Signs
Overdoses of moclobemide alone induce generally mild and reversible signs of CNS and gastro-intestinal irritation.
Management
Treatment of overdose should be aimed primarily at maintenance of the vital functions.
As with other antidepressants, mixed overdoses of moclobemide with other drugs (e.g. other CNS-acting drugs) could be life-threatening. Therefore, patients should be hospitalised and closely monitored so that appropriate treatment may be given.
Moklar is contra-indicated in patients with known hypersensitivity to the drug or to any component of the product, in acute confusional states and in patients with phaeochromocytoma.
Moklar should not be co-administered with the following drugs (see section 4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction).
− Selegiline
− Bupropion
− Triptans
− Pethidine
− Tramadol
− Dextromethorphan
− Linezolid
Moklar should not be co-administered with 5-HT re-uptake inhibitors (including those which are tricyclic antidepressants) in order to prevent precipitation of serotonergic overactivity (see section
Not applicable.
Moklar should not be co-administered with dextromethorphan, contained in many proprietary cough medicines, as isolated cases of severe central nervous system adverse reactions have been reported after co-administration.
Moklar should not be administered to children for the time being as clinical experience in this category is lacking.
4.4 Special warnings and precautions for useAs with other antidepressants, treatment may exacerbate the schizophrenic symptoms of depressive patients with schizophrenic or schizoaffective psychoses. If possible, therapy with long-acting neuroleptics should be continued in such patients.
Moklar is a reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase type A (RIMA). It causes less potentiation of tyramine than traditional irreversible MAOIs, and therefore Moklar does not generally necessitate the special dietary restrictions required for these irreversible MAOIs. However, as a few patients may be especially sensitive to tyramine, all patients should be advised to avoid the consumption of large amounts of tyramine rich food (mature cheese, yeast extracts and fermented soya bean products).
Patients should be advised to avoid sympathomimetic agents such as ephedrine, pseudoephedrine and phenylpropanolamine (contained in many proprietary cough and cold medications) (see section 4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction).
Depressive patients with excitation or agitation as the predominant clinical feature should either not be treated with Moklar or only in combination with a sedative (e.g. a benzodiazepine). The sedative should only be used for a maximum of 2 to 3 weeks.
If a depressive episode is treated in bipolar disorders, manic episodes can be provoked.
Due to the lack of clinical data, patients with concomitant schizophrenia or schizo-affective organic disorders should not be treated with Moklar. As with other antidepressants, treatment may exacerbate the schizophrenic symptoms of depressive patients with schizophrenic or schizoaffective psychoses. If possible, therapy with long-acting neuroleptics should be continued in such patients.
Theoretical pharmacological considerations indicate that MAO inhibitors may precipitate a hypertensive reaction in patients with thyrotoxicosis. As experience with Moklar in this population group is lacking, caution should be exercised before prescribing Moklar.
In patients receiving Moklar, caution should be exercised when co-administering drugs that enhance serotonin in order to prevent precipitation of serotoninergic syndrome (see section 4.3 Contraindications and section 4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction).
Hypersensitivity may occur in susceptible individuals. Symptoms may include rash and oedema.
Hyponatraemia, (usually in the elderly and possibly due to inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone) has been associated with all types of antidepressants, although very rarely with Moklar (see 4.8 Undesirable effects), and should be considered in all patients who develop drowsiness, confusion or convulsions while taking an antidepressant.
St John's Wort (Hypericum) - containing phytotherapeutic products should be used with care in combination with moclobemide as this may increase the serotonin concentration.
Patients with rare hereditary problems of galactose intolerance, the Lapp lactase deficiency or glucose-galactose malabsorption should not take this medicine.
Suicide/suicidal thoughts or clinical worsening
Depression is associated with an increased risk of suicidal thoughts, self harm and suicide (suicide-related events). This risk persists until significant remission occurs. As improvement may not occur during the first few weeks or more of treatment, patients should be closely monitored until such improvement occurs. It is general clinical experience that the risk of suicide may increase in the early stages of recovery.
Other psychiatric conditions for which Moklar is prescribed can also be associated with an increased risk of suicide-related events. In addition, these conditions may be co-morbid with major depressive disorder. The same precautions observed when treating patients with major depressive disorder should therefore be observed when treating patients with other psychiatric disorders.
