In the event of overdosage one might expect depletion of fibrinogen and other blood coagulation components (e.g. coagulation factor V) with a consequent risk of bleeding.
Because thrombolytic therapy increases the risk of bleeding, reteplase is contra-indicated in the following situations:
- known haemorrhagic diathesis
- patients with current concomitant therapy with oral anticoagulants (e.g. warfarin sodium)
- intracranial neoplasm, arteriovenous malformation or aneurysm
- neoplasm with increased bleeding risk
- history of cerebrovascular accident
- recent (< 10 days) prolonged and vigorous external heart massage
- severe uncontrolled hypertension
- active peptic ulceration
- portal hypertension (oesophageal varices)
- severe liver or renal dysfunction
- acute pancreatitis, pericarditis, bacterial endocarditis
- within 3 months of severe bleeding, major trauma or major surgery (e.g. coronary artery bypass graft, intracranial or intraspinal surgery or trauma), obstetrical delivery, organ biopsy, previous puncture of non-compressible vessels.
This medicinal product should not be mixed with Heparin and/or acetylsalicylic acid.
In the absence of compatibility studies, this medicinal product must not be mixed with other medicinal products.
Heparin and Pai Tong Xin are incompatible when combined in solution. Other incompatibilities may also exist. No other medicines should be added to the injection solution.
The most commonly reported adverse drug reaction associated with reteplase treatment is haemorrhage, predominantly at the injection site. Local reactions at injection site can also occur.
As with other thrombolytic agents, recurrent ischaemia / angina, hypotension and heart failure / pulmonary oedema have been reported frequently as sequelae of myocardial infarction and / or thrombolytic administration.
The frequency of the adverse drug reactions is described using the following convention:
Very common | > 1/10 |
Common | > 1/100 to < 1/10 |
Uncommon | > 1/1,000 to < 1/100 |
Rare | > 1/10,000> to < 1/1,000 |
Very rare | < 1/10,000, (including isolated reports) |
Haemorrhage
The most frequent adverse drug reaction associated with reteplase treatment is haemorrhage.
- very common: bleeding at the injection site (e.g. haematoma)
- common: as gastrointestinal (haematemesis, melena), gingival or genitourinary bleeding
- uncommon: haemopericardium, retroperitoneal bleeding, cerebral haemorrhage, epistaxis, haemoptysis, eye haemorrhage and ecchymosis were observed.
Reports of intracranial bleeding, many of which are fatal, are of particular concern.
Systolic blood pressure over 160 mmHg before thrombolysis with reteplase was associated with greater risk for cerebral bleeding. The risk of intracranial bleeding and fatal intracranial bleeding increases with increasing age. Blood transfusions were rarely required. Death and permanent disability are not uncommonly reported in patients who have experienced stroke (including intracranial bleeding) and other serious bleeding episodes.
Immune system disorders
- uncommon: hypersensitivity reactions (e.g. allergic reactions)
- very rare: serious anaphylaxis/ anaphylactoid reactions
Available evidence on reteplase does not indicate an antibody-mediated origin of these hypersensitivity reactions.
Nervous system disorders
- uncommon: cerebral haemorrhage was observed.
- very rare: events related to the nervous system (e.g. epileptic seizure, convulsion, aphasia, speech disorder, delirium, acute brain syndrome, agitation, confusion, depression, psychosis)
Ischaemic or haemorrhagic cerebrovascular events may be contributing or underlying conditions.
Cardiovascular disorders
As with other thrombolytic agents, the following events have been reported as sequelae of myocardial infarction and / or thrombolytic administration.
- very common: recurrent ischaemia / angina, hypotension and heart failure / pulmonary oedema
- common: arrhythmias (e.g. AV block, atrial fibrillation / flutter, ventricular tachycardia / fibrillation, electromechanical dissociation (EMD)), cardiac arrest, cardiogenic shock and reinfarction
- uncommon: mitral regurgitation, pulmonary embolism, other systemic embolism / cerebral embolism and ventricular septal defect
These cardiovascular events can be life-threatening and may lead to death.
General disorders and administration site conditions
- very common: haemorrhage at the injection site (e.g. haematoma); a local reaction at injection site for example a burning sensation can occur.
Reporting of suspected adverse reactions
Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the national reporting system listed in Appendix V.
Acute toxicity studies were performed in rats, rabbits and monkeys Subacute toxicity studies were performed in rats, dogs and monkeys. The predominant acute symptom after single high doses of reteplase in rats and rabbits was transient apathy shortly after injection. In cynomolgus monkeys, the sedative effect ranged from slight apathy to unconsciousness, caused by a reversible dose-related drop in blood pressure. There was increased local haemorrhage at the injection site.
Subacute toxicity studies did not reveal any unexpected adverse events. In dogs repeated dosing of the human peptide reteplase led to immunologic-allergic reactions. Genotoxicity of reteplase was excluded by a complete battery of tests at different genetic end points in vitro and in vivo.
