There is no experience with overdose of Jaquinus/Jaquinus XR.
Treatment Or Management Of OverdosePharmacokinetic data up to and including a single dose of 100 mg in healthy volunteers indicate that more than 95% of the administered dose is expected to be eliminated within 24 hours.
There is no specific antidote for overdose with Jaquinus/Jaquinus XR. In case of an overdose, it is recommended that the patient be monitored for signs and symptoms of adverse reactions. Patients who develop adverse reactions should receive appropriate treatment.
Signs, Symptoms, And Laboratory Findings Of Acute Overdosage In HumansThere is no experience with overdose of XELJANZ/XELJANZ XR.
Treatment Or Management Of OverdosePharmacokinetic data up to and including a single dose of 100 mg in healthy volunteers indicate that more than 95% of the administered dose is expected to be eliminated within 24 hours.
There is no specific antidote for overdose with XELJANZ/XELJANZ XR. In case of an overdose, it is recommended that the patient be monitored for signs and symptoms of adverse reactions. Patients who develop adverse reactions should receive appropriate treatment.
None
Because clinical studies are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical studies of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical studies of another drug and may not predict the rates observed in a broader patient population in clinical practice.
Rheumatoid ArthritisThe clinical studies described in the following sections were conducted using Jaquinus. Although other doses of Jaquinus have been studied, the recommended dose of Jaquinus is 5 mg twice daily.
The recommended dose for Jaquinus XR is 11 mg once daily.
The following data includes two Phase 2 and five Phase 3 double-blind, controlled, multicenter trials. In these trials, patients were randomized to doses of Jaquinus 5 mg twice daily (292 patients) and 10 mg twice daily (306 patients) monotherapy, Jaquinus 5 mg twice daily (1044 patients) and 10 mg twice daily (1043 patients) in combination with DMARDs (including methotrexate) and placebo (809 patients). All seven protocols included provisions for patients taking placebo to receive treatment with Jaquinus at Month 3 or Month 6 either by patient response (based on uncontrolled disease activity) or by design, so that adverse events cannot always be unambiguously attributed to a given treatment. Therefore some analyses that follow include patients who changed treatment by design or by patient response from placebo to Jaquinus in both the placebo and Jaquinus group of a given interval. Comparisons between placebo and Jaquinus were based on the first 3 months of exposure, and comparisons between Jaquinus 5 mg twice daily and Jaquinus 10 mg twice daily were based on the first 12 months of exposure.
The long-term safety population includes all patients who participated in a double-blind, controlled trial (including earlier development phase studies) and then participated in one of two long-term safety studies. The design of the long-term safety studies allowed for modification of Jaquinus doses according to clinical judgment. This limits the interpretation of the long-term safety data with respect to dose.
The most common serious adverse reactions were serious infections.
The proportion of patients who discontinued treatment due to any adverse reaction during the 0 to 3 months exposure in the double-blind, placebo-controlled trials was 4% for patients taking Jaquinus and 3% for placebo-treated patients.
Overall InfectionsIn the seven controlled trials, during the 0 to 3 months exposure, the overall frequency of infections was 20% and 22% in the 5 mg twice daily and 10 mg twice daily groups, respectively, and 18% in the placebo group.
The most commonly reported infections with Jaquinus were upper respiratory tract infections, nasopharyngitis, and urinary tract infections (4%, 3%, and 2% of patients, respectively).
Serious InfectionsIn the seven controlled trials, during the 0 to 3 months exposure, serious infections were reported in 1 patient (0.5 events per 100 patient-years) who received placebo and 11 patients (1.7 events per 100 patient-years) who received Jaquinus 5 mg or 10 mg twice daily. The rate difference between treatment groups (and the corresponding 95% confidence interval) was 1.1 (-0.4, 2.5) events per 100 patient-years for the combined 5 mg twice daily and 10 mg twice daily Jaquinus group minus placebo.
In the seven controlled trials, during the 0 to 12 months exposure, serious infections were reported in 34 patients (2.7 events per 100 patient-years) who received 5 mg twice daily of Jaquinus and 33 patients (2.7 events per 100 patient-years) who received 10 mg twice daily of Jaquinus. The rate difference between Jaquinus doses (and the corresponding 95% confidence interval) was -0.1 (-1.3, 1.2) events per 100 patient-years for 10 mg twice daily Jaquinus minus 5 mg twice daily Jaquinus.
The most common serious infections included pneumonia, cellulitis, herpes zoster, and urinary tract infection.
TuberculosisIn the seven controlled trials, during the 0 to 3 months exposure, tuberculosis was not reported in patients who received placebo, 5 mg twice daily of Jaquinus, or 10 mg twice daily of Jaquinus.
In the seven controlled trials, during the 0 to 12 months exposure, tuberculosis was reported in 0 patients who received 5 mg twice daily of Jaquinus and 6 patients (0.5 events per 100 patient-years) who received 10 mg twice daily of Jaquinus. The rate difference between Jaquinus doses (and the corresponding 95% confidence interval) was 0.5 (0.1, 0.9) events per 100 patient-years for 10 mg twice daily Jaquinus minus 5 mg twice daily Jaquinus.
Cases of disseminated tuberculosis were also reported. The median Jaquinus exposure prior to diagnosis of tuberculosis was 10 months (range from 152 to 960 days).
Opportunistic Infections (Excluding Tuberculosis)In the seven controlled trials, during the 0 to 3 months exposure, opportunistic infections were not reported in patients who received placebo, 5 mg twice daily of Jaquinus, or 10 mg twice daily of Jaquinus.
In the seven controlled trials, during the 0 to 12 months exposure, opportunistic infections were reported in 4 patients (0.3 events per 100 patient-years) who received 5 mg twice daily of Jaquinus and 4 patients (0.3 events per 100 patient-years) who received 10 mg twice daily of Jaquinus. The rate difference between Jaquinus doses (and the corresponding 95% confidence interval) was 0 (-0.5, 0.5) events per 100 patient-years for 10 mg twice daily Jaquinus minus 5 mg twice daily Jaquinus.
The median Jaquinus exposure prior to diagnosis of an opportunistic infection was 8 months (range from 41 to 698 days).
MalignancyIn the seven controlled trials, during the 0 to 3 months exposure, malignancies excluding NMSC were reported in 0 patients who received placebo and 2 patients (0.3 events per 100 patient-years) who received either Jaquinus 5 mg or 10 mg twice daily. The rate difference between treatment groups (and the corresponding 95% confidence interval) was 0.3 (-0.1, 0.7) events per 100 patient-years for the combined 5 mg and 10 mg twice daily Jaquinus group minus placebo.
In the seven controlled trials, during the 0 to 12 months exposure, malignancies excluding NMSC were reported in 5 patients (0.4 events per 100 patient-years) who received 5 mg twice daily of Jaquinus and 7 patients (0.6 events per 100 patient-years) who received 10 mg twice daily of Jaquinus. The rate difference between Jaquinus doses (and the corresponding 95% confidence interval) was 0.2 (-0.4, 0.7) events per 100 patient-years for 10 mg twice daily Jaquinus minus 5 mg twice daily Jaquinus. One of these malignancies was a case of lymphoma that occurred during the 0 to 12 month period in a patient treated with Jaquinus 10 mg twice daily.
The most common types of malignancy, including malignancies observed during the long-term extension, were lung and breast cancer, followed by gastric, colorectal, renal cell, prostate cancer, lymphoma, and malignant melanoma.
Laboratory Abnormalities LymphopeniaIn the controlled clinical trials, confirmed decreases in absolute lymphocyte counts below 500 cells/mm3 occurred in 0.04% of patients for the 5 mg twice daily and 10 mg twice daily Jaquinus groups combined during the first 3 months of exposure.
Confirmed lymphocyte counts less than 500 cells/mm3 were associated with an increased incidence of treated and serious infections.
NeutropeniaIn the controlled clinical trials, confirmed decreases in ANC below 1000 cells/mm3 occurred in 0.07% of patients for the 5 mg twice daily and 10 mg twice daily Jaquinus groups combined during the first 3 months of exposure.
There were no confirmed decreases in ANC below 500 cells/mm3 observed in any treatment group.
There was no clear relationship between neutropenia and the occurrence of serious infections.
In the long-term safety population, the pattern and incidence of confirmed decreases in ANC remained consistent with what was seen in the controlled clinical trials.
Liver Enzyme ElevationsConfirmed increases in liver enzymes greater than 3 times the upper limit of normal (3x ULN) were observed in patients treated with Jaquinus. In patients experiencing liver enzyme elevation, modification of treatment regimen, such as reduction in the dose of concomitant DMARD, interruption of Jaquinus, or reduction in Jaquinus dose, resulted in decrease or normalization of liver enzymes.
In the controlled monotherapy trials (0-3 months), no differences in the incidence of ALT or AST elevations were observed between the placebo, and Jaquinus 5 mg, and 10 mg twice daily groups.
In the controlled background DMARD trials (0-3 months), ALT elevations greater than 3x ULN were observed in 1.0%, 1.3% and 1.2% of patients receiving placebo, 5 mg, and 10 mg twice daily, respectively. In these trials, AST elevations greater than 3x ULN were observed in 0.6%, 0.5% and 0.4% of patients receiving placebo, 5 mg, and 10 mg twice daily, respectively.
One case of drug-induced liver injury was reported in a patient treated with Jaquinus 10 mg twice daily for approximately 2.5 months. The patient developed symptomatic elevations of AST and ALT greater than 3x ULN and bilirubin elevations greater than 2x ULN, which required hospitalizations and a liver biopsy.
Lipid ElevationsIn the controlled clinical trials, dose-related elevations in lipid parameters (total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides) were observed at one month of exposure and remained stable thereafter. Changes in lipid parameters during the first 3 months of exposure in the controlled clinical trials are summarized below:
In a controlled clinical trial, elevations in LDL cholesterol and ApoB decreased to pretreatment levels in response to statin therapy.
In the long-term safety population, elevations in lipid parameters remained consistent with what was seen in the controlled clinical trials.
Serum Creatinine ElevationsIn the controlled clinical trials, dose-related elevations in serum creatinine were observed with Jaquinus treatment. The mean increase in serum creatinine was <0.1 mg/dL in the 12-month pooled safety analysis; however with increasing duration of exposure in the long-term extensions, up to 2% of patients were discontinued from Jaquinus treatment due to the protocol-specified discontinuation criterion of an increase in creatinine by more than 50% of baseline. The clinical significance of the observed serum creatinine elevations is unknown.
Other Adverse ReactionsAdverse reactions occurring in 2% or more of patients on 5 mg twice daily or 10 mg twice daily Jaquinus and at least 1% greater than that observed in patients on placebo with or without DMARD are summarized in Table 4.
Table 4: Adverse Reactions Occurring in at Least 2% or More of Patients on 5 or 10 mg Twice Daily Jaquinus With or Without DMARD (0-3 months) and at Least 1% Greater Than That Observed in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients on Placebo
| Jaquinus 5 mg Twice Daily | Jaquinus 10 mg Twice Daily* | Placebo | |
| Preferred Term | N = 1336 (%) | N = 1349 (%) | N = 809 (%) |
| Diarrhea | 4.0 | 2.9 | 2.3 |
| Nasopharyngitis | 3.8 | 2.8 | 2.8 |
| Upper respiratory tract infection | 4.5 | 3.8 | 3.3 |
| Headache | 4.3 | 3.4 | 2.1 |
| Hypertension | 1.6 | 2.3 | 1.1 |
| N reflects randomized and treated patients from the seven clinical trials *The recommended dose of Jaquinus is 5 mg twice daily. |
Other adverse reactions occurring in controlled and open-label extension studies included:
Blood and lymphatic system disorders: Anemia
Infections and infestations: Diverticulitis
Metabolism and nutrition disorders: Dehydration
Psychiatric disorders: Insomnia
Nervous system disorders: Paresthesia
Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders: Dyspnea, cough, sinus congestion, interstitial lung disease (some fatal)
Gastrointestinal disorders: Abdominal pain, dyspepsia, vomiting, gastritis, nausea
Hepatobiliary disorders: Hepatic steatosis
Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders: Rash, erythema, pruritus
Musculoskeletal, connective tissue and bone disorders: Musculoskeletal pain, arthralgia, tendonitis, joint swelling
Neoplasms benign, malignant and unspecified (including cysts and polyps): Non-melanoma skin cancers
General disorders and administration site conditions: Pyrexia, fatigue, peripheral edema
Study VI was an active-controlled clinical trial in methotrexate-naïve patients. The safety experience in these patients was consistent with Studies I-V.
Psoriatic ArthritisJaquinus 5 mg twice daily and 10 mg twice daily were studied in 2 double-blind Phase 3 clinical trials in patients with active psoriatic arthritis (PsA).
Study PsA-I (NCT01877668) had a duration of 12 months and enrolled patients who had an inadequate response to a nonbiologic DMARD and who were naaïve to treatment with a TNF-inhibitor (TNFi). Study PsA-I included a 3-month placebo-controlled period and also included adalimumab 40 mg subcutaneously once every 2 weeks for 12 months.
Study PsA-II (NCT01882439) had a duration of 6 months and enrolled patients who had an inadequate response to at least one approved TNFi. This clinical trial included a 3-month placebo controlled period.
In these combined Phase 3 clinical trials, 238 patients were randomized and treated with Jaquinus 5 mg twice daily and 236 patients were randomized and treated with Jaquinus 10 mg twice daily. All patients in the clinical trials were required to receive treatment with a stable dose of a nonbiologic DMARD [the majority (79%) received methotrexate]. The study population randomized and treated with Jaquinus (474 patients) included 45 (9.5%) patients aged 65 years or older and 66 (13.9%) patients with diabetes at baseline.
The safety profile observed in patients with active psoriatic arthritis treated with Jaquinus was consistent with the safety profile observed in rheumatoid arthritis patients.
Clinical Trial ExperienceBecause clinical studies are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical studies of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical studies of another drug and may not predict the rates observed in a broader patient population in clinical practice.
Rheumatoid ArthritisThe clinical studies described in the following sections were conducted using XELJANZ. Although other doses of XELJANZ have been studied, the recommended dose of XELJANZ is 5 mg twice daily.
