Symptoms
Indapamide has been found free of toxicity at up to 40 mg, i.e. 27 times the therapeutic dose.
Signs of acute poisoning take the form above all of water/electrolyte disturbances (hyponatraemia, hypokalaemia). Clinically, possibility of nausea, vomiting, hypotension, cramps, vertigo, drowsiness, confusion, polyuria or oliguria possibly to the point of anuria (by hypovolaemia).
Management
Initial measures involve the rapid elimination of the ingested substance(s) by gastric wash-out and/or administration of activated charcoal, followed by restoration of water/electrolyte balance to normal in a specialised centre.
2 years.
Not applicable
Tablet:
Silica, colloidal anhydrous
Hypromellose
Lactose monohydrate
Magnesium stearate
Povidone
Film-coating:
Glycerol
Hypromellose
Macrogol 6000
Magnesium stearate
Titanium dioxide
Summary of safety profile
The most commonly reported adverse reactions are hypersensitivity reactions, mainly dermatological, in subjects with a predisposition to allergic and asthmatic reactions and maculopapular rashes.
During clinical trials, hypokalaemia (plasma potassium <3.4 mmol/l) was seen in 10 % of patients and < 3.2 mmol/l in 4 % of patients after 4 to 6 weeks treatment. After 12 weeks treatment, the mean fall in plasma potassium was 0.23 mmol/l.
The majority of adverse reactions concerning clinical or laboratory parameters are dose-dependent.
Tabulated summary of adverse reactions
The following undesirable effects have been observed with indapamide during treatment ranked under the following frequency:
Very common (> 1/10); common (> 1/100 to <1/10); uncommon (> 1/1,000 to < 1/100); rare (>1/10,000 to <1/1,000); very rare (>1/100,000 to <1/10,000), not known (cannot be estimated from the available data).
| MedDRA System Organ Class | Undesirable Effects | Frequency |
| Blood and the lymphatic System Disorders | Agranulocytosis | Very rare |
| Aplastic anaemia | Very rare | |
| Haemolytic anaemia | Very rare | |
| Leucopenia | Very rare | |
| Thrombocytopenia | Very rare | |
| Metabolism and Nutrition Disorders | Hypercalcaemia | Very rare |
| Potassium depletion with hypokalaemia, particularly serious in certain high risk populations | Not known | |
| Hyponatraemia | Not know | |
| Nervous System disorders | Vertigo | Rare |
| Fatigue | Rare | |
| Headache | Rare | |
| Paraesthesia | Rare | |
| Syncope | Not known | |
| Eye disorders | Myopia | Not known |
| Blurred vision | Not known | |
| Visual impairment | Not known | |
| Cardiac Disorders | Arrhythmia | Very rare |
| Torsade de pointes (potentially fatal) | Not known | |
| Vascular Disorders | Hypotension | Very rare |
| Gastrointestinal Disorders | Vomiting | Uncommon |
| Nausea | Rare | |
| Constipation | Rare | |
| Dry mouth | Rare | |
| Pancreatitis | Very rare | |
| Hepatobiliary Disorders | Abnormal hepatic function | Very rare |
| Possibility of onset of hepatic encephalopathy in case of hepatic insufficiency | Not known | |
| Hepatitis | Not known | |
| Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue Disorder | Hypersensitivity reactions | Common |
| Maculopapular rashes | Common | |
| Purpura | Uncommon | |
| Angioedema | Very rare | |
| Urticaria | Very rare | |
| Toxic epidermal necrolysis | Very rare | |
| Stevens-Johnson Syndrome | Very rare | |
| Possible worsening of pre-existing acute disseminated lupus erythematosus | Not known | |
| Photosensitivity reactions | Not known | |
| Renal and Urinary Disorders | Renal failure | Very rare |
| Investigations | Electrocardiogram QT prolonged | Not known |
| Blood glucose increased | Not known | |
| Blood uric acid increased | Not known | |
| Elevated liver enzyme levels | Not known |
Reporting of suspected adverse reactions
Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the Yellow Card Scheme Website: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard.
