Signs and symptoms may be absent or minimal during the initial 12-hour period following ingestion and may develop slowly thereafter, reaching a maximum in 24 to 48 hours. Death has been reported following overdosage, therefore immediate hospitalisation with continuous patient observation and monitoring throughout this period is essential.
Large doses may produce hypomania, euphoria, followed by coma with hypotension, or acute hypertension sometimes with subarachnoid haemorrhage. In a few cases extra-pyramidal symptoms have been recorded.
Other symptoms may be: drowsiness, dizziness, faintness, irritability, hyperactivity, agitation, severe headache, hallucinations, trismus, opisthotonos, rigidity, convulsions, rapid and irregular pulse, precordial pain, respiratory depression and failure, hyperpyrexia, diaphoresis and cool, clammy skin.
Treatment:
Gastric lavage with instillation of charcoal slurry may be helpful in early poisoning (tablets dissolve slowly in stomach).
Absolute bed rest, raise feet in hypotension. Vasopressors are best avoided. Hypertension should be urgently controlled with phentolamine IV. Avoid hypnotics, such as morphine, pethidine, barbiturates. Body temperature should be monitored, and fever managed by cooling.
Use intravenous therapy to maintain fluid and electrolyte balance and use a slow IV injection of diazepam for any CNS stimulation. In deep coma and severe hypotension hydrocortisone by injection may be tried.
There is no specific antidote for Nardil. Haemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis and charcoal haemoperfusion may be of value in massive overdosage, but sufficient data are not available to recommend their routine use in these cases.
18 months.
Nardil should not be used in patients who are hypersensitive to any of the ingredients or with phaeochromocytoma, cerebrovascular disease, congestive heart failure, a history of liver disease or with abnormal liver function tests. Phenelzine sulphate should not be administered at the same time as, or within 14 days of, treatment with other MAOIs, buspirone, or dibenzazepine derivative drugs (including tricyclic antidepressant agents, perphenazine or carbamazepine). In the cases of clomipramine and imipramine, 3 weeks should be left before starting phenelzine therapy. It is recognised that there is some division of consultant opinion with respect to concomitant use of MAOIs and tricyclic antidepressants.
There have been reports of serious reactions (including hyperthermia, rigidity, myoclonic movements and death) when serotonin reuptake inhibitors or serotonin/noradrenaline inhibitors (e.g. venlafaxine) have been combined with MAOIs. Therefore, Nardil should not be used in combination with these drugs and before initiating Nardil, a sufficient amount of time must be allowed for clearance of these drugs and their metabolites. For example, five weeks in the case of fluoxetine and two weeks with paroxetine. Conversely, these drugs should not be started within 14 days of discontinuing phenelzine. Phenelzine should not be used in combination with guanethidine, dextromethorphan, or with CNS depressants such as alcohol and narcotic analgesics. Death has been reported in patients receiving a single dose of pethidine.
Phenelzine is not indicated in the manic phase.
None known.
The tablet cores also contain mannitol, povidone, magnesium stearate and maize starch.
The tablet coating contains hydroxypropyl cellulose, polyvinylacetatephthalate, stearic acid, sunset yellow (E110), titanium dioxide (E171), erythrosine (E127) hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (E464) and talc.
Film coated tablet.
Side-effects tend to be mild or moderate in severity, often subsiding as treatment continues, and can be minimised by adjusting dosage; rarely is it necessary to discontinue Nardil.
The most important reaction associated with Nardil is the occurrence of hypertensive crises, which have been associated with intracranial bleeding and have sometimes been fatal.
Cases of suicidal ideation and suicidal behaviours have been reported during Nardil therapy or early after treatment discontinuation.
Common side-effects include: dizziness, drowsiness, weakness and fatigue, oedema, gastro-intestinal disturbances (nausea, vomiting, dryness of the mouth, constipation), insomnia, blurred vision, adverse effects on driving ability, postural hypotension, twitching, myoclonic movements, hyperreflexia, elevated serum transaminases and anorgasmia.
Uncommon side-effects are headache, nervousness, euphoria, paraesthesia, sweating, increased appetite and weight, rash, pruritus, difficulty in micturition, muscle tremor, peripheral neuritis, behavioural changes, arrhythmias, convulsions, impotence and delayed ejaculation, purpura, blood dyscrasias, jitteriness, palilalia, nystagmus, hypernatraemia, glaucoma, lupus-like illness, confusion, hallucinations and elevated liver enzymes.
Other severe side-effects have been reported very rarely, including isolated reports in some cases. These include: ataxia, shock-like coma, toxic delirium, neuroleptic malignant syndrome (occasionally fatal), manic reaction, acute anxiety reaction, precipitation of schizophrenia, transient respiratory and cardiovascular depression following ECT, fatal progressive necrotising hepatocellular damage, reversible jaundice, hypermetabolic syndrome, oedema of the glottis and fever associated with increased muscle tone.
Hyponatraemia (usually in the elderly and possibly due to inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone) has been associated with all types of antidepressants and should be considered in all patients who develop drowsiness, confusion or convulsions while taking an antidepressant.
Withdrawal may be associated with nausea, vomiting and malaise. An uncommon withdrawal syndrome following abrupt withdrawal of Nardil has been infrequently reported. Signs and symptoms of this syndrome generally commence 24 to 72 hours after drug discontinuation and may vary from vivid nightmares and agitation to frank psychosis and convulsions. This syndrome generally responds to reinstitution of low-dose Nardil therapy followed by cautious downward titration and discontinuation.