The recommended dose for XELJANZ XR is 11 mg once daily.
The following data includes two Phase 2 and five Phase 3 double-blind, controlled, multicenter trials. In these trials, patients were randomized to doses of XELJANZ 5 mg twice daily (292 patients) and 10 mg twice daily (306 patients) monotherapy, XELJANZ 5 mg twice daily (1044 patients) and 10 mg twice daily (1043 patients) in combination with DMARDs (including methotrexate) and placebo (809 patients). All seven protocols included provisions for patients taking placebo to receive treatment with XELJANZ at Month 3 or Month 6 either by patient response (based on uncontrolled disease activity) or by design, so that adverse events cannot always be unambiguously attributed to a given treatment. Therefore some analyses that follow include patients who changed treatment by design or by patient response from placebo to XELJANZ in both the placebo and XELJANZ group of a given interval. Comparisons between placebo and XELJANZ were based on the first 3 months of exposure, and comparisons between XELJANZ 5 mg twice daily and XELJANZ 10 mg twice daily were based on the first 12 months of exposure.
The long-term safety population includes all patients who participated in a double-blind, controlled trial (including earlier development phase studies) and then participated in one of two long-term safety studies. The design of the long-term safety studies allowed for modification of XELJANZ doses according to clinical judgment. This limits the interpretation of the long-term safety data with respect to dose.
The most common serious adverse reactions were serious infections.
The proportion of patients who discontinued treatment due to any adverse reaction during the 0 to 3 months exposure in the double-blind, placebo-controlled trials was 4% for patients taking XELJANZ and 3% for placebo-treated patients.
Overall InfectionsIn the seven controlled trials, during the 0 to 3 months exposure, the overall frequency of infections was 20% and 22% in the 5 mg twice daily and 10 mg twice daily groups, respectively, and 18% in the placebo group.
The most commonly reported infections with XELJANZ were upper respiratory tract infections, nasopharyngitis, and urinary tract infections (4%, 3%, and 2% of patients, respectively).
Serious InfectionsIn the seven controlled trials, during the 0 to 3 months exposure, serious infections were reported in 1 patient (0.5 events per 100 patient-years) who received placebo and 11 patients (1.7 events per 100 patient-years) who received XELJANZ 5 mg or 10 mg twice daily. The rate difference between treatment groups (and the corresponding 95% confidence interval) was 1.1 (-0.4, 2.5) events per 100 patient-years for the combined 5 mg twice daily and 10 mg twice daily XELJANZ group minus placebo.
In the seven controlled trials, during the 0 to 12 months exposure, serious infections were reported in 34 patients (2.7 events per 100 patient-years) who received 5 mg twice daily of XELJANZ and 33 patients (2.7 events per 100 patient-years) who received 10 mg twice daily of XELJANZ. The rate difference between XELJANZ doses (and the corresponding 95% confidence interval) was -0.1 (-1.3, 1.2) events per 100 patient-years for 10 mg twice daily XELJANZ minus 5 mg twice daily XELJANZ.
The most common serious infections included pneumonia, cellulitis, herpes zoster, and urinary tract infection.
TuberculosisIn the seven controlled trials, during the 0 to 3 months exposure, tuberculosis was not reported in patients who received placebo, 5 mg twice daily of XELJANZ, or 10 mg twice daily of XELJANZ.
In the seven controlled trials, during the 0 to 12 months exposure, tuberculosis was reported in 0 patients who received 5 mg twice daily of XELJANZ and 6 patients (0.5 events per 100 patient-years) who received 10 mg twice daily of XELJANZ. The rate difference between XELJANZ doses (and the corresponding 95% confidence interval) was 0.5 (0.1, 0.9) events per 100 patient-years for 10 mg twice daily XELJANZ minus 5 mg twice daily XELJANZ.
Cases of disseminated tuberculosis were also reported. The median XELJANZ exposure prior to diagnosis of tuberculosis was 10 months (range from 152 to 960 days).
Opportunistic Infections (Excluding Tuberculosis)In the seven controlled trials, during the 0 to 3 months exposure, opportunistic infections were not reported in patients who received placebo, 5 mg twice daily of XELJANZ, or 10 mg twice daily of XELJANZ.
In the seven controlled trials, during the 0 to 12 months exposure, opportunistic infections were reported in 4 patients (0.3 events per 100 patient-years) who received 5 mg twice daily of XELJANZ and 4 patients (0.3 events per 100 patient-years) who received 10 mg twice daily of XELJANZ. The rate difference between XELJANZ doses (and the corresponding 95% confidence interval) was 0 (-0.5, 0.5) events per 100 patient-years for 10 mg twice daily XELJANZ minus 5 mg twice daily XELJANZ.
The median XELJANZ exposure prior to diagnosis of an opportunistic infection was 8 months (range from 41 to 698 days).
MalignancyIn the seven controlled trials, during the 0 to 3 months exposure, malignancies excluding NMSC were reported in 0 patients who received placebo and 2 patients (0.3 events per 100 patient-years) who received either XELJANZ 5 mg or 10 mg twice daily. The rate difference between treatment groups (and the corresponding 95% confidence interval) was 0.3 (-0.1, 0.7) events per 100 patient-years for the combined 5 mg and 10 mg twice daily XELJANZ group minus placebo.
In the seven controlled trials, during the 0 to 12 months exposure, malignancies excluding NMSC were reported in 5 patients (0.4 events per 100 patient-years) who received 5 mg twice daily of XELJANZ and 7 patients (0.6 events per 100 patient-years) who received 10 mg twice daily of XELJANZ. The rate difference between XELJANZ doses (and the corresponding 95% confidence interval) was 0.2 (-0.4, 0.7) events per 100 patient-years for 10 mg twice daily XELJANZ minus 5 mg twice daily XELJANZ. One of these malignancies was a case of lymphoma that occurred during the 0 to 12 month period in a patient treated with XELJANZ 10 mg twice daily.
The most common types of malignancy, including malignancies observed during the long-term extension, were lung and breast cancer, followed by gastric, colorectal, renal cell, prostate cancer, lymphoma, and malignant melanoma.
Laboratory Abnormalities LymphopeniaIn the controlled clinical trials, confirmed decreases in absolute lymphocyte counts below 500 cells/mm3 occurred in 0.04% of patients for the 5 mg twice daily and 10 mg twice daily XELJANZ groups combined during the first 3 months of exposure.
Confirmed lymphocyte counts less than 500 cells/mm3 were associated with an increased incidence of treated and serious infections.
NeutropeniaIn the controlled clinical trials, confirmed decreases in ANC below 1000 cells/mm3 occurred in 0.07% of patients for the 5 mg twice daily and 10 mg twice daily XELJANZ groups combined during the first 3 months of exposure.
There were no confirmed decreases in ANC below 500 cells/mm3 observed in any treatment group.
There was no clear relationship between neutropenia and the occurrence of serious infections.
In the long-term safety population, the pattern and incidence of confirmed decreases in ANC remained consistent with what was seen in the controlled clinical trials.
Liver Enzyme ElevationsConfirmed increases in liver enzymes greater than 3 times the upper limit of normal (3x ULN) were observed in patients treated with XELJANZ. In patients experiencing liver enzyme elevation, modification of treatment regimen, such as reduction in the dose of concomitant DMARD, interruption of XELJANZ, or reduction in XELJANZ dose, resulted in decrease or normalization of liver enzymes.
In the controlled monotherapy trials (0-3 months), no differences in the incidence of ALT or AST elevations were observed between the placebo, and XELJANZ 5 mg, and 10 mg twice daily groups.
In the controlled background DMARD trials (0-3 months), ALT elevations greater than 3x ULN were observed in 1.0%, 1.3% and 1.2% of patients receiving placebo, 5 mg, and 10 mg twice daily, respectively. In these trials, AST elevations greater than 3x ULN were observed in 0.6%, 0.5% and 0.4% of patients receiving placebo, 5 mg, and 10 mg twice daily, respectively.
One case of drug-induced liver injury was reported in a patient treated with XELJANZ 10 mg twice daily for approximately 2.5 months. The patient developed symptomatic elevations of AST and ALT greater than 3x ULN and bilirubin elevations greater than 2x ULN, which required hospitalizations and a liver biopsy.
Lipid ElevationsIn the controlled clinical trials, dose-related elevations in lipid parameters (total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides) were observed at one month of exposure and remained stable thereafter. Changes in lipid parameters during the first 3 months of exposure in the controlled clinical trials are summarized below:
In a controlled clinical trial, elevations in LDL cholesterol and ApoB decreased to pretreatment levels in response to statin therapy.
In the long-term safety population, elevations in lipid parameters remained consistent with what was seen in the controlled clinical trials.
Serum Creatinine ElevationsIn the controlled clinical trials, dose-related elevations in serum creatinine were observed with XELJANZ treatment. The mean increase in serum creatinine was <0.1 mg/dL in the 12-month pooled safety analysis; however with increasing duration of exposure in the long-term extensions, up to 2% of patients were discontinued from XELJANZ treatment due to the protocol-specified discontinuation criterion of an increase in creatinine by more than 50% of baseline. The clinical significance of the observed serum creatinine elevations is unknown.
Other Adverse ReactionsAdverse reactions occurring in 2% or more of patients on 5 mg twice daily or 10 mg twice daily XELJANZ and at least 1% greater than that observed in patients on placebo with or without DMARD are summarized in Table 4.
Table 4: Adverse Reactions Occurring in at Least 2% or More of Patients on 5 or 10 mg Twice Daily XELJANZ With or Without DMARD (0-3 months) and at Least 1% Greater Than That Observed in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients on Placebo
| XELJANZ 5 mg Twice Daily | XELJANZ 10 mg Twice Daily* | Placebo | |
| Preferred Term | N = 1336 (%) | N = 1349 (%) | N = 809 (%) |
| Diarrhea | 4.0 | 2.9 | 2.3 |
| Nasopharyngitis | 3.8 | 2.8 | 2.8 |
| Upper respiratory tract infection | 4.5 | 3.8 | 3.3 |
| Headache | 4.3 | 3.4 | 2.1 |
| Hypertension | 1.6 | 2.3 | 1.1 |
| N reflects randomized and treated patients from the seven clinical trials *The recommended dose of XELJANZ is 5 mg twice daily. |
Other adverse reactions occurring in controlled and open-label extension studies included:
Blood and lymphatic system disorders: Anemia
Infections and infestations: Diverticulitis
Metabolism and nutrition disorders: Dehydration
Psychiatric disorders: Insomnia
Nervous system disorders: Paresthesia
Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders: Dyspnea, cough, sinus congestion, interstitial lung disease (some fatal)
Gastrointestinal disorders: Abdominal pain, dyspepsia, vomiting, gastritis, nausea
Hepatobiliary disorders: Hepatic steatosis
Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders: Rash, erythema, pruritus
Musculoskeletal, connective tissue and bone disorders: Musculoskeletal pain, arthralgia, tendonitis, joint swelling
Neoplasms benign, malignant and unspecified (including cysts and polyps): Non-melanoma skin cancers
General disorders and administration site conditions: Pyrexia, fatigue, peripheral edema
Study VI was an active-controlled clinical trial in methotrexate-naïve patients. The safety experience in these patients was consistent with Studies I-V.
Psoriatic ArthritisXELJANZ 5 mg twice daily and 10 mg twice daily were studied in 2 double-blind Phase 3 clinical trials in patients with active psoriatic arthritis (PsA).
Study PsA-I (NCT01877668) had a duration of 12 months and enrolled patients who had an inadequate response to a nonbiologic DMARD and who were naaïve to treatment with a TNF-inhibitor (TNFi). Study PsA-I included a 3-month placebo-controlled period and also included adalimumab 40 mg subcutaneously once every 2 weeks for 12 months.
Study PsA-II (NCT01882439) had a duration of 6 months and enrolled patients who had an inadequate response to at least one approved TNFi. This clinical trial included a 3-month placebo controlled period.
In these combined Phase 3 clinical trials, 238 patients were randomized and treated with XELJANZ 5 mg twice daily and 236 patients were randomized and treated with XELJANZ 10 mg twice daily. All patients in the clinical trials were required to receive treatment with a stable dose of a nonbiologic DMARD [the majority (79%) received methotrexate]. The study population randomized and treated with XELJANZ (474 patients) included 45 (9.5%) patients aged 65 years or older and 66 (13.9%) patients with diabetes at baseline.
The safety profile observed in patients with active psoriatic arthritis treated with XELJANZ was consistent with the safety profile observed in rheumatoid arthritis patients.
Treatment with Jaquinus was associated with dose-dependent reductions of circulating CD16/56+ natural killer cells, with estimated maximum reductions occurring at approximately 8-10 weeks after initiation of therapy. These changes generally resolved within 2-6 weeks after discontinuation of treatment. Treatment with Jaquinus was associated with dose-dependent increases in B cell counts. Changes in circulating T-lymphocyte counts and T-lymphocyte subsets (CD3+, CD4+ and CD8+) were small and inconsistent. The clinical significance of these changes is unknown.
Total serum IgG, IgM, and IgA levels after 6-month dosing in patients with rheumatoid arthritis were lower than placebo; however, changes were small and not dose-dependent.
After treatment with Jaquinus in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, rapid decreases in serum C-reactive protein (CRP) were observed and maintained throughout dosing. Changes in CRP observed with Jaquinus treatment do not reverse fully within 2 weeks after discontinuation, indicating a longer duration of pharmacodynamic activity compared to the pharmacokinetic half-life.
Similar changes in T cells, B cells, and serum CRP have been observed in patients with active psoriatic arthritis although reversibility was not assessed. Total serum immunoglobulins were not assessed in patients with active psoriatic arthritis.
Treatment with XELJANZ was associated with dose-dependent reductions of circulating CD16/56+ natural killer cells, with estimated maximum reductions occurring at approximately 8-10 weeks after initiation of therapy. These changes generally resolved within 2-6 weeks after discontinuation of treatment. Treatment with XELJANZ was associated with dose-dependent increases in B cell counts. Changes in circulating T-lymphocyte counts and T-lymphocyte subsets (CD3+, CD4+ and CD8+) were small and inconsistent. The clinical significance of these changes is unknown.