Indapamide has been tested negative concerning mutagenic and carcinogenic properties.
The highest doses administered orally to different animal species (40 to 8000 times the therapeutic dose) have shown an exacerbation of the diuretic properties of indapamide. The major symptoms of poisoning during acute toxicity studies with indapamide administered intravenously or intraperitoneally were related to the pharmacological action of indapamide, i.e. bradypnoea and peripheral vasodilation.
Reproductive toxicity studies have not shown embryotoxicity and teratogenicity.
Fertility was not impaired either in male or in female rats.
Pharmacotherapeutic group: Sulfonamides, plain
ATC code: C 03 BA 11
Mechanism of action
Indapamide is a sulfonamide derivative with an indole ring, pharmacologically related to thiazide diuretics, which acts by inhibiting the reabsorption of sodium in the cortical dilution segment. It increases the urinary excretion of sodium and chlorides and, to a lesser extent, the excretion of potassium and magnesium, thereby increasing urine output and having an antihypertensive action.
Pharmacodynamic effects
Phase II and III studies using monotherapy have demonstrated an antihypertensive effect lasting 24 hours. This was present at doses where the diuretic effect was of mild intensity.
The antihypertensive activity of indapamide is related to an improvement in arterial compliance and a reduction in arteriolar and total peripheral resistance.
Indapamide reduces left ventricular hypertrophy.
Thiazide and related diuretics have a plateau therapeutic effect beyond a certain dose, while adverse effects continue to increase. The dose should not be increased if treatment is ineffective.
It has also been shown, in the short-, mid- and long-term in hypertensive patients, that indapamide:
- does not interfere with lipid metabolism: triglycerides, LDL-cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol;
- does not interfere with carbohydrate metabolism, even in diabetic hypertensive patients.
Indapamide 1.5 mg is supplied in a prolonged release dosage based on a matrix system in which the drug substance is dispersed within a support which allows sustained release of indapamide.
Absorption:
The fraction of indapamide released is rapidly and totally absorbed via the gastrointestinal digestive tract.
Eating slightly increases the rapidity of absorption but has no influence on the amount of the drug absorbed.
Peak serum level following a single dose occurs about 12 hours after ingestion, repeated administration reduces the variation in serum levels between 2 doses. Intra-individual variability exists.
Distribution:
Binding of indapamide to plasma proteins is 79%.
The plasma elimination half-life is 14 to 24 hours (mean 18 hours).
Steady state is achieved after 7 days.
Repeated administration does not lead to accumulation.
Metabolism:
Elimination is essentially urinary (70% of the dose) and faecal (22%) in the form of inactive metabolites.
High risk individuals:
Pharmacokinetic parameters are unchanged in renal failure patients.
11/2015
Les Laboratoires Servier
50, rue Carnot
92284 Suresnes cedex
France
Store below 30°C.
10, 14, 15, 20, 30, 50, 60, 90, 100 tablets in blisters (PVC/aluminium).
Not all pack sizes may be marketed.
PL 05815/0010
Pregnancy:
There are no or limited amount of data (less than 300 pregnancy outcomes) from the use of indapamide in pregnant women. Prolonged exposure to thiazide during the third trimester of pregnancy can reduce maternal plasma volume as well as uteroplacental blood flow, which may cause a foeto-placental ischaemia and growth retardation.
Animal studies do not indicate direct or indirect harmful effects with respect to reproductive toxicity.
As a precautionary measure, it is preferable to avoid the use of Indapamide during pregnancy.
Breast-feeding:
There is insufficient information on the excretion of indapamide/metabolites in human milk. Hypersensitivity to sulfonamide-derived medicines and hypokalaemia might occur. A risk to the newborns/infants cannot be excluded.
Indapamide is closely related to thiazide diuretics which have been associated, during breast-feeding, with decrease or even suppression of milk lactation.
Indapamide should not be used during breast-feeding.
Fertility
Reproductive toxicity studies showed no effect on fertility in female and male rats. No effects on human fertility are anticipated.
