There have been no reported sequelae in patients who have received significantly more disodium folinate than the recommended dose.
When using methotrexate, an overdose of disodium folinate may result in a decrease of efficacy of methotrexate ("over-rescue").
Should overdose of the combination of 5-fluorouracil and disodium folinate occur, the overdose instructions for 5-fluorouracil should be followed.
The combination of disodium folinate with 5-fluorouracil is not indicated in:
- existing contraindications against 5-fluorouracil, in particular pregnancy and lactation,
- severe diarrhoea.
Therapy with disodium folinate combined with 5-fluorouracil must not be initiated or continued in patients who have symptoms of gastrointestinal toxicity of any severity until those symptoms have completely resolved.4 and 4.5).
Regarding the use of folinic acid with methotrexate or 5-fluorouracil during pregnancy and lactation, see section 4.6 and the summaries of product characteristics for methotrexate- and 5-fluorouracil-containing medicinal products.
Disodium folinate is not suitable for the treatment of pernicious anaemia or other anaemias due to vitamin B12 deficiency. Although haematological remissions may occur, the neurological manifestations remain progressive.
Very common (> 1/10)
Common (> 1/100 to < 1/10)
Uncommon (> 1/1,000 to < 1/100)
Rare (> 1/10,000 to < 1/1,000)
Very rare (< 1/10,000)
Not known (cannot be estimated from the available data)
All therapeutic indications
| Immune system disorders | Very rare Allergic reactions - sensitisation, including anaphylactoid reactions and urticaria |
| Psychiatric disorders | Rare Insomnia, agitation and depression after high doses |
| Nervous system disorders | Rare ) |
| Gastrointestinal disorders | Rare Gastrointestinal disorders after high doses |
| General disorders and administration site conditions | Uncommon Fever has been observed after administration of disodium folinate as solution for injection. |
Combination therapy with 5-fluorouracil
Disodium folinate enhances the toxicity of 5-fluorouracil. Generally, the safety profile depends on the applied regimen of 5-fluorouracil.
| Blood and lymphatic system disorders | Very common Bone marrow failure, including fatal cases |
| Metabolism and nutrition disorders | Not known Hyperammonaemia |
| Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders | Common Palmar-plantar erythrodysaesthesia |
| General disorders and administration site conditions | Very common Mucositis, including stomatitis and cheilitis. Fatalities have occurred as a result of mucositis. |
Monthly regimen:
| Gastrointestinal disorders | Very common Vomiting and nausea |
No enhancement of other 5-fluorouracil induced toxicities (e.g. neurotoxicity).
Weekly regimen:
| Blood and lymphatic system disorders | Very common Bone marrow failure, including fatal cases |
| Gastrointestinal disorders | Very common Diarrhoea with higher grades of toxicity, and dehydration resulting in hospital admission for treatment and even death |
Reporting of suspected adverse reactions
Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard.
Toxicity tests on combined use with 5-fluorouracil have not been carried out.
No further information is available of relevance to the prescriber which is not already included in other relevant sections of the summary of product characteristics.
Disodium folinate is indicated
- to diminish the toxicity and counteract the action of folic acid antagonists such as methotrexate in cytotoxic therapy and overdose in adults and children. In cytotoxic therapy, the procedure is commonly known as “Folinate Rescueâ€;
- - in combination with 5-fluorouracil in cytotoxic therapy.
Note:
Persistently high serum methotrexate levels may also be expected in low-dose methotrexate therapy particularly in pleural effusions, ascites, renal insufficiency and inadequate fluid intake during methotrexate therapy.
Pharmacotherapeutic group: Detoxifying agents for antineoplastic treatment, ATC code: V 03 AF 06
Mechanism of action
Folinic acid is the formyl derivative of tetrahydrofolic acid, i.e. the active form of folic acid. It is involved in various metabolic processes including purine synthesis, pyrimidine nucleotide synthesis and amino acid metabolism.
Pharmacodynamic effects
Biochemical rationale for the methotrexate rescue therapy with disodium folinate
Folinic acid is frequently used to diminish the toxicity and counteract the action of folate antagonists, such as methotrexate. Folinic acid and folate antagonists share the same membrane transport carrier and compete for transport into cells, stimulating folate antagonist efflux. Folinic acid also protects cells from the effects of folate antagonist by repletion of the reduced folate pool. Folinic acid does not require reduction by the enzyme dihydrofolate reductase. Thus it serves as a pre-reduced source of H4 folate; it can therefore bypass folate antagonist blockage of the dihydrofolate reductase and provide a source for the various coenzyme forms of folic acid.