Total serum IgG, IgM, and IgA levels after 6-month dosing in patients with rheumatoid arthritis were lower than placebo; however, changes were small and not dose-dependent.
After treatment with XELJANZ in patients with rheumatoid arthritis, rapid decreases in serum C-reactive protein (CRP) were observed and maintained throughout dosing. Changes in CRP observed with XELJANZ treatment do not reverse fully within 2 weeks after discontinuation, indicating a longer duration of pharmacodynamic activity compared to the pharmacokinetic half-life.
Similar changes in T cells, B cells, and serum CRP have been observed in patients with active psoriatic arthritis although reversibility was not assessed. Total serum immunoglobulins were not assessed in patients with active psoriatic arthritis.
| * Supplemental doses are not necessary in patients after dialysis. Reference values for weight, age, gender, and race comparisons are 70 kg, 55 years, male, and White, respectively; reference groups for renal and hepatic impairment data are subjects with normal renal and hepatic function. |
In vitro studies indicate that tofacitinib does not significantly inhibit or induce the activity of the major human drug-metabolizing CYPs (CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4) at concentrations exceeding 80 times the steady state Cmax of a 5 mg twice daily dose. These in vitro results were confirmed by a human drug interaction study showing no changes in the PK of midazolam, a highly sensitive CYP3A4 substrate, when coadministered with Jaquinus.
In vitro studies indicate that tofacitinib does not significantly inhibit the activity of the major human drug-metabolizing uridine 5'-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) [UGT1A1, UGT1A4, UGT1A6, UGT1A9, and UGT2B7] at concentrations exceeding 250 times the steady state Cmax of a 5 mg twice daily dose.
In rheumatoid arthritis patients, the oral clearance of tofacitinib does not vary with time, indicating that tofacitinib does not normalize CYP enzyme activity in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Therefore, coadministration with Jaquinus/Jaquinus XR is not expected to result in clinically relevant increases in the metabolism of CYP substrates in rheumatoid arthritis patients.
In vitro data indicate that the potential for tofacitinib to inhibit transporters such as P-glycoprotein, organic anionic or cationic transporters at therapeutic concentrations is low.
Dosing recommendations for coadministered drugs following administration with Jaquinus/Jaquinus XR are shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2. Impact of Tofacitinib on PK of Other Drugs
| Note: Reference group is administration of concomitant medication alone; OCT = Organic Cationic Transporter; MATE = Multidrug and Toxic Compound Extrusion |
Since tofacitinib is metabolized by CYP3A4, interaction with drugs that inhibit or induce CYP3A4 is likely. Inhibitors of CYP2C19 alone or P-glycoprotein are unlikely to substantially alter the PK of tofacitinib. Dosing recommendations for Jaquinus/Jaquinus XR for administration with CYP inhibitors or inducers are shown in Figure 3.
Figure 3. Impact of Other Drugs on PK of Tofacitinib
| Note: Reference group is administration of tofacitinib alone |
The Jaquinus clinical development program included two dose-ranging trials and five confirmatory trials. Although other doses have been studied, the recommended dose of Jaquinus is 5 mg twice daily.
Dose-Ranging TrialsDose selection for Jaquinus was based on two pivotal dose-ranging trials.
Dose-Ranging Study 1 was a 6-month monotherapy trial in 384 patients with active rheumatoid arthritis who had an inadequate response to a DMARD. Patients who previously received adalimumab therapy were excluded. Patients were randomized to 1 of 7 monotherapy treatments: Jaquinus 1, 3, 5, 10 or 15 mg twice daily, adalimumab 40 mg subcutaneously every other week for 10 weeks followed by Jaquinus 5 mg twice daily for 3 months, or placebo.
Dose-Ranging Study 2 was a 6-month trial in which 507 patients with active rheumatoid arthritis who had an inadequate response to MTX alone received one of 6 dose regimens of Jaquinus (20 mg once daily; 1, 3, 5, 10 or 15 mg twice daily), or placebo added to background MTX.
The results of Jaquinus-treated patients achieving ACR20 responses in Studies 1 and 2 are shown in Figure 4. Although a dose-response relationship was observed in Study 1, the proportion of patients with an ACR20 response did not clearly differ between the 10 mg and 15 mg doses. In Study 2, a smaller proportion of patients achieved an ACR20 response in the placebo and Jaquinus 1 mg groups compared to patients treated with the other Jaquinus doses. However, there was no difference in the proportion of responders among patients treated with Jaquinus 3, 5, 10, 15 mg twice daily or 20 mg once daily doses.
Figure 4: Proportion of Patients with ACR20 Response at Month 3 in Dose-Ranging Studies 1 and 2
Study 1 was a dose-ranging monotherapy trial not designed to provide comparative effectiveness data and should not be interpreted as evidence of superiority to adalimumab.
Confirmatory TrialsStudy I (NCT00814307) was a 6-month monotherapy trial in which 610 patients with moderate to severe active rheumatoid arthritis who had an inadequate response to a DMARD (nonbiologic or biologic) received Jaquinus 5 or 10 mg twice daily or placebo. At the Month 3 visit, all patients randomized to placebo treatment were advanced in a blinded fashion to a second predetermined treatment of Jaquinus 5 or 10 mg twice daily. The primary endpoints at Month 3 were the proportion of patients who achieved an ACR20 response, changes in Health Assessment Questionnaire – Disability Index (HAQ-DI), and rates of Disease Activity Score DAS28-4(ESR) less than 2.6.
Study II (NCT00856544) was a 12-month trial in which 792 patients with moderate to severe active rheumatoid arthritis who had an inadequate response to a nonbiologic DMARD received Jaquinus 5 or 10 mg twice daily or placebo added to background DMARD treatment (excluding potent immunosuppressive treatments such as azathioprine or cyclosporine). At the Month 3 visit, nonresponding patients were advanced in a blinded fashion to a second predetermined treatment of Jaquinus 5 or 10 mg twice daily. At the end of Month 6, all placebo patients were advanced to their second predetermined treatment in a blinded fashion. The primary endpoints were the proportion of patients who achieved an ACR20 response at Month 6, changes in HAQ-DI at Month 3, and rates of DAS28-4(ESR) less than 2.6 at Month 6.
Study III (NCT00853385) was a 12-month trial in 717 patients with moderate to severe active rheumatoid arthritis who had an inadequate response to MTX. Patients received Jaquinus 5 or 10 mg twice daily, adalimumab 40 mg subcutaneously every other week, or placebo added to background MTX. Placebo patients were advanced as in Study II. The primary endpoints were the proportion of patients who achieved an ACR20 response at Month 6, HAQ-DI at Month 3, and DAS28-4(ESR) less than 2.6 at Month 6.
Study IV (NCT00847613) was a 2-year trial with a planned analysis at 1 year in which 797 patients with moderate to severe active rheumatoid arthritis who had an inadequate response to MTX received Jaquinus 5 or 10 mg twice daily or placebo added to background MTX. Placebo patients were advanced as in Study II. The primary endpoints were the proportion of patients who achieved an ACR20 response at Month 6, mean change from baseline in van der Heijde-modified total Sharp Score (mTSS) at Month 6, HAQ-DI at Month 3, and DAS284( ESR) less than 2.6 at Month 6.
Study V (NCT00960440) was a 6-month trial in which 399 patients with moderate to severe active rheumatoid arthritis who had an inadequate response to at least one approved TNF-inhibiting biologic agent received Jaquinus 5 or 10 mg twice daily or placebo added to background MTX. At the Month 3 visit, all patients randomized to placebo treatment were advanced in a blinded fashion to a second predetermined treatment of Jaquinus 5 or 10 mg twice daily. The primary endpoints at Month 3 were the proportion of patients who achieved an ACR20 response, HAQ-DI, and DAS28-4(ESR) less than 2.6.
Study VI (NCT01039688) was a 2-year monotherapy trial with a planned analysis at 1 year in which 952 MTX-naïve patients with moderate to severe active rheumatoid arthritis received Jaquinus 5 or 10 mg twice daily or MTX dose-titrated over 8 weeks to 20 mg weekly. The primary endpoints were mean change from baseline in van der Heijde-modified Total Sharp Score (mTSS) at Month 6 and the proportion of patients who achieved an ACR70 response at Month 6.
Clinical ResponseThe percentages of Jaquinus-treated patients achieving ACR20, ACR50, and ACR70 responses in Studies I, IV, and V are shown in Table 5. Similar results were observed with Studies II and III. In trials I-V, patients treated with either 5 or 10 mg twice daily Jaquinus had higher ACR20, ACR50, and ACR70 response rates versus placebo, with or without background DMARD treatment, at Month 3 and Month 6. Higher ACR20 response rates were observed within 2 weeks compared to placebo. In the 12-month trials, ACR response rates in Jaquinus-treated patients were consistent at 6 and 12 months.
Table 5: Proportion of Patients with an ACR Response
| Percent of Patients | |||||||||
| Monotherapy in Nonbiologic or Biologic DMARD Inadequate Respondersc | MTX Inadequate Respondersd | TNF Inhibitor Inadequate Responderse | |||||||
| Study I | Study IV | Study V | |||||||
| Na | PBO | Jaquinus 5 mg Twice Daily | Jaquinus 10 mg Twice Dailyf | PBO + MTX | Jaquinus 5 mg Twice Daily + MTX | Jaquinus 10 mg Twice Daily + MTXf | PBO + MTX | Jaquinus 5 mg Twice Daily + MTX | Jaquinus 10 mg Twice Daily + MTXf |
| 122 | 243 | 245 | 160 | 321 | 316 | 132 | 133 | 134 | |
| ACR20 | |||||||||
| Month 3 | 26% | 59% | 65% | 27% | 55% | 67% | 24% | 41% | 48% |
| Month 6 | NAb | 69% | 70% | 25% | 50% | 62% | NA | 51% | 54% |
| ACR50 | |||||||||
| Month 3 | 12% | 31% | 36% | 8% | 29% | 37% | 8% | 26% | 28% |
| Month 6 | NA | 42% | 46% | 9% | 32% | 44% | NA | 37% | 30% |
| ACR70 | |||||||||
| Month 3 | 6% | 15% | 20% | 3% | 11% | 17% | 2% | 14% | 10% |
| Month 6 | NA | 22% | 29% | 1% | 14% | 23% | NA | 16% | 16% |
| a N is number of randomized and treated patients. b NA Not applicable, as data for placebo treatment is not available beyond 3 months in Studies I and V due to placebo advancement. c Inadequate response to at least one DMARD (biologic or nonbiologic) due to lack of efficacy or toxicity. d Inadequate response to MTX defined as the presence of sufficient residual disease activity to meet the entry criteria. e Inadequate response to a least one TNF inhibitor due to lack of efficacy and/or intolerance. f The recommended dose of Jaquinus is 5 mg twice daily. |
In Study IV, a greater proportion of patients treated with Jaquinus 5 mg or 10 mg twice daily plus MTX achieved a low level of disease activity as measured by a DAS28-4(ESR) less than 2.6 at 6 months compared to those treated with MTX alone (Table 6).
Table 6: Proportion of Patients with DAS28-4(ESR) Less Than 2.6 with Number of Residual Active Joints
| Study IV | |||
| DAS28-4(ESR) Less Than 2.6 | Placebo + MTX | Jaquinus 5 mg Twice Daily + MTX | Jaquinus 10 mg Twice Daily + MTX* |
| 160 | 321 | 316 | |
| Proportion of responders at Month 6 (n) | 1% (2) | 6% (19) | 13% (42) |
| Of responders, proportion with 0 active joints (n) | 50% (1) | 42% (8) | 36% (15) |
| Of responders, proportion with 1 active joint (n) | 0 | 5% (1) | 17% (7) |
| Of responders, proportion with 2 active joints (n) | 0 | 32% (6) | 7% (3) |
| Of responders, proportion with 3 or more active joints (n) | 50% (1) | 21% (4) | 40% (17) |
| *The recommended dose of Jaquinus is 5 mg twice daily. |
The results of the components of the ACR response criteria for Study IV are shown in Table 7. Similar results were observed for Jaquinus in Studies I, II, III, V, and VI.
Table 7: Components of ACR Response at Month 3
| Study IV | ||||||
| Jaquinus 5 mg Twice Daily + MTX | Jaquinus 10 mgd Twice Daily + MTX | Placebo + MTX | ||||
| N=321 | N=316 | N=160 | ||||
| Component(mean) a | Baseline | Month 3a | Baseline | Month 3a | Baseline | Month 3a |
| Number of tender | ||||||
| joints | 24 | 13 | 23 | 10 | 23 | 18 |
| (0-68) | (14) | (14) | (15) | (12) | (13) | (14) |
| Number of swollen | ||||||
| joints | 14 | 6 | 14 | 6 | 14 | 10 |
| (0-66) | (8) | (8) | (8) | (7) | (9) | (9) |
| Painb | 58 | 34 | 58 | 29 | 55 | 47 |
| (23) | (23) | (24) | (22) | (24) | (24) | |
| Patient global | 58 | 35 | 57 | 29 | 54 | 47 |
| assessmentb | (24) | (23) | (23) | (20) | (23) | (24) |
| Disability index | 1.41 | 0.99 | 1.40 | 0.84 | 1.32 | 1.19 |
| (HAQ-DI)c | (0.68) | (0.65) | (0.66) | (0.64) | (0.67) | (0.68) |
| Physician global | 59 | 30 | 58 | 24 | 56 | 43 |
| assessmentb | (16) | (19) | (17) | (17) | (18) | (22) |
| CRP (mg/L) | 15.3 | 7.1 | 17.1 | 4.4 | 13.7 | 14.6 |
| (19.0) | (19.1) | (26.9) | (8.6) | (14.9) | (18.7) | |
| aData shown is mean (Standard Deviation) at Month 3. bVisual analog scale: 0 = best, 100 = worst. cHealth Assessment Questionnaire Disability Index: 0 = best, 3 = worst; 20 questions; categories: dressing and grooming, arising, eating, walking, hygiene, reach, grip, and activities. dThe recommended dose of Jaquinus is 5 mg twice daily. |
The percent of ACR20 responders by visit for Study IV is shown in Figure 5. Similar responses were observed for Jaquinus in Studies I, II, III, V, and VI.