Special warnings
When liver function is impaired, thiazide-related diuretics may cause hepatic encephalopathy, particularly in case of electrolyte imbalance. Administration of the diuretic must be stopped immediately if this occurs.
Photosensitivity:
Cases of photosensitivity reactions have been reported with thiazides and thiazide-related diuretics. If photosensitivity reaction occurs during treatment, it is recommended to stop the treatment. If a re-administration of the diuretic is deemed necessary, it is recommended to protect exposed areas to the sun or to artificial UVA.
Excipients:
Patients with rare hereditary problems of galactose intolerance, the Lapp lactase deficiency or glucose-galactose malabsorption should not take this medicine.
Special precautions for use
- Water and electrolyte balance:
- Plasma sodium:
This must be measured before starting treatment, then at regular intervals subsequently. The fall in plasma sodium may be asymptomatic initially and regular monitoring is therefore essential, and should be even more frequent in the elderly and cirrhotic patients. Any diuretic treatment may cause hyponatraemia, sometimes with very serious consequences. Hyponatraemia with hypovolaemia may be responsible of dehydration and orthostatic hypotension. Concomitant loss of chloride ions may lead to secondary compensatory metabolic alkalosis: the incidence and degree of this effect are slight.
- Plasma potassium:
Potassium depletion with hypokalaemia is the major risk of thiazide and related diuretics. The risk of onset of hypokalaemia (< 3.4 mmol/l) must be prevented in certain high risk populations, i.e. the elderly, malnourished and/or polymedicated, cirrhotic patients with oedema and ascites, coronary artery disease and cardiac failure patients. In this situation, hypokalaemia increases the cardiac toxicity of digitalis preparations and the risks of arrhythmias.
Individuals with a long QT interval are also at risk, whether the origin is congenital or iatrogenic. Hypokalaemia, as well as bradycardia, is then a predisposing factor to the onset of severe arrhythmias, in particular, potentially fatal torsades de pointes.
More frequent monitoring of plasma potassium is required in all the situations indicated above. The first measurement of plasma potassium should be obtained during the first week following the start of treatment.
Detection of hypokalaemia requires its correction.
- Plasma calcium:
Thiazide and related diuretics may decrease urinary calcium excretion and cause a slight and transitory rise in plasma calcium. Frank hypercalcaemia may be due to previously unrecognised hyperparathyroidism.
Treatment should be withdrawn before the investigation of parathyroid function.
- Blood glucose:
Monitoring of blood glucose is important in diabetics, in particular in the presence of hypokalaemia.
- Uric acid:
Tendency to gout attacks may be increased in hyperuricaemic patients.
- Renal function and diuretics:
Thiazide and related diuretics are fully effective only when renal function is normal or only minimally impaired (plasma creatinine below levels of the order of 25 mg/l, i.e. 220 µmol/l in an adult). In the elderly, this plasma creatinine must be adjusted in relation to age, weight and gender.
Hypovolaemia, secondary to the loss of water and sodium induced by the diuretic at the start of treatment causes a reduction in glomerular filtration. This may lead to an increase in blood urea and plasma creatinine. This transitory functional renal insufficiency is of no consequence in individuals with normal renal function but may worsen preexisting renal insufficiency.
- Athletes:
The attention of athletes is drawn to the fact that this medicinal product contains a drug substance, which may give a positive reaction in doping tests.
Indapamide does not affect vigilance but different reactions in relation with the decrease in blood pressure may occur in individual cases, especially at the start of the treatment or when another antihypertensive agent is added.
As a result the ability to drive vehicles or to operate machinery may be impaired.
No special requirements
9th January 1996/25th February 2007 (MRP)
Combinations that are not recommended:
Lithium:
Increased plasma lithium with signs of overdosage, as with a salt-free diet (decreased urinary lithium excretion). However, if the use of diuretics is necessary, careful monitoring of plasma lithium and dose adjustment are required.