Reporting of suspected adverse reactions
Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the Yellow Card Scheme at: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard.
There are no pre-clinical safety data of relevance to the prescriber which are additional to those already included in other sections of the Summary of Product Characteristics.
Phenelzine is a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI). It has been found to be effective in depressed patients clinically characterised as 'atypical', 'non endogenous', 'neurotic' or where treatment with other antidepressants has failed. These patients often have mixed anxiety and depression and phobic or hypochondriacal features. There is less conclusive evidence of its usefulness with severely depressed patients with endogenous features.
The MAOIs comprise a chemically heterogeneous group of drugs that have in common the ability to block oxidative deamination of naturally occurring monoamines.
MAOIs exert their effects mainly in organ systems influenced by sympathomimetic amines and 5-HT.
The MAOIs in clinical use are site-directed irreversible inhibitors. The hydrazines attack and inactivate the flavin prosthetic group following their oxidation to reactive intermediates by MAO.
The capacity of MAOIs to act as antidepressants has most often been assumed to reflect the increased availability of one or more monoamines in the CNS or sympathetic nervous system.
All the currently employed MAOIs are readily absorbed when given by mouth. These drugs produce maximal inhibition of MAO in biopsy samples from man within 5 to 10 days. There is little information on their pharmacokinetics. However, their biological activity is prolonged due to the characteristics of their interactions with the enzyme.
The hydrazide MAOIs are thought to be cleaved with resultant liberation of active products. They are inactivated primarily by acetylation.
February 2017
Nardil tablets.
Kyowa Kirin Limited
Galabank Business Park
Galashiels
TD1 1QH
United Kingdom
Store between 2°C to 8°C in a refrigerator, unless unavoidable for short periods.
White, high density polyethylene bottle fitted with a white, high density, polyethylene child resistant, tamper evident cap with expanded polyethylene liner, containing 100 tablets.
PL 16508/0052.
Phenelzine sulphate BP equivalent to phenelzine base 15mg.
Suicide/suicidal thoughts or clinical worsening
Depression is associated with an increased risk of suicidal thoughts, self harm and suicide (suicide-related events). This risk persists until significant remission occurs. As improvement may not occur during the first few weeks or more of treatment, patients should be closely monitored until such improvement occurs. It is general clinical experience that the risk of suicide may increase in the early stages of recovery.
Patients with a history of suicide-related events, or those exhibiting a significant degree of suicidal ideation prior to commencement of treatment are known to be at greater risk of suicidal thoughts or suicide attempts, and should receive careful monitoring during treatment. A meta-analysis of placebo-controlled clinical trials of antidepressant drugs in adult patients with psychiatric disorders showed an increased risk of suicidal behaviour with antidepressants compared to placebo in patients less than 25 years old. Close supervision of patients and in particular those at high risk should accompany drug therapy especially in early treatment and following dose changes. Patients (and caregivers of patients) should be alerted about the need to monitor for any clinical worsening, suicidal behaviour or thoughts and unusual changes in behaviour and to seek medical advice immediately if these symptoms present.
Nardil should be withdrawn two weeks before elective surgery/dentistry.
Nardil should not be given with cocaine or local anaesthesia containing sympathomimetic vasoconstrictors. The possible combined hypotensive effects of Nardil and spinal anaesthesia should be kept in mind.
Nardil should be used only with great caution in agitated patients or those who have cardiovascular disease, epilepsy, blood dyscrasias, porphyria or diabetes; and in patients taking diuretics.
Blood pressure should be observed frequently to detect any pressor response and therapy discontinued if palpitations or frequent headaches occur.
Patients should also be closely followed for symptoms of postural hypotension. Hypotensive side effects have occurred in hypertensive as well as normotensive and hypotensive patients.
Due to the possibility of patients undergoing “Withdrawal Syndrome†(see section 4.8 Undesirable Effects) abrupt withdrawal of phenelzine should be avoided where possible.
Phenelzine may cause excessive stimulation in schizophrenic patients; in manic-depressive states it may result in a swing from a depressive to a manic phase.
Caution should be exercised if the patient undergoes concurrent electroconvulsive therapy (ECT).
Produces adverse effects on driving ability.
Oral administration.
Adults:
One 15mg tablet three times a day. A response is usually seen within the first week. If no response is evident after two weeks, the dosage may be increased to a maximum of one 15mg tablet four times a day. Doses of up to two 15mg tablets three times a day may be used in hospitals. The effectiveness of the drug may not become apparent in less than 4 weeks therapy. After a satisfactory response has been achieved, the dosage may be reduced very gradually to a suitable maintenance level. This may be as low as one 15mg tablet every other day.
Elderly (over 65 years):
As for adults.
Postural hypotension may be an unwanted effect of MAOIs in the elderly. Elderly patients as a group tend to receive multiple drug therapies and the possibility of increased risk of drug interactions should be borne in mind. Nardil should only be used with great caution in elderly patients.
Despite these problems, MAOIs (including Nardil) have been found to be useful in the treatment of depression in the elderly.
Children:
Nardil is not indicated for children under 16 years of age.
No special requirements.
July 1999/April 2001