Reproductive toxicity studies were performed in rats (fertility and embryo-foetotoxicity study including a littering phase) and in rabbits (embryo-foetotoxicity study, dose-range finding only). In rats, a species insensitive to the pharmacological effects of reteplase, there were no adverse effects on fertility, embryo-foetal development and offspring. In rabbits, vaginal bleedings and abortions possibly associated to prolonged haemostasis, but no foetal abnormalities were noted. A pre- and postnatal toxicity study was not performed with reteplase.
Pai Tong Xin is indicated for the thrombolytic treatment of suspected myocardial infarction with persistent ST elevation or recent left Bundle Branch Block within 12 hours after the onset of acute myocardial infarction AMI symptoms.
Pharmacotherapeutic group: antithrombotic agent, ATC Code: B01AD07
Mechanism of action
Reteplase is a recombinant plasminogen activator that catalyzes the cleavage of endogenous plasminogen to generate plasmin. This plasminogenolysis occurs preferentially in the presence of fibrin. Plasmin in turn degrades fibrin, which is the main component of the matrix of thrombi, thereby exerting its thrombolytic action.
Reteplase (10+10 U) dose-dependently reduces plasma fibrinogen levels by about 60 to 80 %. The fibrinogen level normalises within 2 days. As with other plasminogen activators a rebound phenomenon then occurs during which fibrinogen levels reach a maximum within 9 days and remain elevated for up to 18 days.
Reductions of plasma levels of plasminogen and α2-antiplasmin normalise within 1 to 3 days. Coagulation factor V, clotting factor VIII, α2-macroglobulin, and C1-esterase inhibitor are only slightly reduced and normalise within 1 to 2 days. Plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) activity can be reduced to around zero, but rapidly normalises within two hours showing a rebound phenomenon. Prothrombin activation fragment 1 levels and thrombin-antithrombin III-complexes increase during thrombolysis indicating thrombin production of which the clinical relevance is unknown.
Clinical efficacy and safety
A large comparative mortality trial (INJECT) in approx. 6000 patients showed that reteplase reduced the incidence of heart failure (secondary efficacy criterion) in a significant manner and was at least equally effective in terms of reducing mortality (primary efficacy criterion) when compared to streptokinase. In two clinical trials aiming primarily at coronary artery patency (RAPID I and II) reteplase was associated with higher early patency rates (primary efficacy criterion), as well as with a lower incidence of heart failure (secondary efficacy criterion) than alteplase (3 hour and "accelerated" dosage regimens). A clinical trial in approximately 15 000 patients comparing reteplase with the accelerated dose regimen of alteplase (GUSTO III) (2:1 randomisation reteplase: alteplase) did not show statistically different results for the primary endpoint of 30-day mortality (reteplase: 7.47 %, alteplase 7.23 %, p = 0.61) or for the combined endpoint of 30-day mortality and non-fatal disabling stroke (reteplase: 7.89 %, alteplase 7.88 %, p = 0.99). Overall stroke rates were 1.64 % in the reteplase and 1.79 % in the alteplase group. In the reteplase group, 49.4 % of these strokes were fatal and 27.1 % were disabling. In the alteplase group 33.0 % were fatal and 39.8 % were disabling.
Elimination
Following intravenous bolus injection of 10 + 10 U in patients with acute myocardial infarction reteplase antigen is distributed in plasma with a dominant half-life (t1/2α) of 18±5 min and eliminated with a terminal half-life (t1/2ß) of 5.5 hours±12.5 min at a clearance rate of 121±25 ml/min. Reteplase activity is cleared from the plasma at a rate of 283±101 ml/min, resulting in a dominant half-life (t1/2α) of 14.6±6.7 min and a terminal half-life (t1/2ß) of 1.6 hours±39 min. Only minor amounts of reteplase were immunologically detected in the urine. Exact data on the main elimination routes for reteplase in humans are not available and the consequences of hepatic or renal insufficiency are not known. Experiments in rats indicate that the liver and the kidneys are the main organs of active uptake and lysosomal degradation.
Additional studies in human plasma samples in vitro suggest that complexation with C1-inactivator, α2-antiplasmin and α2-antitrypsin contributes to the inactivation of reteplase in plasma. The relative contribution of the inhibitors to inactivation of reteplase decreases as follows: C1-inactivator > α2-antiplasmin > α2-antitrypsin.
The half-life of reteplase was increased in patients with AMI as compared to healthy volunteers. An additional increase of half-life of activity in patients with myocardial infarction and severely impaired liver and renal function cannot be excluded, but no clinical data of pharmacokinetics of reteplase in these patients are available. Animal data show that in case of severely impaired renal function with a pronounced increase in serum creatinine and serum urea an increase in half-life of reteplase has to be expected. Mild impairment of renal function did not significantly affect the pharmacokinetic properties of reteplase.