Biochemical rationale for the combination of disodium folinate with 5-fluorouracil:
5-Fluorouracil inhibits inter alia DNA synthesis by binding thymidilate synthetase. The combination of disodium folinate with 5-fluorouracil results in the formation of a stable ternary complex consisting of thymidilate synthetase, 5-fluorodeoxy-uridinemonophosphate and 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate.
This leads to an extended blockade of thymidilate synthetase with enhanced inhibition of DNA biosynthesis, resulting in increased cytotoxicity as compared to 5-fluorouracil monotherapy.
Absorption
A pharmacokinetic study was performed to demonstrate the bioequivalence of disodium folinate in comparison with a licensed calcium folinate reference preparation. The bioequivalence criteria determined were fulfilled in respect of the pharmacokinetic parameters for D- and L-folinic acid and for the metabolite 5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid. Calcium folinate and disodium folinate solutions are bioequivalent.
Distribution
The distribution volume of folinic acid is not known. With i.v. application, peak serum levels of the parent substance (D/L-formyltetrahydrofolic acid, folinic acid) are obtained after 10 minutes.
Biotransformation
The active isomeric form L-5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid is quickly metabolised to 5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid in the liver. It is assumed that this conversion is not linked to the presence of dihydrofolate reductase and occurs more quickly and more completely after oral application than after parenteral application.
Elimination
The inactive isomeric form D-5-formyltetrahydrofolic acid is excreted virtually completely unchanged via the kidneys. The active isomeric form L-5-formyltetra-hydrofolic acid is in part excreted unchanged via the kidneys, but is predominantly metabolised to folic acid.
Disodium folinate should only be given intravenously, either undiluted by injection or by infusion after dilution and must not be administered intrathecally. When folinic acid has been administered intrathecally following intrathecal overdose of methotrexate, death has been reported.
General
Disodium folinate should be used with methotrexate or 5-fluorouracil only under the direct supervision of a clinician experienced in the use of cancer chemotherapeutic agents.
Disodium folinate treatment may mask pernicious anaemia and other anaemias resulting from vitamin B12 deficiency.
Many cytotoxic medicinal products - direct or indirect DNA synthesis inhibitors - lead to macrocytosis (hydroxycarbamide, cytarabine, mercaptopurine, thioguanine). Such macrocytosis should not be treated with disodium folinate.
Epileptic patients
In epileptic patients treated with phenobarbital, phenytoine, primidone, and succinimides there is a risk to increase the frequency of seizures due to decrease of plasma concentrations of anti-epileptic medicinal products. Clinical monitoring, possibly monitoring of the plasma concentrations and, if necessary, dose adaptation of the anti-epileptic medicinal product during disodium folinate administration and after discontinuation is recommended.
Disodium folinate/methotrexate
Disodium folinate should not be given simultaneously with an antineoplastic folic acid antagonist (e.g. methotrexate) to modify or abort clinical toxicity, as the therapeutic effect of the antagonist may be nullified except in the case of folic acid antagonist overdose (see below).
Concomitant disodium folinate will not, however, inhibit the antibacterial activity of other folic acid antagonists such as trimethoprim and pyrimethamine.
For specific details on reduction of methotrexate toxicity refer to the summary of product characteristics of methotrexate.
Disodium folinate has no effect on non-haematological toxicities of methotrexate such as the nephrotoxicity resulting from methotrexate and/or metabolite precipitation in the kidney. Patients who experience delayed early methotrexate elimination are likely to develop reversible renal failure and all toxicities associated with methotrexate (please refer to the summary of product characteristics for methotrexate). Delayed methotrexate excretion may be caused by third space fluid accumulation (i.e., ascites, pleural effusion), renal insufficiency, inadequate hydration or administration of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or salicylates. Under such circumstances, higher doses of disodium folinate or prolonged administration may be indicated.
Excessive disodium folinate doses must be avoided since this might impair the antitumour activity of methotrexate, especially in CNS tumours where disodium folinate accumulates after repeated courses.