Figure 5: Percentage of ACR20 Responders by Visit for Study IV
Two studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of Jaquinus on structural joint damage. In Study IV and Study VI, progression of structural joint damage was assessed radiographically and expressed as change from baseline in mTSS and its components, the erosion score and joint space narrowing score, at Months 6 and 12. The proportion of patients with no radiographic progression (mTSS change less than or equal to 0) was also assessed.
In Study IV, Jaquinus 10 mg twice daily plus background MTX reduced the progression of structural damage compared to placebo plus MTX at Month 6. When given at a dose of 5 mg twice daily, Jaquinus exhibited similar effects on mean progression of structural damage (not statistically significant). These results are shown in Table 8. Analyses of erosion and joint space narrowing scores were consistent with the overall results.
In the placebo plus MTX group, 74% of patients experienced no radiographic progression at Month 6 compared to 84% and 79% of patients treated with Jaquinus plus MTX 5 or 10 mg twice daily.
In Study VI, Jaquinus monotherapy inhibited the progression of structural damage compared to MTX at Months 6 and 12 as shown in Table 8. Analyses of erosion and joint space narrowing scores were consistent with the overall results.
In the MTX group, 55% of patients experienced no radiographic progression at Month 6 compared to 73% and 77% of patients treated with Jaquinus 5 or 10 mg twice daily.
Table 8: Radiographic Changes at Months 6 and 12
| Study IV | |||||
| Placebo N=139 Mean (SD)a | Jaquinus 5 mg Twice Daily N=277 Mean (SD) a | Jaquinus 5 mg Twice Daily Mean Difference from Placebob (CI) | Jaquinus 10 mg Twice Dailyd N=290 Mean (SD) a | Jaquinus 10 mg Twice Daily Mean Difference from Placebob (CI) | |
| mTSSc | |||||
| Baseline | 33 (42) | 31 (48) | - | 37 (54) | - |
| Month 6 | 0.5 (2.0) | 0.1 (1.7) | -0.3 (-0.7, 0.0) | 0.1 (2.0) | -0.4 (-0.8, 0.0) |
| Study VI | |||||
| MTX N=166 Mean (SD)a | Jaquinus 5 mg Twice Daily N=346 Mean (SD) a | Jaquinus 5 mg Twice Daily Mean Difference from MTXb (CI) | Jaquinus 10 mg Twice Dailyd N=369 Mean (SD) a | Jaquinus 10 mg Twice Daily Mean Difference from MTXb (CI) | |
| mTSSc | |||||
| Baseline | 17 (29) | 20 (40) | - | 19 (39) | - |
| Month 6 | 0.8 (2.7) | 0.2 (2.3) | -0.7 (-1.0, -0.3) | 0.0 (1.2) | -0.8 (-1.2, -0.4) |
| Month 12 | 1.3 (3.7) | 0.4 (3.0) | -0.9 (-1.4, -0.4) | 0.0 (1.5) | -1.3 (-1.8, -0.8) |
| aSD = Standard Deviation bDifference between least squares means Jaquinus minus placebo or MTX (95% CI = 95% confidence interval) c Month 6 and Month 12 data are mean change from baseline. d The recommended dose of Jaquinus is 5 mg twice daily. |
Improvement in physical functioning was measured by the HAQ-DI. Patients receiving Jaquinus 5 and 10 mg twice daily demonstrated greater improvement from baseline in physical functioning compared to placebo at Month 3.
The mean (95% CI) difference from placebo in HAQ-DI improvement from baseline at Month 3 in Study III was -0.22 (-0.35, -0.10) in patients receiving 5 mg Jaquinus twice daily and -0.32 (-0.44, -0.19) in patients receiving 10 mg Jaquinus twice daily. Similar results were obtained in Studies I, II, IV and V. In the 12-month trials, HAQ-DI results in Jaquinus-treated patients were consistent at 6 and 12 months.
Other Health-Related OutcomesGeneral health status was assessed by the Short Form health survey (SF-36). In studies I, IV, and V, patients receiving Jaquinus 5 mg twice daily or Jaquinus 10 mg twice daily demonstrated greater improvement from baseline compared to placebo in physical component summary (PCS), mental component summary (MCS) scores and in all 8 domains of the SF-36 at Month 3.
Psoriatic ArthritisThe Jaquinus clinical development program to assess efficacy and safety included 2 multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled confirmatory trials in 816 patients 18 years of age and older (PsA-I and PsA-II). Although other doses have been studied, the recommended dose of Jaquinus is 5 mg twice daily. All patients had active psoriatic arthritis for at least 6 months based upon the Classification Criteria for Psoriatic Arthritis (CASPAR), at least 3 tender/painful joints and at least 3 swollen joints, and active plaque psoriasis. Patients randomized and treated across the 2 clinical trials represented different psoriatic arthritis subtypes at screening, including <5 joints or asymmetric involvement (21%), ≥5 joints involved (90%), distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint involvement (61%), arthritis mutilans (8%), and spondylitis (19%). Patients in these clinical trials had a diagnosis of psoriatic arthritis for a mean (SD) of 7.7 (7.2) years. At baseline, 80% and 53% of patients had enthesitis and dactylitis, respectively. At baseline, all patients were required to receive treatment with a stable dose of a nonbiologic DMARD (79% received methotrexate, 13% received sulfasalazine, 7% received leflunomide, 1% received other nonbiologic DMARDs). In both clinical trials, the primary endpoints were the ACR20 response and the change from baseline in HAQ-DI at Month 3.
Study PsA-I was a 12-month clinical trial in 422 patients who had an inadequate response to a nonbiologic DMARD (67% and 33% were inadequate responders to 1 nonbiologic DMARD and ≥2 nonbiologic DMARDs, respectively) and who were naïve to treatment with a TNF-inhibitor (TNFi). Patients were randomized in a 2:2:2:1:1 ratio to receive Jaquinus 5 mg twice daily, Jaquinus 10 mg twice daily, adalimumab 40 mg subcutaneously once every 2 weeks, placebo to Jaquinus 5 mg twice daily treatment sequence, or placebo to Jaquinus 10 mg twice daily treatment sequence, respectively; study drug was added to background nonbiologic DMARD treatment. At the Month 3 visit, all patients randomized to placebo treatment were advanced in a blinded fashion to a predetermined Jaquinus dose of 5 mg or 10 mg twice daily. Study PsA-I was not designed to demonstrate noninferiority or superiority to adalimumab.
Study PsA-II was a 6-month clinical trial in 394 patients who had an inadequate response to at least 1 approved TNFi (66%, 19%, and 15% were inadequate responders to 1 TNFi, 2 TNFi and ≥3 TNFi, respectively). Patients were randomized in a 2:2:1:1 ratio to receive Jaquinus 5 mg twice daily, Jaquinus 10 mg twice daily, placebo to Jaquinus 5 mg twice daily treatment sequence, or placebo to Jaquinus 10 mg twice daily treatment sequence, respectively; study drug was added to background nonbiologic DMARD treatment. At the Month 3 visit, placebo patients were advanced in a blinded fashion to a predetermined Jaquinus dose of 5 mg or 10 mg twice daily as in Study PsA-I.
Clinical ResponseAt Month 3, patients treated with either Jaquinus 5 mg or 10 mg twice daily had higher (p≤0.05) response rates versus placebo for ACR20, ACR50, and ACR70 in Study PsA-I and for ACR20 and ACR50 in Study PsA-II; ACR70 response rates were also higher for both Jaquinus 5 mg or 10 mg twice daily versus placebo in Study PsA-II, although the differences versus placebo were not statistically significant (p>0.05) (Tables 9 and 10).
Table 9: Proportion of Patients with an ACR Response in Study PsA-I* [Nonbiologic DMARD Inadequate Responders (TNFi-Naïve)]
| Treatment Group | Placebo | Jaquinus 5 mg Twice Daily | Jaquinus 10 mgb Twice Daily | ||
| Na | 105 | 107 | 104 | ||
| Response Rate | Response Rate | Difference (%) 95% CI from Placebo | Response Rate | Difference (%) 95% CI from Placebo | |
| Month 3 | |||||
| ACR20 | 33% | 50% | 17.1 (4.1, 30.2) | 61% | 27.2 (14.2, 40.3) |
| ACR50 | 10% | 28% | 18.5 (8.3, 28.7) | 40% | 30.9 (19.9, 41.8) |
| ACR70 | 5% | 17% | 12.1 (3.9, 20.2) | 14% | 9.7 (1.8, 17.6) |
| Subjects with missing data were treated as non-responders. * Subjects received one concomitant nonbiologic DMARD. a N is number of randomized and treated patients. b The recommended dose of Jaquinus is 5 mg twice daily. |
Table 10: Proportion of Patients with an ACR Response in Study PsA-II* (TNFi Inadequate Responders)
| Treatment Group | Placebo | Jaquinus 5 mg Twice Daily | Jaquinus 10 mgb Twice Daily | ||
| Na | 131 | 131 | 132 | ||
| Response Rate | Response Rate | Difference (%) 95% CI from Placebo | Response Rate | Difference (%) 95% CI from Placebo | |
| Month 3 | |||||
| ACR20 | 24% | 50% | 26.0 (14.7, 37.2) | 47% | 23.3 (12.1, 34.5) |
| ACR50 | 15% | 30% | 15.3 (5.4, 25.2) | 28% | 13.5 (3.8, 23.3) |
| ACR70 | 10% | 17% | 6.9 (-1.3, 15.1) | 14% | 4.5 (-3.4, 12.4) |
| Subjects with missing data were treated as non-responders. * Subjects received one concomitant nonbiologic DMARD. a N is number of randomized and treated patients. b The recommended dose of Jaquinus is 5 mg twice daily. |
Improvements from baseline in the ACR response criteria components for both studies are shown in Table11.
Table 11: Components of ACR Response at Baseline and Month 3 in Studies PsA-I and PsA-II
| Nonbiologic DMARD Inadequate Responders (TNFi-Naïve) | TNFi Inadequate Responders | |||||
| Study PsA-I* | Study PsA-II* | |||||
| Treatment Group | Placebo | Jaquinus 5 mg Twice Daily | Jaquinus 10 mgd Twice Daily | Placebo | Jaquinus 5 mg Twice Daily | Jaquinus 10 mgd Twice Daily |
| N at Baseline | 105 | 107 | 104 | 131 | 131 | 132 |
| ACR Componenta | ||||||
| Number of tender/painful joints (0-68) | ||||||
| Baseline | 20.6 | 20.5 | 20.3 | 19.8 | 20.5 | 25.5 |
| Month 3 | 14.6 | 12.2 | 9.9 | 15.1 | 11.5 | 14.5 |
| Number of swollen joints (0-66) | ||||||
| Baseline | 11.5 | |||||
| * Supplemental doses are not necessary in patients after dialysis. Reference values for weight, age, gender, and race comparisons are 70 kg, 55 years, male, and White, respectively; reference groups for renal and hepatic impairment data are subjects with normal renal and hepatic function. |
In vitro studies indicate that tofacitinib does not significantly inhibit or induce the activity of the major human drug-metabolizing CYPs (CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4) at concentrations exceeding 80 times the steady state Cmax of a 5 mg twice daily dose. These in vitro results were confirmed by a human drug interaction study showing no changes in the PK of midazolam, a highly sensitive CYP3A4 substrate, when coadministered with XELJANZ.
In vitro studies indicate that tofacitinib does not significantly inhibit the activity of the major human drug-metabolizing uridine 5'-diphospho-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs) [UGT1A1, UGT1A4, UGT1A6, UGT1A9, and UGT2B7] at concentrations exceeding 250 times the steady state Cmax of a 5 mg twice daily dose.
In rheumatoid arthritis patients, the oral clearance of tofacitinib does not vary with time, indicating that tofacitinib does not normalize CYP enzyme activity in rheumatoid arthritis patients. Therefore, coadministration with XELJANZ/XELJANZ XR is not expected to result in clinically relevant increases in the metabolism of CYP substrates in rheumatoid arthritis patients.
In vitro data indicate that the potential for tofacitinib to inhibit transporters such as P-glycoprotein, organic anionic or cationic transporters at therapeutic concentrations is low.
Dosing recommendations for coadministered drugs following administration with XELJANZ/XELJANZ XR are shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2. Impact of Tofacitinib on PK of Other Drugs
| Note: Reference group is administration of concomitant medication alone; OCT = Organic Cationic Transporter; MATE = Multidrug and Toxic Compound Extrusion |
Since tofacitinib is metabolized by CYP3A4, interaction with drugs that inhibit or induce CYP3A4 is likely. Inhibitors of CYP2C19 alone or P-glycoprotein are unlikely to substantially alter the PK of tofacitinib. Dosing recommendations for XELJANZ/XELJANZ XR for administration with CYP inhibitors or inducers are shown in Figure 3.
Figure 3. Impact of Other Drugs on PK of Tofacitinib
| Note: Reference group is administration of tofacitinib alone |
The XELJANZ clinical development program included two dose-ranging trials and five confirmatory trials. Although other doses have been studied, the recommended dose of XELJANZ is 5 mg twice daily.
Dose-Ranging TrialsDose selection for XELJANZ was based on two pivotal dose-ranging trials.
Dose-Ranging Study 1 was a 6-month monotherapy trial in 384 patients with active rheumatoid arthritis who had an inadequate response to a DMARD. Patients who previously received adalimumab therapy were excluded. Patients were randomized to 1 of 7 monotherapy treatments: XELJANZ 1, 3, 5, 10 or 15 mg twice daily, adalimumab 40 mg subcutaneously every other week for 10 weeks followed by XELJANZ 5 mg twice daily for 3 months, or placebo.
Dose-Ranging Study 2 was a 6-month trial in which 507 patients with active rheumatoid arthritis who had an inadequate response to MTX alone received one of 6 dose regimens of XELJANZ (20 mg once daily; 1, 3, 5, 10 or 15 mg twice daily), or placebo added to background MTX.
