by producing non-absorbable chelate complexes by the administration of magnesium or calcium salt containing antacids. Gastric lavage should be considered.
Dialysis does not alter serum half-life and thus would not be of benefit in treating cases of overdosage.
Three years
In common with other drugs of the tetracycline class, PERIOSTAT is contra-indicated in infants and children up to 12 years of age.
Doxycycline should not be administered to patients who have shown hypersensitivity to doxycycline hyclate, other tetracyclines or to any of the excipients.
Patients known to have, or suspected to have, achlorhydria should not be prescribed doxycycline.
Use of doxycycline is contra-indicated during pregnancy and lactation (See 4.6 Pregnancy and lactation).
Not applicable.
Tablet core:
Magnesium stearate
Microcrystalline cellulose
Film coating:
Lactose monohydrate
Hypromellose (E464)
Titanium dioxide (E171)
Triacetin
Film-coated tablet
White to off-white round tablets imprinted on one side with PS-20
The most commonly reported adverse reactions in Phase III trials were headache (26%) and common cold (22%). The following table lists those adverse reactions occurring in four Phase III trials conducted in 213 patients.
|
Organ System |
Undesirable Effect |
Very Common (>1/10) |
Common (>1/100, <1/10) |
Uncommon (>1/1000,<1/100) |
Rare (>1/10000,<1/1000) |
|
Infections & Infestations |
Infection Periodontal Abscess |
|
4 8 |
|
|
|
Respiratory |
Common Cold Flu Symptoms Sinusitis Coughing Bronchitis |
47 24
|
18 9 7 |
|
|
|
Gastrointestinal |
Dyspepsia Diarrhoea Acid Indigestion |
|
13 12 8 |
|
|
|
Skin Disorders |
Rash |
|
8 |
|
|
|
Musculoskeletal |
Toothache Joint Pain Back Pain Pain Muscle Pain Gum Pain |
|
14 12 11 8
|
2 1 |
|
|
Reproductive |
Menstrual Cramps |
|
9 |
|
|
|
General |
Headache Nausea Tooth Disorder Sore Throat Sinus Headache |
55 |
17 13 11 8 |
|
|
|
Injury |
Accidental Injury |
|
11 |
|
|
The following adverse reactions have been observed in patients receiving tetracyclines, including doxycycline:-
Gastrointestinal: Anorexia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, glossitis, dysphagia, enterocolitis and inflammatory lesions with monilial overgrowth in the anogenital region. Hepatotoxity has been reported rarely. These reactions have been caused by both the oral and parenteral administration of tetracyclines. Oesophagitis and oesophageal ulceration have been reported, most often in patients administered the hyclate salt in capsule form. Most of these patients took medication just prior to going to bed.
Skin: Maculo papular, erythematous rashes and Stevens-Johnson syndrome. Skin photosensitivity can occur. Exfoliative dermatitis has been reported but is uncommon.
Renal: An apparently dose related increase in blood urea has been reported with tetracyclines.
Blood: Thrombocytopenia, neutropenia, haemolytic anaemia, eosinophilia and porphyria have been reported with tetracyclines.
Hypersensitivity reactions: Exacerbation of systemic lupus erythematosus, anaphylaxis, anaphylactoid purpura, pericarditis, urticaria and angioneurotic oedema.
Musculoskeletal: Arthralgia
Other: Bulging fontanelles in infants and benign intracranial hypertension in adults has been reported with the use of tetracyclines. Treatment should cease if evidence of raised intracranial pressure develops. These conditions disappeared rapidly when the drug was discontinued. Brown-black microscopic discolouration of thyroid tissue has been reported with long-term use of tetracyclines. Thyroid function is normal.
Adverse reactions typical of the tetracycline class of drugs are less likely to occur during medication with PERIOSTAT, due to the reduced dosage and the relatively low serum levels involved. This assertion is supported by several clinical trials which suggest that no significant differences exist with regard to frequency of adverse events between active and placebo groupings. However, the clinician should always be aware of the possibility of adverse events occurring and should monitor patients accordingly.