Patients with a history of suicide-related events, or those exhibiting a significant degree of suicidal ideation prior to commencement of treatment are known to be at greater risk of suicidal thoughts or suicide attempts, and should receive careful monitoring during treatment.
A meta-analysis of placebo-controlled clinical trials of antidepressant drugs in adult patients with psychiatric disorders showed an increased risk of suicidal behaviour with antidepressants compared to placebo in patients less than 25 years old.
Close supervision of patients and in particular those at high risk should accompany drug therapy especially in early treatment and following dose changes. Patients (and caregivers of patients) should be alerted about the need to monitor for any clinical worsening, suicidal behaviour or thoughts and unusual changes in behaviour and to seek medical advice immediately if these symptoms present.
Owing to the presence of lactose, patients with rare hereditary problems of galactose intolerance, the Lapp lactase deficiency or glucose-galactose malabsorption should not take this medicine.
Insomnia or nervousness or jitteriness at the beginning of treatment with moclobemide can justify a dose reduction or temporary symptomatic treatment. In case of occurrence of mania or hypomania, or the onset of early symptoms of those reactions (grandiosity, hyperactivity (including increased speech), reckless impulsivity), treatment with moclobemide will be interrupted and alternative treatment will be initiated.
4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interactionCo-administration of Moklar with pethidine or selegiline is contraindicated (see section 4.3 Contraindications).
Co-administration of Moklar with triptans is contraindicated, because they are potent serotonin receptor agonists and metabolized by monoamine oxidases (MAOs) and various cytrochrome P450 enzymes and the plasma concentrations of the triptans increases, e.g. sumatriptan, rizatriptan, zolmitriptan, almotriptan, naratriptan, frovatriptan and eletriptan.
Co-administration of Moklar with tramadol, bupropion, dextromethorphan and linezolid are contraindicated.
In animals, Moklar potentiates the effects of opiates. Opiate analgesics, such as, Morphine, Codeine and fentanyl should be used with caution. A dosage adjustment may be necessary for these drugs.
The potentiation of the pressor effect was even lower or did not occur when moclobemide was administered after a meal.The combination with pethidine is contra-indicated because of the increased risk of serotonergic syndrome (confusion, fever, convulsions, ataxia, hyperreflexia, myoclonus, diarrhoea).
The daily dose of moclobemide should be reduced to half or one-third in patients whose hepatic metabolism is severely inhibited by a drug that blocks microsomal mixed function oxidase activity, such as cimetidine (see section 4.2 Posology and method of administration).
Care should be taken with concomitant use of drugs that are metabolised by CYP2C19 as moclobemide is an inhibitor of this enzyme. The plasma concentration of these drugs (such as proton pump inhibitors (e.g. omeprazole), fluoxetine and fluvoxamine) may be increased when concomitantly used with moclobemide. Similarly, moclobemide inhibits the metabolism of omeprazole in CYP2C19 extensive metabolisers resulting in a doubling of the omeprazole exposure.
Care should be taken with concomitant use of trimipramine and maprotiline as the plasma concentration of these monoamine reuptake inhibitors increases upon concomitant administration with moclobemide.
Special warnings and precautions for use). Generally, an interval of 14 days is recommended for switching from an irreversible MAO inhibitor to moclobemide (e.g. phenelzine, tranylcypromine).Concomitant use with St. John's wort (Hypericum) is not recommended as this may increase the serotonin concentration in the central nervous system
The pharmacologic action of systemic regimens of sympathomimetic agents may possibly be intensified and prolonged by concurrent treatment with moclobemide.
Isolated cases of severe central nervous system adverse reactions have been reported after co-administration of Moklar and dextromethorphan. Special warnings and precautions for use).
Data from clinical studies suggests that no interactions exist between moclobemide and hydrochlorothiazide (HCT), in hypertensive patients, with oral contraceptives, digoxin, phenprocoumon, and alcohol.
As sibutramine is a norepinephrine-serotonin reuptake inhibitor, which would increase the effect of MAOIs, the concomitant use with moclobemide is not recommended.
Concomitant use of dextropropoxyphene is not advised as moclobemide may potentiate the effects of dextropropoxyphene.