The results of XELJANZ-treated patients achieving ACR20 responses in Studies 1 and 2 are shown in Figure 4. Although a dose-response relationship was observed in Study 1, the proportion of patients with an ACR20 response did not clearly differ between the 10 mg and 15 mg doses. In Study 2, a smaller proportion of patients achieved an ACR20 response in the placebo and XELJANZ 1 mg groups compared to patients treated with the other XELJANZ doses. However, there was no difference in the proportion of responders among patients treated with XELJANZ 3, 5, 10, 15 mg twice daily or 20 mg once daily doses.
Figure 4: Proportion of Patients with ACR20 Response at Month 3 in Dose-Ranging Studies 1 and 2
Study 1 was a dose-ranging monotherapy trial not designed to provide comparative effectiveness data and should not be interpreted as evidence of superiority to adalimumab.
Confirmatory TrialsStudy I (NCT00814307) was a 6-month monotherapy trial in which 610 patients with moderate to severe active rheumatoid arthritis who had an inadequate response to a DMARD (nonbiologic or biologic) received XELJANZ 5 or 10 mg twice daily or placebo. At the Month 3 visit, all patients randomized to placebo treatment were advanced in a blinded fashion to a second predetermined treatment of XELJANZ 5 or 10 mg twice daily. The primary endpoints at Month 3 were the proportion of patients who achieved an ACR20 response, changes in Health Assessment Questionnaire – Disability Index (HAQ-DI), and rates of Disease Activity Score DAS28-4(ESR) less than 2.6.
Study II (NCT00856544) was a 12-month trial in which 792 patients with moderate to severe active rheumatoid arthritis who had an inadequate response to a nonbiologic DMARD received XELJANZ 5 or 10 mg twice daily or placebo added to background DMARD treatment (excluding potent immunosuppressive treatments such as azathioprine or cyclosporine). At the Month 3 visit, nonresponding patients were advanced in a blinded fashion to a second predetermined treatment of XELJANZ 5 or 10 mg twice daily. At the end of Month 6, all placebo patients were advanced to their second predetermined treatment in a blinded fashion. The primary endpoints were the proportion of patients who achieved an ACR20 response at Month 6, changes in HAQ-DI at Month 3, and rates of DAS28-4(ESR) less than 2.6 at Month 6.
Study III (NCT00853385) was a 12-month trial in 717 patients with moderate to severe active rheumatoid arthritis who had an inadequate response to MTX. Patients received XELJANZ 5 or 10 mg twice daily, adalimumab 40 mg subcutaneously every other week, or placebo added to background MTX. Placebo patients were advanced as in Study II. The primary endpoints were the proportion of patients who achieved an ACR20 response at Month 6, HAQ-DI at Month 3, and DAS28-4(ESR) less than 2.6 at Month 6.
Study IV (NCT00847613) was a 2-year trial with a planned analysis at 1 year in which 797 patients with moderate to severe active rheumatoid arthritis who had an inadequate response to MTX received XELJANZ 5 or 10 mg twice daily or placebo added to background MTX. Placebo patients were advanced as in Study II. The primary endpoints were the proportion of patients who achieved an ACR20 response at Month 6, mean change from baseline in van der Heijde-modified total Sharp Score (mTSS) at Month 6, HAQ-DI at Month 3, and DAS284( ESR) less than 2.6 at Month 6.
Study V (NCT00960440) was a 6-month trial in which 399 patients with moderate to severe active rheumatoid arthritis who had an inadequate response to at least one approved TNF-inhibiting biologic agent received XELJANZ 5 or 10 mg twice daily or placebo added to background MTX. At the Month 3 visit, all patients randomized to placebo treatment were advanced in a blinded fashion to a second predetermined treatment of XELJANZ 5 or 10 mg twice daily. The primary endpoints at Month 3 were the proportion of patients who achieved an ACR20 response, HAQ-DI, and DAS28-4(ESR) less than 2.6.
Study VI (NCT01039688) was a 2-year monotherapy trial with a planned analysis at 1 year in which 952 MTX-naïve patients with moderate to severe active rheumatoid arthritis received XELJANZ 5 or 10 mg twice daily or MTX dose-titrated over 8 weeks to 20 mg weekly. The primary endpoints were mean change from baseline in van der Heijde-modified Total Sharp Score (mTSS) at Month 6 and the proportion of patients who achieved an ACR70 response at Month 6.
Clinical ResponseThe percentages of XELJANZ-treated patients achieving ACR20, ACR50, and ACR70 responses in Studies I, IV, and V are shown in Table 5. Similar results were observed with Studies II and III. In trials I-V, patients treated with either 5 or 10 mg twice daily XELJANZ had higher ACR20, ACR50, and ACR70 response rates versus placebo, with or without background DMARD treatment, at Month 3 and Month 6. Higher ACR20 response rates were observed within 2 weeks compared to placebo. In the 12-month trials, ACR response rates in XELJANZ-treated patients were consistent at 6 and 12 months.
Table 5: Proportion of Patients with an ACR Response
| Percent of Patients | |||||||||
| Monotherapy in Nonbiologic or Biologic DMARD Inadequate Respondersc | MTX Inadequate Respondersd | TNF Inhibitor Inadequate Responderse | |||||||
| Study I | Study IV | Study V | |||||||
| Na | PBO | XELJANZ 5 mg Twice Daily | XELJANZ 10 mg Twice Dailyf | PBO + MTX | XELJANZ 5 mg Twice Daily + MTX | XELJANZ 10 mg Twice Daily + MTXf | PBO + MTX | XELJANZ 5 mg Twice Daily + MTX | XELJANZ 10 mg Twice Daily + MTXf |
| 122 | 243 | 245 | 160 | 321 | 316 | 132 | 133 | 134 | |
| ACR20 | |||||||||
| Month 3 | 26% | 59% | 65% | 27% | 55% | 67% | 24% | 41% | 48% |
| Month 6 | NAb | 69% | 70% | 25% | 50% | 62% | NA | 51% | 54% |
| ACR50 | |||||||||
| Month 3 | 12% | 31% | 36% | 8% | 29% | 37% | 8% | 26% | 28% |
| Month 6 | NA | 42% | 46% | 9% | 32% | 44% | NA | 37% | 30% |
| ACR70 | |||||||||
| Month 3 | 6% | 15% | 20% | 3% | 11% | 17% | 2% | 14% | 10% |
| Month 6 | NA | 22% | 29% | 1% | 14% | 23% | NA | 16% | 16% |
| a N is number of randomized and treated patients. b NA Not applicable, as data for placebo treatment is not available beyond 3 months in Studies I and V due to placebo advancement. c Inadequate response to at least one DMARD (biologic or nonbiologic) due to lack of efficacy or toxicity. d Inadequate response to MTX defined as the presence of sufficient residual disease activity to meet the entry criteria. e Inadequate response to a least one TNF inhibitor due to lack of efficacy and/or intolerance. f The recommended dose of XELJANZ is 5 mg twice daily. |
In Study IV, a greater proportion of patients treated with XELJANZ 5 mg or 10 mg twice daily plus MTX achieved a low level of disease activity as measured by a DAS28-4(ESR) less than 2.6 at 6 months compared to those treated with MTX alone (Table 6).
Table 6: Proportion of Patients with DAS28-4(ESR) Less Than 2.6 with Number of Residual Active Joints
| Study IV | |||
| DAS28-4(ESR) Less Than 2.6 | Placebo + MTX | XELJANZ 5 mg Twice Daily + MTX | XELJANZ 10 mg Twice Daily + MTX* |
| 160 | 321 | 316 | |
| Proportion of responders at Month 6 (n) | 1% (2) | 6% (19) | 13% (42) |
| Of responders, proportion with 0 active joints (n) | 50% (1) | 42% (8) | 36% (15) |
| Of responders, proportion with 1 active joint (n) | 0 | 5% (1) | 17% (7) |
| Of responders, proportion with 2 active joints (n) | 0 | 32% (6) | 7% (3) |
| Of responders, proportion with 3 or more active joints (n) | 50% (1) | 21% (4) | 40% (17) |
| *The recommended dose of XELJANZ is 5 mg twice daily. |
The results of the components of the ACR response criteria for Study IV are shown in Table 7. Similar results were observed for XELJANZ in Studies I, II, III, V, and VI.
Table 7: Components of ACR Response at Month 3
| Study IV | ||||||
| XELJANZ 5 mg Twice Daily + MTX | XELJANZ 10 mgd Twice Daily + MTX | Placebo + MTX | ||||
| N=321 | N=316 | N=160 | ||||
| Component(mean) a | Baseline | Month 3a | Baseline | Month 3a | Baseline | Month 3a |
| Number of tender | ||||||
| joints | 24 | 13 | 23 | 10 | 23 | 18 |
| (0-68) | (14) | (14) | (15) | (12) | (13) | (14) |
| Number of swollen | ||||||
| joints | 14 | 6 | 14 | 6 | 14 | 10 |
| (0-66) | (8) | (8) | (8) | (7) | (9) | (9) |
| Painb | 58 | 34 | 58 | 29 | 55 | 47 |
| (23) | (23) | (24) | (22) | (24) | (24) | |
| Patient global | 58 | 35 | 57 | 29 | 54 | 47 |
| assessmentb | (24) | (23) | (23) | (20) | (23) | (24) |
| Disability index | 1.41 | 0.99 | 1.40 | 0.84 | 1.32 | 1.19 |
| (HAQ-DI)c | (0.68) | (0.65) | (0.66) | (0.64) | (0.67) | (0.68) |
| Physician global | 59 | 30 | 58 | 24 | 56 | 43 |
| assessmentb | (16) | (19) | (17) | (17) | (18) | (22) |
| CRP (mg/L) | 15.3 | 7.1 | 17.1 | 4.4 | 13.7 | 14.6 |
| (19.0) | (19.1) | (26.9) | (8.6) | (14.9) | (18.7) | |
| aData shown is mean (Standard Deviation) at Month 3. bVisual analog scale: 0 = best, 100 = worst. cHealth Assessment Questionnaire Disability Index: 0 = best, 3 = worst; 20 questions; categories: dressing and grooming, arising, eating, walking, hygiene, reach, grip, and activities. dThe recommended dose of XELJANZ is 5 mg twice daily. |
The percent of ACR20 responders by visit for Study IV is shown in Figure 5. Similar responses were observed for XELJANZ in Studies I, II, III, V, and VI.
Figure 5: Percentage of ACR20 Responders by Visit for Study IV
Two studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of XELJANZ on structural joint damage. In Study IV and Study VI, progression of structural joint damage was assessed radiographically and expressed as change from baseline in mTSS and its components, the erosion score and joint space narrowing score, at Months 6 and 12. The proportion of patients with no radiographic progression (mTSS change less than or equal to 0) was also assessed.
In Study IV, XELJANZ 10 mg twice daily plus background MTX reduced the progression of structural damage compared to placebo plus MTX at Month 6. When given at a dose of 5 mg twice daily, XELJANZ exhibited similar effects on mean progression of structural damage (not statistically significant). These results are shown in Table 8. Analyses of erosion and joint space narrowing scores were consistent with the overall results.
In the placebo plus MTX group, 74% of patients experienced no radiographic progression at Month 6 compared to 84% and 79% of patients treated with XELJANZ plus MTX 5 or 10 mg twice daily.
In Study VI, XELJANZ monotherapy inhibited the progression of structural damage compared to MTX at Months 6 and 12 as shown in Table 8. Analyses of erosion and joint space narrowing scores were consistent with the overall results.
In the MTX group, 55% of patients experienced no radiographic progression at Month 6 compared to 73% and 77% of patients treated with XELJANZ 5 or 10 mg twice daily.
Table 8: Radiographic Changes at Months 6 and 12
| Study IV | |||||
| Placebo N=139 Mean (SD)a | XELJANZ 5 mg Twice Daily N=277 Mean (SD) a | XELJANZ 5 mg Twice Daily Mean Difference from Placebob (CI) | XELJANZ 10 mg Twice Dailyd N=290 Mean (SD) a | XELJANZ 10 mg Twice Daily Mean Difference from Placebob (CI) | |
| mTSSc | |||||
| Baseline | 33 (42) | 31 (48) | - | 37 (54) | - |
| Month 6 | 0.5 (2.0) | 0.1 (1.7) | -0.3 (-0.7, 0.0) | 0.1 (2.0) | -0.4 (-0.8, 0.0) |
| Study VI | |||||
| MTX N=166 Mean (SD)a | XELJANZ 5 mg Twice Daily N=346 Mean (SD) a | XELJANZ 5 mg Twice Daily Mean Difference from MTXb (CI) | XELJANZ 10 mg Twice Dailyd N=369 Mean (SD) a | XELJANZ 10 mg Twice Daily Mean Difference from MTXb (CI) | |
| mTSSc | |||||
| Baseline | 17 (29) | 20 (40) | - | 19 (39) | - |
| Month 6 | 0.8 (2.7) | 0.2 (2.3) | -0.7 (-1.0, -0.3) | 0.0 (1.2) | -0.8 (-1.2, -0.4) |
| Month 12 | 1.3 (3.7) | 0.4 (3.0) | -0.9 (-1.4, -0.4) | 0.0 (1.5) | -1.3 (-1.8, -0.8) |
| aSD = Standard Deviation bDifference between least squares means XELJANZ minus placebo or MTX (95% CI = 95% confidence interval) c Month 6 and Month 12 data are mean change from baseline. d The recommended dose of XELJANZ is 5 mg twice daily. |
Improvement in physical functioning was measured by the HAQ-DI. Patients receiving XELJANZ 5 and 10 mg twice daily demonstrated greater improvement from baseline in physical functioning compared to placebo at Month 3.
The mean (95% CI) difference from placebo in HAQ-DI improvement from baseline at Month 3 in Study III was -0.22 (-0.35, -0.10) in patients receiving 5 mg XELJANZ twice daily and -0.32 (-0.44, -0.19) in patients receiving 10 mg XELJANZ twice daily. Similar results were obtained in Studies I, II, IV and V. In the 12-month trials, HAQ-DI results in XELJANZ-treated patients were consistent at 6 and 12 months.