Resistance to methotrexate as a result of decreased membrane transport implies also resistance to folinic acid rescue as both medicinal products share the same transport system.
In the treatment of accidental overdose of folic acid antagonists, disodium folinate should be administered as promptly as possible. With increasing time interval between antifolate administration (e.g. methotrexate) and disodium folinate rescue the effectiveness of disodium folinate in counteracting toxicity decreases. Monitoring of the serum methotrexate concentration is essential in determining the optimal dose and duration of treatment with disodium folinate.
The possibility that the patient is taking other medicinal products that interact with methotrexate (e.g. medicinal products which may interfere with methotrexate elimination or binding to serum albumin) should always be considered when laboratory abnormalities or clinical toxicities are observed.
Disodium folinate/5-fluorouracil
In the combination regimen with 5-fluorouracil, the toxicity profile of 5-fluorouracil may be enhanced or shifted by disodium folinate, particularly in elderly or debilitated patients. The most common manifestations are leukopenia, mucositis, stomatitis and/or diarrhoea which may be dose limiting. When disodium folinate and 5-fluorouracil are used in combination, the 5-fluorouracil dose has to be reduced more in cases of toxicity than when 5-fluorouracil is used alone. Toxicities observed in patients treated with the combination are qualitatively similar to those observed in patients treated with 5-fluorouracil alone.
Gastrointestinal toxicities are observed more commonly and may be more severe or even life threatening (particularly stomatitis and diarrhoea).).
Combined 5-fluorouracil/disodium folinate treatment should neither be initiated nor maintained in patients with symptoms of gastrointestinal toxicity, regardless of the severity, until all of these symptoms have completely disappeared.
Because diarrhoea may be a sign of gastrointestinal toxicity, patients presenting with diarrhoea must be carefully monitored until the symptoms have disappeared completely, since a rapid clinical deterioration leading to death can occur. If diarrhoea and/or stomatitis occur, it is advisable to reduce the dose of 5-fluorouracil until symptoms have fully disappeared. Especially the elderly and patients with a low physical performance due to their illness are prone to these toxicities. Therefore, particular care should be taken when treating these patients.
In elderly patients and patients who have undergone preliminary radiotherapy, it is recommended to begin with a reduced dose of 5-fluorouracil.
Disodium folinate has no or negligible influence on the ability to drive and use machines. The general condition of the patient is likely to be more significant than any effects induced by this medicinal product.
Posology
Disodium folinate in combination with 5-fluorouracil in cytotoxic therapy
The combined use of disodium folinate and 5-fluorouracil is reserved for physicians experienced in the combination of folinates with 5-fluorouracil in cytotoxic therapy.
Different regimes and different doses are used, without any dose having been proven to be the optimal one.
The following regimes have been used in adults and elderly in the treatment of advanced or metastatic colorectal cancer and are given as examples.
1. Weekly regime
1.1 Moderately high-dose 5-fluorouracil
500 mg/m² folinic acid (= 546.5 mg/m² disodium folinate) as IV infusion over a period of 2 hours plus 600 mg/m² 5-fluorouracil as IV bolus injection 1 hour after the start of the disodium folinate infusion.
Repeat once a week for a total of 6 weeks (= 1 cycle).
Repeat the cycle after a 2-week treatment interval. The number of cycles will depend on the response of the tumour.
Dose adjustment of 5-fluorouracil
The 5-fluorouracil dose should be adjusted in accordance with the toxicity observed:
| Gastrointestinal toxicity WHO > 1: | Reduction to 500 mg/m². Resumption of therapy only when findings have completely returned to normal. |
| Bone marrow toxicity WHO > 1: | Reduction to 500 mg/m². Resumption of therapy only when the findings are as follows: | |
| Leukocytes > Thrombocytes > | 3,000/µl 100,000/µl | |
1.2 High-dose 5-fluorouracil
500 mg/m² folinic acid (= 546.5 mg/m² disodium folinate) as i.v. infusion over a period of 1-2 hours and subsequently 2,600 mg/m² 5-fluorouracil by continuous infusion over 24 hours.
Repeat once a week for a total of 6 weeks (= 1 cycle).
Repeat the cycle after a 2-week treatment interval. The number of cycles will depend on the response of the tumour.
