The symptoms of fentanyl overdose are an extension of its pharmacological actions, the most serious effect being respiratory depression, which may lead to respiratory arrest.
Management of opioid overdose in the immediate term includes removal of any remaining Lunaldin sublingual tablets from the mouth, physical and verbal stimulation of the patient and an assessment of the level of consciousness. A patent airway should be established and maintained. If necessary an oropharyngeal airway or endotracheal tube should be inserted, oxygen administered and mechanical ventilation initiated, as appropriate. Adequate body temperature and parenteral fluid intake should be maintained.
For the treatment of accidental overdose in opioid-naïve individuals, naloxone or other opioid antagonists should be used as clinically indicated and in accordance with their Summary of Product Characteristics. Repeated administration of the opioid antagonist may be necessary if the duration of respiratory depression is prolonged.
Care should be taken when using naloxone or other opioid antagonists to treat overdose in opioid-maintained patients, due to the risk of precipitating an acute withdrawal syndrome.
If severe or persistent hypotension occurs, hypovolaemia should be considered, and the condition should be managed with appropriate parenteral fluid therapy.
Muscle rigidity interfering with respiration has been reported with fentanyl and other opioids. In this situation, endotracheal intubation, assisted ventilation and administration of opioid antagonists as well as muscle relaxants may be requested.
Patients without maintenance opioid therapy as there is an increased risk of respiratory depression.
Severe respiratory depression or severe obstructive lung conditions.
Treatment of acute pain other than breakthrough pain.
Not applicable.
Undesirable effects typical of opioids are to be expected with Lunaldin; they tend to decrease in intensity with continued use. The most serious potential adverse reactions associated with opioid use are respiratory depression (which could lead to respiratory arrest), hypotension and shock.
The clinical trials of Lunaldin were designed to evaluate safety and efficacy in treating patients with breakthrough cancer pain; all patients were taking concomitant opioids, such as sustained-release morphine, sustained-release oxycodone or transdermal fentanyl, for their persistent pain. Therefore it is not possible to definitively separate the effects of Lunaldin alone.
The most frequently observed adverse reactions with Lunaldin include typical opioid adverse reactions, such as nausea, constipation, somnolence and headache.
Tabulated Summary of Adverse Reactions with Lunaldin and/or other fentanyl-containing compounds:
The following adverse reactions have been reported with Lunaldin and/or other fentanyl-containing compounds during clinical studies and from post-marketing experience. They are listed below by system organ class and frequency (very common > 1/10; common > 1/100 to < 1/10; uncommon >1/1,000 to <1/100; not known (cannot be estimated from available data)). Within each frequency grouping, undesirable effects are presented in order of decreasing seriousness.
| System Organ Class | Adverse Reaction by Frequency | |||
| Very common > 1/10 | Common > 1/100 to < 1/10 | Uncommon >1/1,000 to <1/100 | Not known (cannot be estimated from available data) | |
| Immune system disorders | Hypersensitivity | |||
| Metabolism and nutrition disorders | Anorexia Decreased appetite | |||
| Psychiatric disorders | Depression Paranoia Confusional state Disorientation Mental status changes Anxiety Euphoric mood Dysphoria Emotional lability Disturbance in attention Insomnia | Hallucination | ||
| Nervous system disorders | Dizziness Headache Somnolence | Amnesia Parosmia Dysgeusia Tremor Lethargy Hypoaesthesia Sleep disorder | Convulsion | |
| Eye disorders | Vision blurred | |||
| Cardiac disorders | Tachycardia Bradycardia | |||
| Vascular disorders | Hypotension | |||
| Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders | Dyspnoea | Oropharyngeal pain Throat tightness | Respiratory depression | |
| Gastrointestinal disorders | Nausea | Stomatitis Vomiting Constipation Dry mouth | Mouth ulceration Gingival ulceration Lip ulceration Impaired gastric emptying Abdominal pain Dyspepsia Stomach discomfort Tongue disorder Aphthous stomatitis | Swollen Tongue Diarrhoea |
| Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders | Hyperhidrosis | Skin lesion Rash Pruritus allergic Pruritus Night sweats Increased tendency to bruise | ||
| Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders | Arthralgia Musculoskeletal stiffness Joint stiffness | |||
| Reproductive system and breast disorders | Erectile dysfunction | |||
| General disorders and administration site conditions | Fatigue | *Drug withdrawal syndrome Asthenia Malaise | Flushing and hot flush Peripheral oedema Pyrexia | |
| Injury, poisoning and procedural complications | Accidental overdose | Fall | ||
* opioid withdrawal symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, anxiety, chills, tremor, and sweating have been observed with transmucosal fentanyl
Reporting of suspected adverse reactions
Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via Yellow Card Scheme: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard
Safety pharmacology and repeated dose toxicity data reveal no special hazard for humans that is not already covered by other sections of this SPC. Animal studies have shown reduced fertility and increased mortality in rat foetuses. Teratogenic effects have, however, not been demonstrated.