Other Health-Related OutcomesGeneral health status was assessed by the Short Form health survey (SF-36). In studies I, IV, and V, patients receiving XELJANZ 5 mg twice daily or XELJANZ 10 mg twice daily demonstrated greater improvement from baseline compared to placebo in physical component summary (PCS), mental component summary (MCS) scores and in all 8 domains of the SF-36 at Month 3.
Psoriatic ArthritisThe XELJANZ clinical development program to assess efficacy and safety included 2 multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled confirmatory trials in 816 patients 18 years of age and older (PsA-I and PsA-II). Although other doses have been studied, the recommended dose of XELJANZ is 5 mg twice daily. All patients had active psoriatic arthritis for at least 6 months based upon the Classification Criteria for Psoriatic Arthritis (CASPAR), at least 3 tender/painful joints and at least 3 swollen joints, and active plaque psoriasis. Patients randomized and treated across the 2 clinical trials represented different psoriatic arthritis subtypes at screening, including <5 joints or asymmetric involvement (21%), ≥5 joints involved (90%), distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint involvement (61%), arthritis mutilans (8%), and spondylitis (19%). Patients in these clinical trials had a diagnosis of psoriatic arthritis for a mean (SD) of 7.7 (7.2) years. At baseline, 80% and 53% of patients had enthesitis and dactylitis, respectively. At baseline, all patients were required to receive treatment with a stable dose of a nonbiologic DMARD (79% received methotrexate, 13% received sulfasalazine, 7% received leflunomide, 1% received other nonbiologic DMARDs). In both clinical trials, the primary endpoints were the ACR20 response and the change from baseline in HAQ-DI at Month 3.
Study PsA-I was a 12-month clinical trial in 422 patients who had an inadequate response to a nonbiologic DMARD (67% and 33% were inadequate responders to 1 nonbiologic DMARD and ≥2 nonbiologic DMARDs, respectively) and who were naïve to treatment with a TNF-inhibitor (TNFi). Patients were randomized in a 2:2:2:1:1 ratio to receive XELJANZ 5 mg twice daily, XELJANZ 10 mg twice daily, adalimumab 40 mg subcutaneously once every 2 weeks, placebo to XELJANZ 5 mg twice daily treatment sequence, or placebo to XELJANZ 10 mg twice daily treatment sequence, respectively; study drug was added to background nonbiologic DMARD treatment. At the Month 3 visit, all patients randomized to placebo treatment were advanced in a blinded fashion to a predetermined XELJANZ dose of 5 mg or 10 mg twice daily. Study PsA-I was not designed to demonstrate noninferiority or superiority to adalimumab.
Study PsA-II was a 6-month clinical trial in 394 patients who had an inadequate response to at least 1 approved TNFi (66%, 19%, and 15% were inadequate responders to 1 TNFi, 2 TNFi and ≥3 TNFi, respectively). Patients were randomized in a 2:2:1:1 ratio to receive XELJANZ 5 mg twice daily, XELJANZ 10 mg twice daily, placebo to XELJANZ 5 mg twice daily treatment sequence, or placebo to XELJANZ 10 mg twice daily treatment sequence, respectively; study drug was added to background nonbiologic DMARD treatment. At the Month 3 visit, placebo patients were advanced in a blinded fashion to a predetermined XELJANZ dose of 5 mg or 10 mg twice daily as in Study PsA-I.
Clinical ResponseAt Month 3, patients treated with either XELJANZ 5 mg or 10 mg twice daily had higher (p≤0.05) response rates versus placebo for ACR20, ACR50, and ACR70 in Study PsA-I and for ACR20 and ACR50 in Study PsA-II; ACR70 response rates were also higher for both XELJANZ 5 mg or 10 mg twice daily versus placebo in Study PsA-II, although the differences versus placebo were not statistically significant (p>0.05) (Tables 9 and 10).
Table 9: Proportion of Patients with an ACR Response in Study PsA-I* [Nonbiologic DMARD Inadequate Responders (TNFi-Naïve)]
| Treatment Group | Placebo | XELJANZ 5 mg Twice Daily | XELJANZ 10 mgb Twice Daily | ||
| Na | 105 | 107 | 104 | ||
| Response Rate | Response Rate | Difference (%) 95% CI from Placebo | Response Rate | Difference (%) 95% CI from Placebo | |
| Month 3 | |||||
| ACR20 | 33% | 50% | 17.1 (4.1, 30.2) | 61% | 27.2 (14.2, 40.3) |
| ACR50 | 10% | 28% | 18.5 (8.3, 28.7) | 40% | 30.9 (19.9, 41.8) |
| ACR70 | 5% | 17% | 12.1 (3.9, 20.2) | 14% | 9.7 (1.8, 17.6) |
| Subjects with missing data were treated as non-responders. * Subjects received one concomitant nonbiologic DMARD. a N is number of randomized and treated patients. b The recommended dose of XELJANZ is 5 mg twice daily. |
Table 10: Proportion of Patients with an ACR Response in Study PsA-II* (TNFi Inadequate Responders)
| Treatment Group | Placebo | XELJANZ 5 mg Twice Daily | XELJANZ 10 mgb Twice Daily | ||
| Na | 131 | 131 | 132 | ||
| Response Rate | Response Rate | Difference (%) 95% CI from Placebo | Response Rate | Difference (%) 95% CI from Placebo | |
| Month 3 | |||||
| ACR20 | 24% | 50% | 26.0 (14.7, 37.2) | 47% | 23.3 (12.1, 34.5) |
| ACR50 | 15% | 30% | 15.3 (5.4, 25.2) | 28% | 13.5 (3.8, 23.3) |
| ACR70 | 10% | 17% | 6.9 (-1.3, 15.1) | 14% | 4.5 (-3.4, 12.4) |
| Subjects with missing data were treated as non-responders. * Subjects received one concomitant nonbiologic DMARD. a N is number of randomized and treated patients. b The recommended dose of XELJANZ is 5 mg twice daily. |
Improvements from baseline in the ACR response criteria components for both studies are shown in Table11.
Table 11: Components of ACR Response at Baseline and Month 3 in Studies PsA-I and PsA-II
| Nonbiologic DMARD Inadequate Responders (TNFi-Naïve) | TNFi Inadequate Responders | |||||
| Study PsA-I* | Study PsA-II* | |||||
| Treatment Group | Placebo | XELJANZ 5 mg Twice Daily | XELJANZ 10 mgd Twice Daily | Placebo | XELJANZ 5 mg Twice Daily | XELJANZ 10 mgd Twice Daily |
| N at Baseline | 105 | 107 | 104 | 131 | 131 | 132 |
| ACR Componenta | ||||||
| Number of tender/painful joints (0-68) | ||||||
| Baseline | 20.6 | 20.5 | 20.3 | 19.8 | 20.5 | 25.5 |
| Month 3 | 14.6 | 12.2 | 9.9 | 15.1 | 11.5 | 14.5 |
| Number of swollen joints (0-66) | ||||||
| Baseline | 11.5 | |||||
Included as part of the "PRECAUTIONS" Section
PRECAUTIONS Serious InfectionsSerious and sometimes fatal infections due to bacterial, mycobacterial, invasive fungal, viral, or other opportunistic pathogens have been reported in patients receiving Jaquinus. The most common serious infections reported with Jaquinus included pneumonia, cellulitis, herpes zoster, urinary tract infection, diverticulitis, and appendicitis. Among opportunistic infections, tuberculosis and other mycobacterial infections, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, esophageal candidiasis, pneumocystosis, multidermatomal herpes zoster, cytomegalovirus infections, BK virus infection, and listeriosis were reported with Jaquinus. Some patients have presented with disseminated rather than localized disease, and were often taking concomitant immunomodulating agents such as methotrexate or corticosteroids.
Other serious infections that were not reported in clinical studies may also occur (e.g., coccidioidomycosis).
Avoid use of Jaquinus/Jaquinus XR in patients with an active, serious infection, including localized infections. The risks and benefits of treatment should be considered prior to initiating Jaquinus/Jaquinus XR in patients:
Patients should be closely monitored for the development of signs and symptoms of infection during and after treatment with Jaquinus/Jaquinus XR. Jaquinus/Jaquinus XR should be interrupted if a patient develops a serious infection, an opportunistic infection, or sepsis. A patient who develops a new infection during treatment with Jaquinus/Jaquinus XR should undergo prompt and complete diagnostic testing appropriate for an immunocompromised patient; appropriate antimicrobial therapy should be initiated, and the patient should be closely monitored.
Caution is also recommended in patients with a history of chronic lung disease, or in those who develop interstitial lung disease, as they may be more prone to infections.
Risk of infection may be higher with increasing degrees of lymphopenia and consideration should be given to lymphocyte counts when assessing individual patient risk of infection. Discontinuation and monitoring criteria for lymphopenia are discussed in Dosage Modifications due to Serious Infections and Cytopenias.
TuberculosisPatients should be evaluated and tested for latent or active infection prior to and per applicable guidelines during administration of Jaquinus /Jaquinus XR.
Anti-tuberculosis therapy should also be considered prior to administration of Jaquinus/Jaquinus XR in patients with a past history of latent or active tuberculosis in whom an adequate course of treatment cannot be confirmed, and for patients with a negative test for latent tuberculosis but who have risk factors for tuberculosis infection. Consultation with a physician with expertise in the treatment of tuberculosis is recommended to aid in the decision about whether initiating anti-tuberculosis therapy is appropriate for an individual patient.
Patients should be closely monitored for the development of signs and symptoms of tuberculosis, including patients who tested negative for latent tuberculosis infection prior to initiating therapy.
Patients with latent tuberculosis should be treated with standard antimycobacterial therapy before administering Jaquinus/Jaquinus XR.
Viral ReactivationViral reactivation, including cases of herpes virus reactivation (e.g., herpes zoster), were observed in clinical studies with Jaquinus. The impact of Jaquinus/Jaquinus XR on chronic viral hepatitis reactivation is unknown. Patients who screened positive for hepatitis B or C were excluded from clinical trials. Screening for viral hepatitis should be performed in accordance with clinical guidelines before starting therapy with Jaquinus/Jaquinus XR. The risk of herpes zoster is increased in patients treated with Jaquinus/Jaquinus XR and appears to be higher in patients treated with Jaquinus in Japan and Korea.
Malignancy And Lymphoproliferative DisordersConsider the risks and benefits of Jaquinus/Jaquinus XR treatment prior to initiating therapy in patients with a known malignancy other than a successfully treated non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) or when considering continuing Jaquinus/Jaquinus XR in patients who develop a malignancy. Malignancies were observed in clinical studies of Jaquinus.
In the seven controlled rheumatoid arthritis clinical studies, 11 solid cancers and one lymphoma were diagnosed in 3328 patients receiving Jaquinus with or without DMARD, compared to 0 solid cancers and 0 lymphomas in 809 patients in the placebo with or without DMARD group during the first 12 months of exposure. Lymphomas and solid cancers have also been observed in the long-term extension studies in rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with Jaquinus.
In the 2 controlled Phase 3 clinical trials in patients with active psoriatic arthritis, there were 3 malignancies (excluding NMSC) in 474 patients receiving Jaquinus plus non-biologic DMARD (6 to 12 months exposure) compared with 0 malignancies in 236 patients in the placebo plus non-biologic DMARD group (3 months exposure) and 0 malignancies in 106 patients in the adalimumab plus non-biologic DMARD group (12 months exposure). No lymphomas were reported. Malignancies have also been observed in the long-term extension study in psoriatic arthritis patients treated with Jaquinus.
In Phase 2B, controlled dose-ranging trials in de-novo renal transplant patients, all of whom received induction therapy with basiliximab, high-dose corticosteroids, and mycophenolic acid products, Epstein Barr Virus-associated post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder was observed in 5 out of 218 patients treated with Jaquinus (2.3%) compared to 0 out of 111 patients treated with cyclosporine.
Other malignancies were observed in clinical studies and the post-marketing setting, including, but not limited to, lung cancer, breast cancer, melanoma, prostate cancer, and pancreatic cancer.
Non-Melanoma Skin CancerNon-melanoma skin cancers (NMSCs) have been reported in patients treated with Jaquinus. Periodic skin examination is recommended for patients who are at increased risk for skin cancer.
Gastrointestinal PerforationsEvents of gastrointestinal perforation have been reported in clinical studies with Jaquinus, although the role of JAK inhibition in these events is not known.
Jaquinus/Jaquinus XR should be used with caution in patients who may be at increased risk for gastrointestinal perforation (e.g., patients with a history of diverticulitis). Patients presenting with new onset abdominal symptoms should be evaluated promptly for early identification of gastrointestinal perforation.
Laboratory Abnormalities Lymphocyte AbnormalitiesTreatment with Jaquinus was associated with initial lymphocytosis at one month of exposure followed by a gradual decrease in mean absolute lymphocyte counts below the baseline of approximately 10% during 12 months of therapy. Lymphocyte counts less than 500 cells/mm3 were associated with an increased incidence of treated and serious infections.
Avoid initiation of Jaquinus/Jaquinus XR treatment in patients with a low lymphocyte count (i.e., less than 500 cells/mm3). In patients who develop a confirmed absolute lymphocyte count less than 500 cells/mm3, treatment with Jaquinus/Jaquinus XR is not recommended.
Monitor lymphocyte counts at baseline and every 3 months thereafter. For recommended modifications based on lymphocyte counts.
NeutropeniaTreatment with Jaquinus was associated with an increased incidence of neutropenia (less than 2000 cells/mm3) compared to placebo.
Avoid initiation of Jaquinus/Jaquinus XR treatment in patients with a low neutrophil count (i.e., ANC less than 1000 cells/mm3). For patients who develop a persistent ANC of 500-1000 cells/mm3, interrupt Jaquinus/Jaquinus XR dosing until ANC is greater than or equal to 1000 cells/mm3. In patients who develop an ANC less than 500 cells/mm3, treatment with Jaquinus/Jaquinus XR is not recommended.
Monitor neutrophil counts at baseline and after 4-8 weeks of treatment and every 3 months thereafter. For recommended modifications based on ANC results.
AnemiaAvoid initiation of Jaquinus/Jaquinus XR treatment in patients with a low hemoglobin level (i.e. less than 9 g/dL). Treatment with Jaquinus/Jaquinus XR should be interrupted in patients who develop hemoglobin levels less than 8 g/dL or whose hemoglobin level drops greater than 2 g/dL on treatment.