Dose adjustment of 5-fluorouracil
The 5-fluorouracil dose should be adjusted in accordance with the toxicity observed:
| Life-threatening cardiotoxicity: | Termination of therapy | |
| Bone marrow toxicity WHO > 3: | Reduction by 20% Resumption of therapy only when the findings are as follows: | |
| Leukocytes > | 3,000/µl | |
| Thrombocytes > | 100,000/µl | |
| Gastrointestinal toxicity WHO > 3: | Reduction by 20% | |
2. Monthly regime
2.1 Moderately high-dosed disodium folinate
200 mg/m² folinic acid (= 218.6 mg/m² disodium folinate) daily, followed by 370 mg/m² 5-fluorouracil daily, both given as IV bolus injection. Repeat on 5 successive days (= 1 cycle).
Repeat the cycle after 4 weeks, 8 weeks and every 5 weeks after that. The number of cycles will depend on the response of the tumour.
Dose adjustment of 5-fluorouracil
The dose of 5-fluorouracil should be adjusted in each subsequent cycle in accordance with the toxicity (WHO) observed, as follows:
| WHO toxicity 0: | Increase daily dose by 30 mg/m² |
| WHO toxicity 1: | Daily dose unchanged |
| WHO toxicity > 2: | Reduce daily dose by 30 mg/m² |
2.2 Low-dose disodium folinate
20 mg/m² folinic acid (= 21.86 mg/m² disodium folinate) daily, followed by 425 mg/m² 5-fluorouracil daily, both given as IV bolus injection. Repeat on 5 successive days (= 1 cycle).
Repeat the cycle after 4 weeks, 8 weeks and every 5 weeks after that. The number of cycles will depend on the response of the tumour.
Dose adjustment of 5-fluorouracil
In the absence of toxicity (especially if no significant bone marrow toxicity and no non-haematological side-effects occur in the interval) it is recommended to increase the dose of 5-fluorouracil by 10% in each case.
Paediatric population
No data on the use of these combinations are available.
Preventing the manifestations of intoxication in methotrexate therapy (folinate rescue):
Only physicians experienced in the use of high-dose methotrexate therapy should use prophylactic disodium folinate.
The prophylactic use of disodium folinate with methotrexate may start as mentioned below, without waiting for results of methotrexate serum level monitoring, and then posology may be further adapted according to results of methotrexate serum levels when available.
The use of a dose of methotrexate at > 100 mg/m² (body surface) must be followed by the administration of disodium folinate. There are no uniform recommendations for the dose and mode of use of disodium folinate as an antidote in high-dose methotrexate therapy. The following dose recommendations are therefore given as examples:
Disodium folinate rescue following the intravenous administration of methotrexate (MTX):
| MTX serum levels 24-30 hours after administration of MTX | Disodium folinate dose (mg/m² body surface) calculated as folinic acid and dose interval (hours) | Duration of treatment |
| 1.0 x 10-8 mol/l - 1.5 x 10-6 mol/l | 10 to 15 mg/m² every 6 hours | 48 hours |
| 1.5 x 10-6 mol/l - 5.0 x 10-6 mol/l | 30 mg/m² every 6 hours | up to MTX serum level < 5 x 10-8 mol/l |
| > 5.0 x 10-6 mol/l | 60 to 100 mg/m² every 6 hours | up to MTX serum level < 5 x 10-8 mol/l |
Start of rescue
Not later than 18 to 30 hours after the start of methotrexate intravenous administration.
End of rescue
72 hours after the start of methotrexate intravenous administration at the earliest. On completion of the rescue, the methotrexate level should be below 10-7 mol/l, preferably below 10-8 mol/l.
An "over-rescue" may impair the efficacy of methotrexate. With inadequate rescue, considerable toxic side-effects are likely with high-dosed methotrexate therapy.
Method of administration
Leucovorina Richet is for intravenous use only, either undiluted by injection or by infusion after dilution.
Precautions to be taken before handling or administering the medicinal product
Leucovorina Richet is administered intravenously, either undiluted by injection or by infusion after dilution. Preparation of solution for infusion must take place in aseptic conditions. The solution for injection/infusion may be diluted with sodium chloride 9 mg/ml (0.9 %) solution for injection.
Leucovorina Richet is compatible with 5-fluorouracil.
Only clear solutions without visible particles should be used.
For single use only. Any unused medicinal product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements.