The following adverse events have been reported during post-marketing:
(Frequency estimate: very common > 1 in 10; common >1 in 100 to <1 in 10; uncommon >1 in 1000 to <1 in 100; rare >1 in 10,000 to <1 in 1000; very rare <1 in 10,000) and not known : cannot be estimated from the available data
Infections
Rare: Vaginal moniliasis, Anogenital moniliasis
Immune system disorders
Rare: Mild allergic reactions
Not known: Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction
Nervous system disorders
Rare: Headache
Very rare: Dizziness
Gastrointestinal disorders
Rare: Nausea, diarrhoea, dyspepsia
Very rare: Abdominal pain, constipation, dry mouth, superficial tooth discolouration
There have been isolated case reports of bloody diarrhoea, colitis and pseudomembranous colitis.
Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders
Rare: Rash
Very rare: Urticaria, pruritus, skin photosensitivity.
Unknown: Photo-onycholysis.
Musculoskeletal disorders
Very rare: Arthralgia
General disorders
Very rare: Asthenia
Reporting of suspected adverse reactions
Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the Yellow Card Scheme. Tel: Freephone 0808 100 3352. Website: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard.
The carcinogenic potential of doxycycline has been investigated and no changes indicative of a direct carcinogenic effect were seen. Increases in benign tumours of the mammary gland (fibroadenoma), uterus (polyp) and thyroid (C-cell adenoma), which are consistent with a hormonal effect, were observed in treated females. Doxycycline has shown no mutagenic activity and no convincing evidence of clastogenic activity.
Effects on fertility and reproductive performance and on pre- and post-natal toxicity have been assessed in rats over the dose range 50 to 500 mg/kg/day. At 50 mg/kg/day (88 times the human dose) there was a decrease in the straight-line velocity of sperm, but there was no apparent effect on male or female fertility or on sperm morphology. Maternal toxicity at 500 mg/kg/day was shown by noisy breathing, loose faeces, and transient reductions in both body weight gain and food consumption after parturition with a slight increase in the duration of gestation. No maternal toxicity was apparent at or below 100 mg/kg/day and there was no effect on the F1 generation at 50 mg/kg/day during parturition, lactation or post-weaning. Developmental toxicity studies have not been conducted, but doxycycline is known to cross the placenta.
Hyperpigmentation of the thyroid following administration of members of the tetracycline class has been observed in rats, minipigs, dogs and monkeys and thyroid hyperplasia has occurred in rats, dogs, chickens and mice.
The anticipated human dose for doxycycline, 20 mg b.i.d. is equivalent to ~0.5 mg/kg/day for a 70 kg man. At this dose plasma Cmax and AUC0-24 were 780 ng/ml and 10954 ng*h/ml respectively.
Toxicity following repeated oral administration has been evaluated in rats and cynomolgus monkeys. Discolouration of the thyroid was a finding common to rats exposed at 25 mg/kg/day for 13 weeks or 20 mg/kg/day for 26 weeks, and to cynomolgus monkeys at 30 mg/kg/day for 1 year. Cmax and AUC0-24 following a single oral dose of 25 mg/kg were 2.2 and 1.6 times respectively the values recorded in man. Dose-related increases in both the incidence and severity of tubular degeneration/regeneration in the kidney were seen following administration to cynomolgus monkeys for 28 days or 52 weeks. At 5 mg/kg/day, focal lesions were present after 28 days, but no lesions were present in monkeys treated for 52 weeks. Mean plasma Cmax and AUC0-24 values at 28 days in monkeys receiving 5 mg/kg/day were 1235 ng/ml and 11600 ng*h/ml respectively and there was no evidence of accumulation.