Monitor hemoglobin at baseline and after 4-8 weeks of treatment and every 3 months thereafter. For recommended modifications based on hemoglobin results.
Liver Enzyme ElevationsTreatment with Jaquinus was associated with an increased incidence of liver enzyme elevation compared to placebo. Most of these abnormalities occurred in studies with background DMARD (primarily methotrexate) therapy.
Routine monitoring of liver tests and prompt investigation of the causes of liver enzyme elevations is recommended to identify potential cases of drug-induced liver injury. If drug-induced liver injury is suspected, the administration of Jaquinus/Jaquinus XR should be interrupted until this diagnosis has been excluded.
Lipid ElevationsTreatment with Jaquinus was associated with increases in lipid parameters including total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. Maximum effects were generally observed within 6 weeks. The effect of these lipid parameter elevations on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality has not been determined.
Assessment of lipid parameters should be performed approximately 4-8 weeks following initiation of Jaquinus/Jaquinus XR therapy.
Manage patients according to clinical guidelines [e.g., National Cholesterol Educational Program (NCEP)] for the management of hyperlipidemia.
VaccinationsAvoid use of live vaccines concurrently with Jaquinus/Jaquinus XR. The interval between live vaccinations and initiation of tofacitinib therapy should be in accordance with current vaccination guidelines regarding immunosuppressive agents.
A patient experienced dissemination of the vaccine strain of varicella zoster virus, 16 days after vaccination with live attenuated (Zostavax) virus vaccine and 2 days after treatment start with tofacitinib 5 mg twice daily. The patient was varicella virus naïve, as evidenced by no previous history of varicella infection and no anti-varicella antibodies at baseline. Tofacitinib was discontinued and the patient recovered after treatment with standard doses of antiviral medication.
Update immunizations in agreement with current immunization guidelines prior to initiating Jaquinus/Jaquinus XR therapy.
General Specific To Jaquinus XRAs with any other non-deformable material, caution should be used when administering Jaquinus XR to patients with pre-existing severe gastrointestinal narrowing (pathologic or iatrogenic). There have been rare reports of obstructive symptoms in patients with known strictures in association with the ingestion of other drugs utilizing a non-deformable extended release formulation.
Patient Counseling InformationAdvise the patient to read the FDA-approved patient labeling (Medication Guide).
Patient CounselingAdvise patients of the potential benefits and risks of Jaquinus/Jaquinus XR.
Serious InfectionInform patients that Jaquinus/Jaquinus XR may lower the ability of their immune system to fight infections. Advise patients not to start taking Jaquinus/Jaquinus XR if they have an active infection. Instruct patients to contact their healthcare provider immediately during treatment if symptoms suggesting infection appear in order to ensure rapid evaluation and appropriate treatment.
Advise patients that the risk of herpes zoster, some cases of which can be serious, is increased in patients treated with Jaquinus.
Malignancies And Lymphoproliferative DisordersInform patients that Jaquinus/Jaquinus XR may increase their risk of certain cancers, and that lymphoma and other cancers have been observed in patients taking Jaquinus. Instruct patients to inform their healthcare provider if they have ever had any type of cancer.
Important Information On Laboratory AbnormalitiesInform patients that Jaquinus/Jaquinus XR may affect certain lab test results, and that blood tests are required before and during Jaquinus/Jaquinus XR treatment.
PregnancyInform patients that Jaquinus/Jaquinus XR should not be used during pregnancy unless clearly necessary, and advise patients to inform their doctors right away if they become pregnant while taking Jaquinus/Jaquinus XR. Inform patients that Pfizer has a registry for pregnant women who have taken Jaquinus/Jaquinus XR during pregnancy. Advise patients to contact the registry at 1-877-311-8972 to enroll. Women of reproductive potential should be advised to use effective contraception during treatment with Jaquinus/Jaquinus XR and for at least 4 weeks after the last dose. Inform patients that they should not breastfeed while taking Jaquinus/Jaquinus XR.
Residual Tablet ShellPatients receiving Jaquinus XR may notice an inert tablet shell passing in the stool or via colostomy. Patients should be informed that the active medication has already been absorbed by the time the patient sees the inert tablet shell.
This product’s label may have been updated. For current full prescribing information, please visit www.pfizer.com.
Nonclinical Toxicology Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment Of FertilityIn a 39-week toxicology study in monkeys, tofacitinib at exposure levels approximately 6 times the human dose (on an AUC basis at oral doses of 5 mg/kg twice daily) produced lymphomas. No lymphomas were observed in this study at exposure levels 1 times the human dose (on an AUC basis at oral doses of 1 mg/kg twice daily).
The carcinogenic potential of tofacitinib was assessed in 6-month rasH2 transgenic mouse carcinogenicity and 2-year rat carcinogenicity studies. Tofacitinib, at exposure levels approximately 34 times the human dose (on an AUC basis at oral doses of 200 mg/kg/day) was not carcinogenic in mice.
In the 24-month oral carcinogenicity study in Sprague-Dawley rats, tofacitinib caused benign Leydig cell tumors, hibernomas (malignancy of brown adipose tissue), and benign thymomas at doses greater than or equal to 30 mg/kg/day (approximately 42 times the exposure levels at the human dose on an AUC basis). The relevance of benign Leydig cell tumors to human risk is not known.
Tofacitinib was not mutagenic in the bacterial reverse mutation assay. It was positive for clastogenicity in the in vitro chromosome aberration assay with human lymphocytes in the presence of metabolic enzymes, but negative in the absence of metabolic enzymes. Tofacitinib was negative in the in vivo rat micronucleus assay and in the in vitro CHO-HGPRT assay and the in vivo rat hepatocyte unscheduled DNA synthesis assay.
In rats, tofacitinib at exposure levels approximately 17 times the human dose (on an AUC basis at oral doses of 10 mg/kg/day) reduced female fertility due to increased post-implantation loss. There was no impairment of female rat fertility at exposure levels of tofacitinib equal to the human dose (on an AUC basis at oral doses of 1 mg/kg/day). Tofacitinib exposure levels at approximately 133 times the human dose (on an AUC basis at oral doses of 100 mg/kg/day) had no effect on male fertility, sperm motility, or sperm concentration.
Use In Specific PopulationsAll information provided in this section is applicable to Jaquinus and Jaquinus XR as they contain the same active ingredient (tofacitinib).
Pregnancy Pregnancy Exposure RegistryThere is a pregnancy exposure registry that monitors pregnancy outcomes in women exposed to Jaquinus/Jaquinus XR during pregnancy. Patients should be encouraged to enroll in the Jaquinus/Jaquinus XR pregnancy registry if they become pregnant. To enroll or obtain information from the registry, patients can call the toll free number 1-877-311-8972.
Risk SummaryThere are no adequate and well-controlled studies of Jaquinus/Jaquinus XR use in pregnant women.
The estimated background risks of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated populations are unknown. The background risks in the U.S. general population of major birth defects and miscarriages are 2-4% and 15-20% of clinically recognized pregnancies, respectively.
Based on animal studies, Jaquinus/Jaquinus XR has the potential to affect a developing fetus. Fetocidal and teratogenic effects were noted when pregnant rats and rabbits received tofacitinib during the period of organogenesis at exposures multiples of 146 times and 13 times the human dose of 5 mg twice daily, respectively. Further, in a peri and post-natal study in rats, tofacitinib resulted in reductions in live litter size, postnatal survival, and pup body weights at exposure multiples of approximately 73 times the human dose of 5 mg twice daily.
DataHuman Data
In the tofacitinib clinical development programs, birth defects and miscarriages were reported.
Animal Data
In a rat embryofetal developmental study, in which pregnant rats received tofacitinib during organogenesis, tofacitinib was teratogenic at exposure levels approximately 146 times the human dose of 5 mg twice daily (on an AUC basis at oral doses of 100 mg/kg/day in rats). Teratogenic effects consisted of external and soft tissue malformations of anasarca and membranous ventricular septal defects, respectively; and skeletal malformations or variations (absent cervical arch; bent femur, fibula, humerus, radius, scapula, tibia, and ulna; sternoschisis; absent rib; misshapen femur; branched rib; fused rib; fused sternebra; and hemicentric thoracic centrum). In addition, there was an increase in post-implantation loss, consisting of early and late resorptions, resulting in a reduced number of viable fetuses. Mean fetal body weight was reduced. No developmental toxicity was observed in rats at exposure levels approximately 58 times the human dose of 5 mg twice daily (on an AUC basis at oral doses of 30 mg/kg/day in pregnant rats).
In a rabbit embryofetal developmental study in which pregnant rabbits received tofacitinib during the period of organogenesis, tofacitinib was teratogenic at exposure levels approximately 13 times the human dose of 5 mg twice daily (on an AUC basis at oral doses of 30 mg/kg/day in rabbits) in the absence of signs of maternal toxicity. Teratogenic effects included thoracogastroschisis, omphalocele, membranous ventricular septal defects, and cranial/skeletal malformations (microstomia, microphthalmia), mid-line and tail defects. In addition, there was an increase in post-implantation loss associated with late resorptions. No developmental toxicity was observed in rabbits at exposure levels approximately 3 times the human dose of 5 mg twice daily (on an AUC basis at oral doses of 10 mg/kg/day in pregnant rabbits).
In a peri- and postnatal development study in pregnant rats that received tofacitinib from gestation day 6 through day 20 of lactation, there were reductions in live litter size, postnatal survival, and pup body weights at exposure levels approximately 73 times the human dose of 5 mg twice daily (on an AUC basis at oral doses of 50 mg/kg/day in rats). There was no effect on behavioral and learning assessments, sexual maturation or the ability of the F1 generation rats to mate and produce viable F2 generation fetuses in rats at exposure levels approximately 17 times the human dose of 5 mg twice daily (on an AUC basis at oral doses of 10 mg/kg/day in rats).
Lactation Risk SummaryIt is not known whether tofacitinib is excreted in human milk. Additionally, there are no data to assess the effects of the drug on the breastfed child. However, tofacitinib is excreted in rat milk at concentrations higher than in maternal serum. Women should not breastfeed while treated with Jaquinus/Jaquinus XR. A decision should be made whether to discontinue breastfeeding or to discontinue Jaquinus/Jaquinus XR.
DataHuman Data
There are no adequate and well-controlled studies of Jaquinus/Jaquinus XR use during breastfeeding.
Animal Data
Following administration of tofacitinib to lactating rats, concentrations of tofacitinib in milk over time paralleled those in serum, and were approximately 2 times higher in milk relative to maternal serum at all time points measured.
Females And Males Of Reproductive Potential ContraceptionFemales
Embryofetal toxicity including malformations occurred in embryofetal development studies in rats and rabbits.
Females of reproductive potential should be advised to use effective contraception during treatment with Jaquinus/Jaquinus XR and for at least 4 weeks after the last dose. Advise females to contact their healthcare provider if they become pregnant, or if pregnancy is suspected, during treatment with Jaquinus/Jaquinus XR.
InfertilityFemales
Based on findings in rats, treatment with Jaquinus/Jaquinus XR may result in reduced fertility in females of reproductive potential.
Pediatric UseThe safety and effectiveness of Jaquinus/Jaquinus XR in pediatric patients have not been established.
Geriatric UseOf the 3315 patients who enrolled in rheumatoid arthritis Studies I to V, a total of 505 rheumatoid arthritis patients were 65 years of age and older, including 71 patients 75 years and older. The frequency of serious infection among Jaquinus-treated subjects 65 years of age and older was higher than among those under the age of 65.
As there is a higher incidence of infections in the elderly population in general, caution should be used when treating the elderly.
Use In DiabeticsAs there is a higher incidence of infection in diabetic population in general, caution should be used when treating patients with diabetes.
Hepatic ImpairmentJaquinus-treated patients with moderate hepatic impairment had greater tofacitinib levels than Jaquinus-treated patients with normal hepatic function. Higher blood levels may increase the risk of some adverse reactions, therefore, the recommended dose is Jaquinus 5 mg once daily in patients with moderate hepatic impairment. Jaquinus/Jaquinus XR has not been studied in patients with severe hepatic impairment; therefore, use of Jaquinus/Jaquinus XR in patients with severe hepatic impairment is not recommended. No dose adjustment is required in patients with mild hepatic impairment. The safety and efficacy of Jaquinus/Jaquinus XR have not been studied in patients with positive hepatitis B virus or hepatitis C virus serology.
Renal ImpairmentJaquinus-treated patients with moderate and severe renal impairment had greater tofacitinib blood levels than Jaquinus-treated patients with normal renal function; therefore, the recommended dose is Jaquinus 5 mg once daily in patients with moderate and severe renal impairment. In clinical trials, Jaquinus/Jaquinus XR was not evaluated in rheumatoid arthritis patients with baseline creatinine clearance values (estimated by the Cockroft-Gault equation) less than 40 mL/ min (or in patients with active psoriatic arthritis with creatinine clearance values less than 50 mL/min). No dose adjustment is required in patients with mild renal impairment.
WARNINGSIncluded as part of the "PRECAUTIONS" Section
PRECAUTIONS Serious InfectionsSerious and sometimes fatal infections due to bacterial, mycobacterial, invasive fungal, viral, or other opportunistic pathogens have been reported in patients receiving XELJANZ. The most common serious infections reported with XELJANZ included pneumonia, cellulitis, herpes zoster, urinary tract infection, diverticulitis, and appendicitis. Among opportunistic infections, tuberculosis and other mycobacterial infections, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis, esophageal candidiasis, pneumocystosis, multidermatomal herpes zoster, cytomegalovirus infections, BK virus infection, and listeriosis were reported with XELJANZ. Some patients have presented with disseminated rather than localized disease, and were often taking concomitant immunomodulating agents such as methotrexate or corticosteroids.
Other serious infections that were not reported in clinical studies may also occur (e.g., coccidioidomycosis).