Combinations requiring precautions for use:
Torsades de pointes-inducing drugs:
- class Ia antiarrhythmics (quinidine, hydroquinidine, disopyramide),
- class III antiarrhythmics (amiodarone, sotalol, dofetilide, ibutilide),
- some antipsychotics :
phenothiazines (chlorpromazine, cyamemazine, levomepromazine, thioridazine, trifluoperazine),
benzamides (amisulpride, sulpiride, sultopride, tiapride)
butyrophenones (droperidol, haloperidol)
others: bepridil, cisapride, diphemanil, erythromycin IV, halofantrine, mizolastine, pentamidine, sparfloxacin, moxifloxacin, vincamine IV.
Increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias, particularly torsades de pointes (hypokalaemia is a risk factor).
Monitor for hypokalaemia and correct, if required, before introducing this combination. Clinical, plasma electrolytes and ECG monitoring.
Use substances which do not have the disadvantage of causing torsades de pointes in the presence of hypokalaemia.
N.S.A.I.Ds. (systemic route) including COX-2 selective inhibitors, high dose salicylic acid (> 3 g/day):
Possible reduction in the antihypertensive effect of indapamide.
Risk of acute renal failure in dehydrated patients (decreased glomerular filtration). Hydrate the patient; monitor renal function at the start of treatment.
Angiotensin converting enzyme (A.C.E.) inhibitors:
Risk of sudden hypotension and/or acute renal failure when treatment with an A.C.E. is initiated in the presence of preexisting sodium depletion (particularly in patients with renal artery stenosis).
In hypertension, when prior diuretic treatment may have caused sodium depletion, it is necessary:
- either to stop the diuretic 3 days before starting treatment with the A.C.E. inhibitor, and restart a hypokalaemic diuretic if necessary;
- or give low initial doses of the A.C.E. inhibitor and increase the dose gradually.
In congestive heart failure, start with a very low dose of A.C.E. inhibitor, possibly after a reduction in the dose of the concomitant hypokalaemic diuretic.
In all cases, monitor renal function (plasma creatinine) during the first weeks of treatment with an A.C.E. inhibitor.
Other compounds causing hypokalaemia: amphotericin B (IV), gluco- and mineralo-corticoids (systemic route), tetracosactide, stimulant laxatives:
Increased risk of hypokalaemia (additive effect).
Monitoring of plasma potassium and correction if required. Must be particularly borne in mind in case of concomitant digitalis treatment. Use non-stimulant laxatives.
Baclofen:
Increased antihypertensive effect.
Hydrate the patient; monitor renal function at the start of treatment.
Digitalis preparations:
Hypokalaemia predisposing to the toxic effects of digitalis.
Monitoring of plasma potassium and ECG and, if necessary, adjust the treatment.
Combinations to be taken into consideration:
Potassium-sparing diuretics (amiloride, spironolactone, triamterene):
Whilst rational combinations are useful in some patients, hypokalaemia or hyperkalaemia (particularly in patients with renal failure or diabetes) may still occur. Plasma potassium and ECG should be monitored and, if necessary, treatment reviewed.
Metformin:
Increased risk of metformin induced lactic acidosis due to the possibility of functional renal failure associated with diuretics and more particularly with loop diuretics. Do not use metformin when plasma creatinine exceeds 15 mg/l (135 µmol/l) in men and 12 mg/l (110 µmol/l) in women.
Iodinated contrast media:
In the presence of dehydration caused by diuretics, increased risk of acute renal failure, in particular when large doses of iodinated contrast media are used.
Rehydration before administration of the iodinated compound.
Imipramine-like antidepressants, neuroleptics:
Antihypertensive effect and increased risk of orthostatic hypotension increased (additive effect).
Calcium (salts):
Risk of hypercalcaemia resulting from decreased urinary elimination of calcium.
Ciclosporin, tacrolimus:
Risk of increased plasma creatinine without any change in circulating ciclosporin levels, even in the absence of water/sodium depletion.
Corticosteroids, tetracosactide (systemic route):
Decreased antihypertensive effect (water/sodium retention due to corticosteroids).