4.6 Fertility, pregnancy and lactationPregnancy
Reproduction studies in animals have not revealed any risk to the foetus, but the safety of Moklar in human pregnancy has not been established. Therefore the benefits of drug therapy during pregnancy should be weighed against possible risk to the foetus.
Lactation
Since only a small amount of Moklar passes into breast milk (approximately 1/30 of the maternal dose), the benefits of continuing drug therapy during nursing should be weighed against possible risks to the child.
4.7 Effects on ability to drive and use machinesThis class of medicine is in the list of drugs included in regulations under 5a of the Road Traffic Act 1988. When prescribing this medicine, patients should be told:
- The medicine is likely to affect your ability to drive
- Do not drive until you know how the medicine affects you
- It is an offence to drive while under the influence of this medicine
- However, you would not be committing an offence (called 'statutory defence') if:
o The medicine has been prescribed to treat a medical or dental problem and
o You have taken it according to the instructions given by the prescriber and in the information provided with the medicine and
o It was not affecting your ability to drive safely
4.8 Undesirable effectsWithin the system organ classes, adverse reactions are listed under headings of frequency (number of patients expected to experience the reaction), using the following categories:
Very Common (> 1/10)
Common (>1/100 to <1/10)
Uncommon (>1/1,000 to <1/100)
Rare (>1/10,000 to <1/1,000)
Very rare (<1/10,000)
Not known (cannot be estimated from the available data)
The following undesirable effects have been observed:
| Metabolism and nutrition disorders: | |
| Rare: | Decreased appetite* Hyponatraemia* |
| Psychiatric disorders: | |
| Very common: | Sleep disorder |
| Common: | Agitation, anxiety, restlessness |
| Uncommon: | Suicidal ideation Confusional state (these have resolved quickly on discontinuation of therapy) |
| Rare: | Suicidal behaviours, delusion* |
| Nervous system disorders: | |
| Very common: | Dizziness, headache |
| Common: | Paraesthesia |
| Uncommon: | Dysgeusia |
| Eye disorders: | |
| Uncommon: | Visual impairment |
| Vascular disorders: | |
| Common: | Hypotension |
| Uncommon: | Flushing |
| Gastrointestinal disorders: | |
| Very common: | Dry mouth, nausea |
| Common: | Vomiting, diarrhoea, constipation |
| Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders: | |
| Common: | Rash |
| Uncommon: | Oedema, pruritus, urticaria |
| General disorders and administration site conditions: | |
| Common: | Irritability |
| Uncommon: | Asthenia |
| Investigations: | |
| Rare: | Serotonin syndrome* (co-administered with drugs that enhance serotonin, such as serotonin reuptake inhibitors and many other antidepressants) Increased hepatic enzymes (without associated clinical sequelae.) |
*Adverse reactions that were not reported in clinical studies but were only reported post-marketing are indicated by an asterix (*)
Reporting of suspected adverse reactions
Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the Yellow Card Scheme at: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard.
Preclinical data, based on conventional studies of safety pharmacology, single- and repeat-dose toxicity, genotoxicity, carcinogenic potential and toxicity to reproduction did not reveal special hazards for humans associated with moclobemide.
Major depression.
Treatment of social phobia.
ATC Code: N06 AG 02
Pharmacotherapeutic group: antidepressant
Moklar is an antidepressant which affects the monoaminergic cerebral neurotransmitter system by means of a reversible inhibition of monoamine oxidase preferentially of type A (RIMA). The metabolism of noradrenaline, dopamine and serotonin (5-HT) is decreased by this effect, and this leads to increased extracellular concentrations of these neuronal transmitters.
As a result of its elevating effect on mood and psychomotor activity, Moklar relieves symptoms such as dysphoria, exhaustion, lack of drive and inability to concentrate.
These effects most often appear within the first week of therapy. Moklar also relieves symptoms related to social phobia.
Though Moklar has no sedative properties, it improves the quality of sleep in most depressive patients within days. Moklar does not impair alertness.
Short-term and long-term animal studies indicate low toxicity. No cardiac toxicity has been observed.