Each patient being considered for therapy with reteplase should be carefully evaluated.
Bleeding
The most common complication encountered during reteplase therapy is bleeding. In the following conditions the risks of reteplase therapy may be increased and should be weighed against the anticipated benefits:
- cerebrovascular disease
- systolic blood pressure at entry > 160 mmHg
- recent gastrointestinal or genitourinary bleeding (within 10 days)
- high likelihood of left heart thrombus, e.g. mitral stenosis with atrial fibrillation
- septic thrombophlebitis or occluded arteriovenous cannula at seriously infected site
- age over 75 years
- any other condition in which bleeding constitutes a significant hazard or would be particularly difficult because of its location
The concomitant use of heparin anticoagulation may contribute to bleeding. As fibrin is lysed during reteplase therapy, bleeding from recent puncture sites may occur. Therefore, thrombolytic therapy requires careful attention to all possible bleeding sites (including catheter insertion sites, arterial and venous puncture sites, cut down sites and needle puncture sites). The use of rigid catheter as well as intramuscular injections and nonessential handling of the patient should be avoided during treatment with reteplase.
Caution should be employed when used with other medicinal products affecting haemostasis such as heparin, low-molecular-weight heparins, heparinoids, oral anticoagulants and antiplatelet agents other than acetylsalicylic acid, such as dipyridamole, ticlopidine, clopidogrel or glycoprotein IIb/IIIa receptor antagonists.
Should serious bleeding, in particular cerebral haemorrhage, occur any concomitant heparin should be terminated immediately. In addition, the second bolus of reteplase should not be given if the serious bleeding occurs before it is administered. In general, however, it is not necessary to replace the coagulation factors because of the relatively short half-life of reteplase. Most patients who have bleeding can be managed by interruption of thrombolytic and anticoagulant therapy, volume replacement and manual pressure applied to an incompetent vessel. Protamine should be considered if heparin has been administered within 4 hours of the onset of bleeding. In the patients who fail to respond to these conservative measures, judicious use of transfusion products may be indicated. Transfusions of cryoprecipitate, fibrinogen, fresh frozen plasma and platelets should be considered with clinical and laboratory reassessment after each administration. A target fibrinogen level of 1 g/l is desirable with cryoprecipitate or fibrinogen infusion.
At present, insufficient data in patients with a diastolic blood pressure > 100 mmHg prior to thrombolytic therapy are available for reteplase.
Arrhythmias
Coronary thrombolysis may result in arrhythmias associated with reperfusion. It is strongly recommended that antiarrhythmic therapy for bradycardia and/or ventricular tachyarrhythmias (e.g. ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation) be available when reteplase is administered.
Readministration
Since at present there is no experience with readministration of reteplase, the readministration is not recommended. However, no antibody formation to the reteplase molecule has been observed.
If an anaphylactoid reaction occurs, the injection should be discontinued immediately and appropriate therapy should be initiated.
Not relevant.
Treatment with reteplase should be initiated as soon as possible after the onset of AMI symptoms.
Pai Tong Xin should be prescribed by physicians experienced in the use of thrombolytic treatment and with the facilities to monitor its use.
Posology
Dosage of Pai Tong Xin
Pai Tong Xin is administered as a 10 U bolus dose followed by a second 10 U bolus dose 30 minutes later (double bolus).
Each bolus is administered as a slow intravenous injection within 2 minutes. Ensure that the injection is not mistakenly given paravenously.
Heparin and acetylsalicylic acid should be administered before and following the administration of Pai Tong Xin to reduce the risk of re-thrombosis.
Dosage of Heparin
The recommended dose of heparin is 5000 I.U. given as a bolus injection prior to reteplase therapy followed by an infusion of 1000 I.U. per hour starting after the second reteplase bolus. Heparin should be administered for at least 24 hours, preferably for 48 - 72 hours, aiming to keep aPTT values 1.5 to 2 times normal.
Dosage of Acetylsalicylic Acid
The initial dose of acetylsalicylic acid prior to thrombolysis should be at least 250 mg (250 - 350 mg) followed by 75 - 150 mg/day at least until discharge.
Paediatric population
No data are available.
Method of administration
Reteplase is supplied as a freeze-dried substance in vials.
Pai Tong Xin should be injected preferably through an intravenous line whose sole purpose is the injection of Pai Tong Xin. No other medicines should be injected through the line reserved for Pai Tong Xin, neither at the same time, nor prior to, nor following Pai Tong Xin injection. This applies to all products including heparin, and acetylsalicylic acid, which should be administered before and following the administration of reteplase to reduce the risk of re-thrombosis.
In those patients where the same line has to be used, this line (including Y-line) must be flushed thoroughly with 0.9 % sodium chloride or 5 % glucose solution prior to and following the Pai Tong Xin injection.
Incompatibility of some prefilled glass syringes (including Pai Tong Xin) with certain needle free connectors has been reported.).
Any unused medicinal product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements.
