Ocupress (ophthalmic)

Overdose

No specific information on emergency treatment of overdosage in humans is available. Should accidental ocular overdosage occur, flush eye(s) with water or normal saline. The most common effects expected with overdosage of a beta-adrenergic blocking agent are bradycardia, bronchospasm, congestive heart failure and hypotension.

In case of ingestion, treatment with Ocupress (Ophthalmic)ol Hydrochloride (Ocupress (Ophthalmic)ol) Ophthalmic Solution should be discontinued and gastric lavage considered. The patient should be closely observed and vital signs carefully monitored. The prolonged effects of Ocupress (Ophthalmic)ol must be considered when determining the duration of corrective therapy. On the basis of the pharmacologic profile, the following additional measures should be considered as appropriate:

Administer atropine. If there is no response to vagal blockade, administer isoproterenol cautiously.

Administer a beta2-stimulating agent such as isoproterenol and/or a theophylline derivative.

Administer diuretics and digitalis glycosides as necessary.

Administer vasopressors such as intravenous dopamine, epinephrine or norepinephrine bitartrate.

Contraindications

Ocupress (Ophthalmic)ol is contraindicated in those individuals with bronchial asthma or with a history of bronchial asthma, or severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (see WARNINGS); sinus bradycardia; second- and third-degree atrioventricular block; overt cardiac failure (see WARNINGS); cardiogenic shock; or hypersensivity to any component of this product.

Pharmaceutical form

Undesirable effects

The following adverse reactions have been reported in clinical trials with Ocupress (Ophthalmic)ol Hydrochloride (Ocupress (Ophthalmic)ol) Ophthalmic Solution.

Transient eye irritation, burning, tearing, conjunctival hyperemia and edema occurred in about 1 of 4 patients. Ocular symptoms including blurred and cloudy vision, photophobia, decreased night vision, and ptosis and ocular signs including blepharoconjunctivitis, abnormal corneal staining, and corneal sensitivity occurred occasionally.

As is characteristic of nonselective adrenergic blocking agents, Ocupress (Ophthalmic)ol may cause bradycardia and decreased blood pressure (See WARNINGS). The following systemic events have occasionally been reported with the use of Ocupress (Ophthalmic)ol Hydrochloride (Ocupress (Ophthalmic)ol) Ophthalmic Solution: cardiac arrhythmia, heart palpitation, dyspnea, asthenia, headache, dizziness, insomnia, sinusitis, and taste perversion. The following additional adverse reactions have been reported with ophthalmic use of beta1 and beta2 (nonselective) adrenergic receptor blocking agents:

Headache

Arrhythmia, syncope, heart block, cerebral vascular accident, cerebral ischemia, congestive heart failure, palpitation (see WARNINGS).

Nausea

Depression

Hypersensitivity, including localized and generalized rash

Bronchospasm (predominantly in patients with pre-existing bronchospastic disease), respiratory failure (see WARNINGS)

Masked symptoms of hypoglycemia in insulin-dependent diabetics (see WARNINGS)

Signs and symptoms of keratitis, blepharoptosis, visual disturbances including refractive changes (due to withdrawal of miotic therapy in some cases), diplopia, ptosis. Other reactions associated with the oral use of nonselective adrenergic receptor blocking agents should be considered potential effects with ophthalmic use of these agents.

Therapeutic indications

Ocupress (Ophthalmic)ol Hydrochloride (Ocupress (Ophthalmic)ol) Ophthalmic Solution 1% has been shown to be effective in lowering intraocular pressure and may be used in patients with chronic open-angle glaucoma and intraocular hypertension. It may be used alone or in combination with other intraocular pressure lowering medications.

Name of the medicinal product

Qualitative and quantitative composition

Special warnings and precautions for use

Ocupress (Ophthalmic)ol has not been detected in plasma following ocular instillation. However, as with other topically applied ophthalmic preparations, Ocupress (Ophthalmic)ol may be absorbed systemically. The same adverse reactions found with systemic administration of beta-adrenergic blocking agents may occur with topical administration. For example, severe respiratory reactions and cardiac reactions, including death due to bronchospasm in patients with asthma, and rarely death in association with cardiac failure, have been reported with topical application of beta-adrenergic blocking agents (see CONTRAINDICATIONS).

Sympathetic stimulation may be essential for support of the circulation in individuals with diminished myocardial contractility, and its inhibition by beta-adrenergic receptor blockade may precipitate more severe failure.

Continued depression of the myocardium with beta-blocking agents over a period of time can, in some cases, lead to cardiac failure. At the first sign or symptom of cardiac failure, Ocupress (Ophthalmic)ol Hydrochloride (Ocupress (Ophthalmic)ol) should be discontinued.