In humans the use of tetracyclines during tooth development may cause permanent discolouration of the teeth (yellow-grey-brown). This reaction is more common during long-term use of the drug but has been observed following repeated short-term courses. Enamel hypoplasia has also been reported. As for other tetracyclines, doxycycline forms a stable calcium complex in any bone-forming tissue. A decrease in the fibula growth has been observed in premature infants given oral tetracycline in doses of 25 mg/kg every 6 hours. This reaction was shown to be reversible when the drug was discontinued.
For patients with adult periodontitis. PERIOSTAT is indicated as an adjunct to supra-gingival and sub-gingival scaling and root planing, with oral hygiene instruction, carried out by a dental practitioner or hygienist as appropriate.
Pharmacotherapeutic group: Tetracyclines
ATC code: J01A A02
The active ingredient of PERIOSTAT, doxycycline, is synthetically derived from oxytetracycline, with a molecular formula of C22H24N2O8-HCl-½ C2H5OH-½ H2O.
PERIOSTAT is an inhibitor of collagenase activity. Studies have shown that at the proposed 20 mg b.i.d. dose level, PERIOSTAT reduces the elevated collagenase activity in the gingival crevicular fluid of patients with chronic adult periodontitis, whilst not demonstrating any clinical evidence of anti-microbial activity.
Susceptibility
The dosage achieved with this product during administration is well below the concentration required to inhibit microorganisms commonly associated with adult periodontitis. Clinical studies with this product demonstrated no effect on total anaerobic and facultative bacteria in plaque samples from patients administered this dose regimen for 9 to 18 months. This product SHOULD NOT be used for reducing the numbers of, or eliminating, those microorganisms associated with periodontitis.
Absorption:
Doxycycline is almost completely absorbed after oral administration. Following ingestion of 20 mg doxycycline twice daily, mean maximum plasma concentrations were 0.79 µg/ml. Peak levels were generally achieved 2 hours after administration. Food intake reduced the extent of absorption by 10% and decreased and delayed the peak plasma levels.
Distribution:
Doxycycline is greater than 90% bound to plasma proteins and has an apparent volume of distribution of 50L.
Metabolism:
Major metabolic pathways of doxycycline have not been identified, however, enzyme inducers decrease the half-life of doxycycline.
Elimination:
Doxycycline is excreted in the urine and faeces as unchanged drug. Between 40% and 60% of an administered dose can be accounted for in the urine by 92 hours, and approximately 30% in the faeces. The terminal half-life after a single 20 mg doxycycline dose averaged 18h.
Special populations:
The half-life is not significantly altered in patients with severely impaired renal function. Doxycycline is not eliminated to any great extent during haemodialysis.
15/11//2017
PERIOSTAT® 20 mg film-coated tablets
Alliance Pharmaceuticals Limited
Avonbridge House
Bath Road
Chippenham
Wiltshire SN15 2BB
United Kingdom
Do not store above 25°C.
PVC Aclar/aluminium foil blisters containing 14 tablets. Carton pack sizes: 28 and 56 tablets.
A 120ml white high density polyethylene tablet container with child resistant polypropylene closure. Each HDPE container contains 60 tablets.
Not all pack sizes may be marketed.
PL 16853/0078
Each film-coated tablet contains 23.08 mg doxycycline hyclate equivalent to 20mg doxycycline.
For excipients, see 6.1
PERIOSTAT is indicated for treatment periods of 3 months. PERIOSTAT should not be administered for more than 3 consecutive three month periods.
No dosage modification is necessary in elderly patients.
Renal Impairment:
No dosage adjustment is necessary in the presence of renal impairment.
Children:
For use in children, see 'Contraindications'.
4.3 ContraindicationsIn common with other drugs of the tetracycline class, PERIOSTAT is contra-indicated in infants and children up to 12 years of age.
Doxycycline should not be administered to patients who have shown hypersensitivity to doxycycline hyclate, other tetracyclines or to any of the excipients.
Patients known to have, or suspected to have, achlorhydria should not be prescribed doxycycline.