Mutagenicity testing in bacteria and in rodents yielded negative results. Like other opioids fentanyl showed mutagenic effects in vitro in mammalian cells. A mutagenic risk with therapeutic use seems unlikely since effects were induced only at very high concentrations.
Carcinogenicity studies (26-week dermal alternative bioassay in Tg.AC transgenic mice; two-year subcutaneous carcinogenicity study in rats) with fentanyl did not reveal any findings indicative of oncogenic potential. Evaluation of brain slides from the carcinogenicity study in rats revealed brain lesions in animals administered high doses of fentanyl citrate. The relevance of these findings to humans is unknown.
Management of breakthrough pain in adult patients using opioid therapy for chronic cancer pain. Breakthrough pain is a transient exacerbation of otherwise controlled chronic background pain.
Pharmacotherapeutic group: Analgesics; Opioids; Phenylpiperidine derivatives.
ATC code: N02AB03
Fentanyl is a potent µ-opioid analgesic with rapid onset of analgesia and short duration of action. Fentanyl is approximately 100-fold more potent than morphine as an analgesic. Secondary effects of fentanyl on central nervous system (CNS), respiratory and gastro-intestinal function are typical of opioid analgesics and are considered to be class effects. These can include respiratory depression, bradycardia, hypothermia, constipation, miosis, physical dependence and euphoria.
The analgesic effects of fentanyl are related to the blood level of the active substance; in opioid-naïve patients, minimum effective analgesic serum concentrations of fentanyl range from 0.3-1.2 ng/ml, while blood levels of 10-20 ng/ml produce surgical anaesthesia and profound respiratory depression.
In patients with chronic cancer pain on stable maintenance doses of opioids, statistically significant improvement in pain intensity difference was seen with Lunaldin versus placebo from 10 minutes after administration onwards (see figure 1 below), with a significantly lower need for rescue analgesic therapy.
Figure 1 Mean Pain Intensity Difference from baseline (± SE) for Lunaldin Compared with Placebo (measured by a 0-10 Likert scale)
The safety and efficacy of Lunaldin have been evaluated in patients taking the drug at the onset of the breakthrough pain episode. Pre-emptive use of Lunaldin for predictable pain episodes was not investigated in the clinical trials.
Fentanyl, in common with all µ-opioid receptor agonists, produces dose dependent respiratory depression. This risk is higher in opioid-naïve subjects than in patients experiencing severe pain or receiving chronic opioid therapy. Long-term treatment with opioids typically leads to development of tolerance to their secondary effects.
While opioids generally increase the tone of urinary tract smooth muscle, the net effect tends to be variable, in some cases producing urinary urgency, in others, difficulty in urination.
Opioids increase the tone and decrease the propulsive contractions of the smooth muscle of the gastrointestinal tract leading to a prolongation in gastrointestinal transit time, which may be responsible for the constipating effect of fentanyl.
Fentanyl is a highly lipophilic drug absorbed very rapidly through the oral mucosa and more slowly through the gastrointestinal tract. Orally administered fentanyl undergoes pronounced hepatic and intestinal first pass effects.
Lunaldin is a quick dissolving sublingual tablet formulation. Rapid absorption of fentanyl occurs over about 30 minutes following administration of Lunaldin. The absolute bioavailability of Lunaldin has been calculated to be 54 %. Mean maximal plasma concentrations of fentanyl range from 0.2 to 1.3 ng/ml (after administration of 100 to 800 µg Lunaldin) and are reached within 22.5 to 240 minutes.
About 80-85% of fentanyl is bound by plasma proteins, mainly α1-glycoprotein and to a lesser extent albumin and lipoprotein. The volume of distribution of fentanyl at steady state is about 3-6 l/kg.
Fentanyl is metabolised primarily via CYP3A4 to a number of pharmacologically inactive metabolites, including norfentanyl. Within 72 hours of intravenous fentanyl administration around 75% of the dose is excreted into the urine, mostly as metabolites, with less than 10% as unchanged drug. About 9% of the dose is recovered in the faeces, primarily as metabolites. Total plasma clearance of fentanyl is about 0.5 l/h/kg.
After Lunaldin administration, the main elimination half-life of fentanyl is about 7 hours (range 3-12.5 hours) and the terminal half-life is about 20 hours (range 11.5-25 hours).
The pharmacokinetics of Lunaldin have been shown to be dose proportional over the dose range of 100 to 800 µg. Pharmacokinetic studies have shown that multiple tablets are bioequivalent to single tablets of the equivalent dose.