In patients with non-allergic bronchospasm or with a history of non-allergic bronchospasm (e.g., chronic bronchitis, emphysema), Ocupress (Ophthalmic)ol Hydrochloride (Ocupress (Ophthalmic)ol) Ophthalmic Solution should be administered with caution since it may block bronchodilation produced by endogenous and exogenous catecholamine stimulation of beta2 receptors.

The necessity or desirability of withdrawal of beta-adrenergic blocking agents prior to major surgery is controversial. Beta-adrenergic receptor blockade impairs the ability of the heart to respond to beta-adrenergically mediated reflex stimuli. This may augment the risk of general anesthesia in surgical procedures. Some patients receiving beta-adrenergic receptor blocking agents have been subject to protracted severe hypotension during anesthesia. For these reasons, in patients undergoing elective surgery, gradual withdrawal of beta-adrenergic receptor blocking agents may be appropriate.

If necessary during surgery, the effects of beta-adrenergic blocking agents may be reversed by sufficient doses of such agonists as isoproterenol, dopamine, dobutamine or levarterenol (see OVERDOSE).

Beta-adrenergic blocking agents should be administered with caution in patients subject to spontaneous hypoglycemia or to diabetic patients (especially those with labile diabetes) who are receiving insulin or oral hypoglycemic agents. Beta-adrenergic receptor blocking agents may mask the signs and symptoms of acute hypoglycemia.

Beta-adrenergic blocking agents may mask certain clinical signs (e.g., tachycardia) of hyperthyroidism. Patients suspected of developing thyrotoxicosis should be managed carefully to avoid abrupt withdrawal of beta-adrenergic blocking agents which might precipitate a thyroid storm.

Ocupress (Ophthalmic)ol Hydrochloride (Ocupress (Ophthalmic)ol) Ophthalmic Solution should be used with caution in patients with known hypersensitivity to other beta-adrenoceptor blocking agents. Use with caution in patients with known diminished pulmonary function. In patients with angle-closure glaucoma, the immediate objective of treatment is to reopen the angle. This requires constricting the pupil with a miotic. Ocupress (Ophthalmic)ol has little or no effect on the pupil. When Ocupress (Ophthalmic)ol is used to reduce elevated intraocular pressure in angle-closure glaucoma, it should be used with a miotic and not alone.

While taking beta-blockers, patients with a history of atopy or a history of severe anaphylactic reaction to a variety of allergens may be more reactive to repeated accidental, diagnostic or therapeutic challenge with such allergens. Such patients may be unresponsive to the usual doses of epinephrine used to treat anaphylactic reactions.

Beta-adrenergic blockade has been reported to potentiate muscle weakness consistent with certain myasthenic symptoms (e.g., diplopia, ptosis and generalized weakness).

Ocupress (Ophthalmic)ol hydrochloride (Ocupress (Ophthalmic)ol) did not produce carcinogenic effects at doses up to 40 mg/kg/day in two-year oral rat and mouse studies. Test of mutagenicity, including the Ames Test, recombinant (rec)-assay, in vivocytogenetics and dominant lethal assay demonstrated no evidence for mutagenic potential. Fertility of male and female rats and male and female mice was unaffected by administration of Ocupress (Ophthalmic)ol hydrochloride (Ocupress (Ophthalmic)ol) dosages up to 150 mg/kg/day.

Pregnancy Category C

Ocupress (Ophthalmic)ol hydrochloride (Ocupress (Ophthalmic)ol) increased resorptions and decreased fetal weights in rabbits and rats at maternally toxic doses approximately 1052 and 5264 times the maximum recommended human oral dose (10 mg/70 kg/day), respectively. A dose-related increase in wavy ribs was noted in the developing rat fetus when pregnant females received daily doses of approximately 212 times the maximum recommended human oral dose. No such effects were noted in pregnant mice subjected to up to 1052 times the maximum recommended human oral dose. There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Ocupress (Ophthalmic)ol Hydrochloride (Ocupress (Ophthalmic)ol) Ophthalmic Solution should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.

It is not known whether this drug is excreted in human milk, although in animal studies Ocupress (Ophthalmic)ol has been shown to be excreted in breast milk. Caution should be exercised when Ocupress (Ophthalmic)ol Hydrochloride (Ocupress (Ophthalmic)ol) Ophthalmic Solution is administered to nursing mothers.

Safety and effectiveness in pediatric patients have not been established.

Dosage (Posology) and method of administration

The usual dose is one drop of Ocupress (Ophthalmic)ol Hydrochloride (Ocupress (Ophthalmic)ol) Ophthalmic Solution 1% in the affected eye(s) twice a day. If the patient's IOP is not at a satisfactory level on this regimen, concomitant therapy with pilocarpine and other miotics, and/or epinephrine or dipivefrin, and/or systemically administered carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, such as acetazolamide, can be instituted.