Absorption
After oral administration, moclobemide is completely absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract into the portal blood. Peak plasma concentrations of the drug are usually reached within one hour of dosage. A hepatic first-pass effect reduces the systemically available dose fraction (bioavailability F). This reduction is more pronounced after single (F: 60%) than after multiple (F: 80%) doses. After multiple dosing, plasma concentrations of moclobemide increase over the first week of therapy and remain stable thereafter. When the daily dose is increased, there is a more than proportional increase in steady-state concentrations.
Distribution
Due to its lipophilic nature, moclobemide is extensively distributed in the body. The volume of distribution (Vss) is about 1.0 l/kg. Binding of the drug to plasma proteins, mainly albumin, is low (50%).
Metabolism
The drug is almost entirely metabolised before its elimination from the body. Metabolism occurs largely via oxidative reactions on the morpholine moiety of the molecule. Degradation products with pharmacological activity are present in the systemic circulation in man at very low concentrations only. The major metabolites present in plasma are a lactam derivative and an N-oxide derivative. Moclobemide has been shown to be metabolised in part by the polymorphic isoenzymes CYP2C19 and CYP2D6. Thus, in genetically or drug-induced (via metabolic inhibitors) poor metabolisers, metabolism of the drug may be affected. Two studies conducted to investigate the magnitude of these effects suggested that, due to the presence of multiple alternative metabolic pathways, in general they are of no clinical significance and should not necessitate dosage modification (see section 4.2 Posology and method of administration).
Elimination
Moclobemide is rapidly eliminated by metabolic processes. Total clearance is approximately 20 - 50 1/hour. The mean elimination half-life during multiple dosing (300mg b.i.d) is approximately 3 hours and generally ranges from 2 - 4 hours in most patients. Less than 1% of a dose is excreted renally in unchanged form. The metabolites formed are eliminated renally. Insignificant amounts are excreted in human breast milk.
Pharmacokinetics in special populations Elderly
Absorption and disposition parameters are unchanged in the elderly.
Patients with renal impairment
Renal disease does not alter the elimination characteristics of moclobemide.
Patients with hepatic impairment
In advanced liver insufficiency, the metabolism of moclobemide is reduced (see section 4.2 Posology and method of administration).
This class of medicine is in the list of drugs included in regulations under 5a of the Road Traffic Act 1988. When prescribing this medicine, patients should be told:
- The medicine is likely to affect your ability to drive
- Do not drive until you know how the medicine affects you
- It is an offence to drive while under the influence of this medicine
- However, you would not be committing an offence (called 'statutory defence') if:
o The medicine has been prescribed to treat a medical or dental problem and
o You have taken it according to the instructions given by the prescriber and in the information provided with the medicine and
o It was not affecting your ability to drive safely
Moklar tablets are for oral administration.
The tablets should be taken at the end of a meal.
Adults
Major depression
The recommended initial dose is 300mg daily, usually administered in 2-3 divided doses. The dose may be increased up to 600mg/day depending on the severity of the depression.
The individual response may allow a reduction of the daily dose to 150mg.
The dose should not be raised until after the first week, as bioavailability increases during this period.
Treatment should continue for at least 4-6 weeks in order to assess the efficacy of the drug.
Treatment of social phobia
The recommended dose of moclobemide is 600mg/day, given in 2 divided doses. The moclobemide dose should be started at 300mg/day and should be increased to 600mg/day on day 4. Continuing the 300mg/day dose for longer than 3 days is not recommended, as the efficacious dose is 600mg/day. Treatment with 600mg/day should continue for 8 - 12 weeks in order to assess the efficacy of the drug. Social phobia may be a chronic condition and it is reasonable to consider continuation of treatment for a responding patient. Patients should be periodically re-evaluated to determine need for further treatment.
Special populations
Elderly
Elderly patients do not require a special dose adjustment of Moklar.
Children
In view of the lack of clinical data available, Moklar is not recommended for use in children.
Renal
Patients with reduced renal function do not require a special dose adjustment of Moklar.
Hepatic Impairment
When hepatic metabolism is severely impaired by hepatic disease or a drug that inhibits microsomal mono-oxygenase activity (e.g. cimetidine), normal plasma levels are achieved by reducing the daily dose of Moklar to half or one third (see section 4.5 Interaction with other medicinal products and other forms of interaction and see section 5.2 Pharmacological properties).
Not applicable.