Renal/hepatic impairment
Impaired hepatic or renal function could cause increased serum concentrations. Older, cachectic or generally impaired patients may have a lower fentanyl clearance, which could cause a longer terminal half-life for the compound.
Patients and their carers must be instructed that Lunaldin contains an active substance in an amount that can be fatal to a child, and therefore to keep all tablets out of the reach and sight of children.
Due to the potentially serious undesirable effects that can occur when taking an opioid therapy such as Lunaldin, patients and their carers should be made fully aware of the importance of taking Lunaldin correctly and what action to take should symptoms of overdose occur.
Before Lunaldin therapy is initiated, it is important that the patient's long-acting opioid treatment used to control their persistent pain has been stabilised.
Upon repeated administration of opioids such as fentanyl, tolerance and physical and/or psychological dependence may develop. Iatrogenic addiction following therapeutic use of opioids is rare.
In common with all opioids, there is a risk of clinically significant respiratory depression associated with the use of Lunaldin. Particular caution should be exercised during dose titration with Lunaldin in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or other medical conditions predisposing them to respiratory depression (e.g. myasthenia gravis) because of the risk of further respiratory depression, which could lead to respiratory failure.
Lunaldin should only be administered with extreme caution in patients who may be particularly susceptible to the intracranial effects of hyperkapnia, such as those showing evidence of raised intracranial pressure, reduced consciousness, coma or brain tumours. In patients with head injuries, the clinical course may be masked by the use of opioids. In such a case, opioids should be used only if absolutely necessary.
Cardiac disease
Fentanyl may produce bradycardia. Fentanyl should be used with caution in patients with previous or pre-existing bradyarrythmias.
Data from intravenous studies with fentanyl suggest that older patients may have reduced clearance, a prolonged half-life and they may be more sensitive to the active substance than younger patients. Older, cachectic, or debilitated patients should be observed carefully for signs of fentanyl toxicity and the dose reduced if necessary.
Lunaldin should be administered with caution to patients with liver or kidney dysfunction, especially during the titration phase. The use of Lunaldin in patients with hepatic or renal impairment may increase the bioavailability of fentanyl and decrease its systemic clearance, which could lead to accumulation and increased and prolonged opioid effects.
Care should be taken in treating patients with hypovolaemia and hypotension.
Lunaldin has not been studied in patients with mouth wounds or mucositis. There may be a risk of increased systemic drug exposure in such patients and therefore extra caution is recommended during dose titration.
There should be no noticeable effects on cessation of treatment with Lunaldin, but possible symptoms of withdrawal are anxiety, tremor, sweating, paleness, nausea and vomiting.
Serotonin Syndrome
- Caution is advised when Lunaldin is coadministered with drugs that affect the serotoninergic neurotransmitter systems.
The development of a potentially life-threatening serotonin syndrome may occur with the concomitant use of serotonergic drugs such as Selective Serotonin Re-uptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) and Serotonin Norepinephrine Re-uptake Inhibitors (SNRIs), and with drugs which impair metabolism of serotonin (including Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors [MAOIs]). This may occur within the recommended dose.
Serotonin syndrome may include mental-status changes (e.g., agitation, hallucinations, coma), autonomic instability (e.g., tachycardia, labile blood pressure, hyperthermia), neuromuscular abnormalities (e.g., hyperreflexia, incoordination, rigidity), and/or gastrointestinal symptoms (e.g., nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea).
If serotonin syndrome is suspected, treatment with Lunaldin should be discontinued.
No studies on the effects on the ability to drive and use machines have been performed with Lunaldin.
However, opioid analgesics are known to impair the mental or physical ability to perform potentially hazardous tasks such as driving or operating machinery. Patients should be advised not to drive or operate machinery if they become dizzy or drowsy or experience blurred or double vision while taking Lunaldin.
This medicine can impair cognitive function and can affect a patient's ability to drive safely. This class of medicine is in the list of drugs included in regulations under 5a of the Road Traffic Act 1988. When prescribing this medicine, patients should be told:
- The medicine is likely to affect your ability to drive
- Do not drive until you know how the medicine affects you
- It is an offence to drive while under the influence of this medicine
- However, you would not be committing an offence (called 'statutory defence') if:
o The medicine has been prescribed to treat a medical or dental problem and
o You have taken it according to the instructions given by the prescriber and in the information provided with the medicine and
o It was not affecting your ability to drive safely
Lunaldin should only be administered to patients who are considered tolerant to their opioid therapy for persistent cancer pain. Patients can be considered opioid tolerant if they take at least 60 mg of oral morphine daily, at least 25 micrograms of transdermal fentanyl per hour, at least 30 mg of oxycodone daily, at least 8 mg of oral hydromorphone daily or an equianalgesic dose of another opioid for a week or longer.