Use of doxycycline is contra-indicated during pregnancy and lactation (See 4.6 Pregnancy and lactation).
4.4 Special warnings and precautions for useTablet forms of the tetracycline class of drugs may cause oesophageal irritation and ulceration. To avoid oesophageal irritation and ulceration, adequate fluids should be taken with this medication. PERIOSTAT should be swallowed whilst in an upright sitting or standing posture. Tablets taken in the evening should be taken well in advance of retiring (see 4.2: Posology and Method of Administration).
Whilst no overgrowth by opportunistic microorganisms such as yeast were noted during clinical studies, PERIOSTAT therapy may result in overgrowth of non-susceptible microorganisms including fungi (with clinical symptoms of persistent bad breath, reddening of the gums, etc.). Periodic observation of the patient is essential. PERIOSTAT therapy has been associated with diarrhoea, colitis and vaginal moniliasis which may suggest overgrowth of non-susceptible micro-organisms. If overgrowth by resistant organisms appears, PERIOSTAT therapy should be discontinued and an appropriate treatment instituted.
PERIOSTAT should be used with caution in patients with a history of or predisposition to oral candidosis. The safety and effectiveness of PERIOSTAT has not been established for the treatment of periodontitis in patients with coexistent oral candidosis. Whilst not observed during clinical trials with PERIOSTAT, the use of tetracyclines may increase the incidence of vaginal candidosis.
The blood doxycycline levels in patients treated with PERIOSTAT are lower than in those treated with conventional antimicrobial formulations of doxycycline. As, however, there are no data to support safety in hepatic impairment at this lower dose, PERIOSTAT should be administered with caution to patients with hepatic impairment or to those receiving potentially hepatotoxic drugs.
Caution should be observed in the treatment of patients with myasthenia gravis who may be at risk of worsening of the condition.
All patients receiving doxycycline including PERIOSTAT should be advised to avoid excessive sunlight or artificial ultraviolet light while receiving doxycycline and to discontinue therapy if phototoxicity (e.g., skin eruption etc.) occurs. Sunscreen or sunblock should be considered. Treatment should cease at the first sign of skin erythema.
In common with the use of antimicrobial drugs in general, there is a risk of the development of pseudomembranous colitis with doxycycline treatment. In the event of the development of diarrhoea during treatment with PERIOSTAT, the possibility of pseudomembranous colitis should be considered and appropriate therapy instituted. This may include the discontinuation of doxycycline and the institution of specific antibiotic therapy (e.g vancomycin). Agents inhibiting peristalsis should not be employed in this situation.
In the event of a severe acute hypersensitivity reaction (e.g. anaphylaxis), treatment with PERIOSTAT must be stopped at once and the usual emergency measures taken (e.g. administration of antihistamines, corticosteroids, sympathomimetics and if necessary artificial respiration instituted).
Patients with rare hereditary problems of galactose intolerance, the Lapp lactase deficiency or glucose-galactose malabsorption should not take this medicine.
Some patients with spirochete infections may experience a Jarisch-Herxheimer reaction shortly after doxycycline treatment is started. Patients should be reassured that this is a usually self-limiting consequence of antibiotic treatment of spirochete infections.
PERIOSTAT therapy has been associated with nausea and dizziness. Those affected should not drive or operate machinery.
Adults and the elderly:
PERIOSTAT 20mg should be administered twice daily, at least one hour before meals or before bedtime. Tablets should be swallowed whole with adequate fluids (at least 100ml of water) and should be taken in an upright sitting or standing position (see 4.4: Special warnings and Precautions for Use).
PERIOSTAT is indicated for treatment periods of 3 months. PERIOSTAT should not be administered for more than 3 consecutive three month periods.
No dosage modification is necessary in elderly patients.
Renal Impairment:
No dosage adjustment is necessary in the presence of renal impairment.
Children:
For use in children, see 'Contraindications'.
No special requirements.
20/12/2005