Method of administration:
Lunaldin sublingual tablets should be administered directly under the tongue at the deepest part. Lunaldin sublingual tablets should not be swallowed, but allowed to completely dissolve in the sublingual cavity without chewing or sucking. Patients should be advised not to eat or drink anything until the sublingual tablet is completely dissolved.
In patients who have a dry mouth water may be used to moisten the buccal mucosa before taking Lunaldin.
Dose titration:
The object of dose titration is to identify an optimal maintenance dose for ongoing treatment of breakthrough pain episodes. This optimal dose should provide adequate analgesia with an acceptable level of adverse reactions.
The optimal dose of Lunaldin will be determined by upward titration, on an individual patient basis. Several doses are available for use during the dose titration phase. The initial dose of Lunaldin used should be 100 micrograms, titrating upwards as necessary through the range of available dosage strengths.
Patients should be carefully monitored until an optimal dose is reached.
Switching from other fentanyl containing products to Lunaldin must not occur at a 1:1 ratio because of different absorption profiles. If patients are switched from another fentanyl containing product, a new dose titration with Lunaldin is required.
The following dose regimen is recommended for titration, although in all cases the physician should take into account the clinical need of the patient, age and concomitant illness.
All patients must start therapy with a single 100 microgram sublingual tablet. If adequate analgesia is not obtained within 15-30 minutes of administration of a single sublingual tablet, a supplemental (second) 100 microgram sublingual tablet may be administered. If adequate analgesia is not obtained within 15-30 minutes of the first dose an increase in dose to the next highest tablet strength should be considered for the next episode of breakthrough pain (Refer to figure below).
Dose escalation should continue in a stepwise manner until adequate analgesia with tolerable adverse reactions is achieved. The dose strength for the supplemental (second) sublingual tablet should be increased from 100 to 200 micrograms at doses of 400 micrograms and higher. This is illustrated in the schedule below. No more than two (2) doses should be administered for a single episode of breakthrough pain during this titration phase.
| Strength (micrograms) of first sublingual tablet per episode of breakthrough pain | Strength (micrograms) of supplemental (second) sublingual tablet to be taken 15-30 minutes after first tablet, if required |
| 100 | 100 |
| 200 | 100 |
| 300 | 100 |
| 400 | 200 |
| 600 | 200 |
| 800 | - |
If adequate analgesia is achieved at the higher dose, but undesirable effects are considered unacceptable, an intermediate dose (using the 100 microgram sublingual tablet where appropriate) may be administered.
During titration, patients can be instructed to use multiples of 100 microgram tablets and/or 200 microgram tablets for any single dose. No more than four (4) tablets should be used at any one time.
The efficacy and safety of doses higher than 800 micrograms have not been evaluated in clinical studies in patients.
In order to minimise the risk of opioid-related adverse reactions and to identify the appropriate dose, it is imperative that patients be monitored closely by health professionals during the titration process.
During titration patients should wait at least 2 hours before treating another episode of breakthrough pain with Lunaldin.
Maintenance therapy:
Once an appropriate dose has been established, which may be more than one tablet, patients should be maintained on this dose and should limit consumption to a maximum of four Lunaldin doses per day.
During the maintenance period patients should wait at least 2 hours before treating another episode of breakthrough pain with Lunaldin.
Dose re-adjustment:
If the response (analgesia or adverse reactions) to the titrated Lunaldin dose markedly changes, an adjustment of dose may be necessary to ensure that an optimal dose is maintained.
If more than four episodes of breakthrough pain are experienced per day over a period of more than four consecutive days, then the dose of the long acting opioid used for persistent pain should be re-evaluated. If the long acting opioid or dose of long acting opioid is changed the Lunaldin dose should be re-evaluated and re-titrated as necessary to ensure the patient is on an optimal dose.
It is imperative that any dose re-titration of any analgesic is monitored by a health professional.
Discontinuation of therapy:
Lunaldin should be discontinued immediately if the patient no longer experiences breakthrough pain episodes. The treatment for the persistent background pain should be kept as prescribed.
If discontinuation of all opioid therapy is required, the patient must be closely followed by the doctor in order to avoid the possibility of abrupt withdrawal effects.
Use in children and adolescents:
Lunaldin must not be used in patients less than 18 years of age due to a lack of data on safety and efficacy.
Use in older people:
Dose titration needs to be approached with particular care and patients observed carefully for signs of fentanyl toxicity.
Use in patients with renal and hepatic impairment
Patients with kidney or liver dysfunction should be carefully observed for signs of fentanyl toxicity during the Lunaldin titration phase.
Waste material should be disposed of safely. Patients/carers should be encouraged to return any unused product to the Pharmacy, where it should be disposed of in accordance with national and local requirements.