Avoid use of XELJANZ/XELJANZ XR in patients with an active, serious infection, including localized infections. The risks and benefits of treatment should be considered prior to initiating XELJANZ/XELJANZ XR in patients:
Patients should be closely monitored for the development of signs and symptoms of infection during and after treatment with XELJANZ/XELJANZ XR. XELJANZ/XELJANZ XR should be interrupted if a patient develops a serious infection, an opportunistic infection, or sepsis. A patient who develops a new infection during treatment with XELJANZ/XELJANZ XR should undergo prompt and complete diagnostic testing appropriate for an immunocompromised patient; appropriate antimicrobial therapy should be initiated, and the patient should be closely monitored.
Caution is also recommended in patients with a history of chronic lung disease, or in those who develop interstitial lung disease, as they may be more prone to infections.
Risk of infection may be higher with increasing degrees of lymphopenia and consideration should be given to lymphocyte counts when assessing individual patient risk of infection. Discontinuation and monitoring criteria for lymphopenia are discussed in Dosage Modifications due to Serious Infections and Cytopenias.
TuberculosisPatients should be evaluated and tested for latent or active infection prior to and per applicable guidelines during administration of XELJANZ /XELJANZ XR.
Anti-tuberculosis therapy should also be considered prior to administration of XELJANZ/XELJANZ XR in patients with a past history of latent or active tuberculosis in whom an adequate course of treatment cannot be confirmed, and for patients with a negative test for latent tuberculosis but who have risk factors for tuberculosis infection. Consultation with a physician with expertise in the treatment of tuberculosis is recommended to aid in the decision about whether initiating anti-tuberculosis therapy is appropriate for an individual patient.
Patients should be closely monitored for the development of signs and symptoms of tuberculosis, including patients who tested negative for latent tuberculosis infection prior to initiating therapy.
Patients with latent tuberculosis should be treated with standard antimycobacterial therapy before administering XELJANZ/XELJANZ XR.
Viral ReactivationViral reactivation, including cases of herpes virus reactivation (e.g., herpes zoster), were observed in clinical studies with XELJANZ. The impact of XELJANZ/XELJANZ XR on chronic viral hepatitis reactivation is unknown. Patients who screened positive for hepatitis B or C were excluded from clinical trials. Screening for viral hepatitis should be performed in accordance with clinical guidelines before starting therapy with XELJANZ/XELJANZ XR. The risk of herpes zoster is increased in patients treated with XELJANZ/XELJANZ XR and appears to be higher in patients treated with XELJANZ in Japan and Korea.
Malignancy And Lymphoproliferative DisordersConsider the risks and benefits of XELJANZ/XELJANZ XR treatment prior to initiating therapy in patients with a known malignancy other than a successfully treated non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) or when considering continuing XELJANZ/XELJANZ XR in patients who develop a malignancy. Malignancies were observed in clinical studies of XELJANZ.
In the seven controlled rheumatoid arthritis clinical studies, 11 solid cancers and one lymphoma were diagnosed in 3328 patients receiving XELJANZ with or without DMARD, compared to 0 solid cancers and 0 lymphomas in 809 patients in the placebo with or without DMARD group during the first 12 months of exposure. Lymphomas and solid cancers have also been observed in the long-term extension studies in rheumatoid arthritis patients treated with XELJANZ.
In the 2 controlled Phase 3 clinical trials in patients with active psoriatic arthritis, there were 3 malignancies (excluding NMSC) in 474 patients receiving XELJANZ plus non-biologic DMARD (6 to 12 months exposure) compared with 0 malignancies in 236 patients in the placebo plus non-biologic DMARD group (3 months exposure) and 0 malignancies in 106 patients in the adalimumab plus non-biologic DMARD group (12 months exposure). No lymphomas were reported. Malignancies have also been observed in the long-term extension study in psoriatic arthritis patients treated with XELJANZ.
In Phase 2B, controlled dose-ranging trials in de-novo renal transplant patients, all of whom received induction therapy with basiliximab, high-dose corticosteroids, and mycophenolic acid products, Epstein Barr Virus-associated post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder was observed in 5 out of 218 patients treated with XELJANZ (2.3%) compared to 0 out of 111 patients treated with cyclosporine.
Other malignancies were observed in clinical studies and the post-marketing setting, including, but not limited to, lung cancer, breast cancer, melanoma, prostate cancer, and pancreatic cancer.
Non-Melanoma Skin CancerNon-melanoma skin cancers (NMSCs) have been reported in patients treated with XELJANZ. Periodic skin examination is recommended for patients who are at increased risk for skin cancer.
Gastrointestinal PerforationsEvents of gastrointestinal perforation have been reported in clinical studies with XELJANZ, although the role of JAK inhibition in these events is not known.
XELJANZ/XELJANZ XR should be used with caution in patients who may be at increased risk for gastrointestinal perforation (e.g., patients with a history of diverticulitis). Patients presenting with new onset abdominal symptoms should be evaluated promptly for early identification of gastrointestinal perforation.
Laboratory Abnormalities Lymphocyte AbnormalitiesTreatment with XELJANZ was associated with initial lymphocytosis at one month of exposure followed by a gradual decrease in mean absolute lymphocyte counts below the baseline of approximately 10% during 12 months of therapy. Lymphocyte counts less than 500 cells/mm3 were associated with an increased incidence of treated and serious infections.
Avoid initiation of XELJANZ/XELJANZ XR treatment in patients with a low lymphocyte count (i.e., less than 500 cells/mm3). In patients who develop a confirmed absolute lymphocyte count less than 500 cells/mm3, treatment with XELJANZ/XELJANZ XR is not recommended.
Monitor lymphocyte counts at baseline and every 3 months thereafter. For recommended modifications based on lymphocyte counts.
NeutropeniaTreatment with XELJANZ was associated with an increased incidence of neutropenia (less than 2000 cells/mm3) compared to placebo.
Avoid initiation of XELJANZ/XELJANZ XR treatment in patients with a low neutrophil count (i.e., ANC less than 1000 cells/mm3). For patients who develop a persistent ANC of 500-1000 cells/mm3, interrupt XELJANZ/XELJANZ XR dosing until ANC is greater than or equal to 1000 cells/mm3. In patients who develop an ANC less than 500 cells/mm3, treatment with XELJANZ/XELJANZ XR is not recommended.
Monitor neutrophil counts at baseline and after 4-8 weeks of treatment and every 3 months thereafter. For recommended modifications based on ANC results.
AnemiaAvoid initiation of XELJANZ/XELJANZ XR treatment in patients with a low hemoglobin level (i.e. less than 9 g/dL). Treatment with XELJANZ/XELJANZ XR should be interrupted in patients who develop hemoglobin levels less than 8 g/dL or whose hemoglobin level drops greater than 2 g/dL on treatment.
Monitor hemoglobin at baseline and after 4-8 weeks of treatment and every 3 months thereafter. For recommended modifications based on hemoglobin results.
Liver Enzyme ElevationsTreatment with XELJANZ was associated with an increased incidence of liver enzyme elevation compared to placebo. Most of these abnormalities occurred in studies with background DMARD (primarily methotrexate) therapy.
Routine monitoring of liver tests and prompt investigation of the causes of liver enzyme elevations is recommended to identify potential cases of drug-induced liver injury. If drug-induced liver injury is suspected, the administration of XELJANZ/XELJANZ XR should be interrupted until this diagnosis has been excluded.
Lipid ElevationsTreatment with XELJANZ was associated with increases in lipid parameters including total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. Maximum effects were generally observed within 6 weeks. The effect of these lipid parameter elevations on cardiovascular morbidity and mortality has not been determined.
Assessment of lipid parameters should be performed approximately 4-8 weeks following initiation of XELJANZ/XELJANZ XR therapy.
Manage patients according to clinical guidelines [e.g., National Cholesterol Educational Program (NCEP)] for the management of hyperlipidemia.
VaccinationsAvoid use of live vaccines concurrently with XELJANZ/XELJANZ XR. The interval between live vaccinations and initiation of tofacitinib therapy should be in accordance with current vaccination guidelines regarding immunosuppressive agents.
A patient experienced dissemination of the vaccine strain of varicella zoster virus, 16 days after vaccination with live attenuated (Zostavax) virus vaccine and 2 days after treatment start with tofacitinib 5 mg twice daily. The patient was varicella virus naïve, as evidenced by no previous history of varicella infection and no anti-varicella antibodies at baseline. Tofacitinib was discontinued and the patient recovered after treatment with standard doses of antiviral medication.
Update immunizations in agreement with current immunization guidelines prior to initiating XELJANZ/XELJANZ XR therapy.
General Specific To XELJANZ XRAs with any other non-deformable material, caution should be used when administering XELJANZ XR to patients with pre-existing severe gastrointestinal narrowing (pathologic or iatrogenic). There have been rare reports of obstructive symptoms in patients with known strictures in association with the ingestion of other drugs utilizing a non-deformable extended release formulation.
Patient Counseling InformationAdvise the patient to read the FDA-approved patient labeling (Medication Guide).
Patient CounselingAdvise patients of the potential benefits and risks of XELJANZ/XELJANZ XR.
Serious InfectionInform patients that XELJANZ/XELJANZ XR may lower the ability of their immune system to fight infections. Advise patients not to start taking XELJANZ/XELJANZ XR if they have an active infection. Instruct patients to contact their healthcare provider immediately during treatment if symptoms suggesting infection appear in order to ensure rapid evaluation and appropriate treatment.
Advise patients that the risk of herpes zoster, some cases of which can be serious, is increased in patients treated with XELJANZ.
Malignancies And Lymphoproliferative DisordersInform patients that XELJANZ/XELJANZ XR may increase their risk of certain cancers, and that lymphoma and other cancers have been observed in patients taking XELJANZ. Instruct patients to inform their healthcare provider if they have ever had any type of cancer.
Important Information On Laboratory AbnormalitiesInform patients that XELJANZ/XELJANZ XR may affect certain lab test results, and that blood tests are required before and during XELJANZ/XELJANZ XR treatment.
PregnancyInform patients that XELJANZ/XELJANZ XR should not be used during pregnancy unless clearly necessary, and advise patients to inform their doctors right away if they become pregnant while taking XELJANZ/XELJANZ XR. Inform patients that Pfizer has a registry for pregnant women who have taken XELJANZ/XELJANZ XR during pregnancy. Advise patients to contact the registry at 1-877-311-8972 to enroll. Women of reproductive potential should be advised to use effective contraception during treatment with XELJANZ/XELJANZ XR and for at least 4 weeks after the last dose. Inform patients that they should not breastfeed while taking XELJANZ/XELJANZ XR.
Residual Tablet ShellPatients receiving XELJANZ XR may notice an inert tablet shell passing in the stool or via colostomy. Patients should be informed that the active medication has already been absorbed by the time the patient sees the inert tablet shell.
This product’s label may have been updated. For current full prescribing information, please visit www.pfizer.com.
Nonclinical Toxicology Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment Of FertilityIn a 39-week toxicology study in monkeys, tofacitinib at exposure levels approximately 6 times the human dose (on an AUC basis at oral doses of 5 mg/kg twice daily) produced lymphomas. No lymphomas were observed in this study at exposure levels 1 times the human dose (on an AUC basis at oral doses of 1 mg/kg twice daily).
The carcinogenic potential of tofacitinib was assessed in 6-month rasH2 transgenic mouse carcinogenicity and 2-year rat carcinogenicity studies. Tofacitinib, at exposure levels approximately 34 times the human dose (on an AUC basis at oral doses of 200 mg/kg/day) was not carcinogenic in mice.
In the 24-month oral carcinogenicity study in Sprague-Dawley rats, tofacitinib caused benign Leydig cell tumors, hibernomas (malignancy of brown adipose tissue), and benign thymomas at doses greater than or equal to 30 mg/kg/day (approximately 42 times the exposure levels at the human dose on an AUC basis). The relevance of benign Leydig cell tumors to human risk is not known.
Tofacitinib was not mutagenic in the bacterial reverse mutation assay. It was positive for clastogenicity in the in vitro chromosome aberration assay with human lymphocytes in the presence of metabolic enzymes, but negative in the absence of metabolic enzymes. Tofacitinib was negative in the in vivo rat micronucleus assay and in the in vitro CHO-HGPRT assay and the in vivo rat hepatocyte unscheduled DNA synthesis assay.
In rats, tofacitinib at exposure levels approximately 17 times the human dose (on an AUC basis at oral doses of 10 mg/kg/day) reduced female fertility due to increased post-implantation loss. There was no impairment of female rat fertility at exposure levels of tofacitinib equal to the human dose (on an AUC basis at oral doses of 1 mg/kg/day). Tofacitinib exposure levels at approximately 133 times the human dose (on an AUC basis at oral doses of 100 mg/kg/day) had no effect on male fertility, sperm motility, or sperm concentration.
Use In Specific PopulationsAll information provided in this section is applicable to XELJANZ and XELJANZ XR as they contain the same active ingredient (tofacitinib).
Pregnancy Pregnancy Exposure RegistryThere is a pregnancy exposure registry that monitors pregnancy outcomes in women exposed to XELJANZ/XELJANZ XR during pregnancy. Patients should be encouraged to enroll in the XELJANZ/XELJANZ XR pregnancy registry if they become pregnant. To enroll or obtain information from the registry, patients can call the toll free number 1-877-311-8972.
Risk SummaryThere are no adequate and well-controlled studies of XELJANZ/XELJANZ XR use in pregnant women.
The estimated background risks of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated populations are unknown. The background risks in the U.S. general population of major birth defects and miscarriages are 2-4% and 15-20% of clinically recognized pregnancies, respectively.
Based on animal studies, XELJANZ/XELJANZ XR has the potential to affect a developing fetus. Fetocidal and teratogenic effects were noted when pregnant rats and rabbits received tofacitinib during the period of organogenesis at exposures multiples of 146 times and 13 times the human dose of 5 mg twice daily, respectively. Further, in a peri and post-natal study in rats, tofacitinib resulted in reductions in live litter size, postnatal survival, and pup body weights at exposure multiples of approximately 73 times the human dose of 5 mg twice daily.
DataHuman Data
In the tofacitinib clinical development programs, birth defects and miscarriages were reported.
Animal Data
In a rat embryofetal developmental study, in which pregnant rats received tofacitinib during organogenesis, tofacitinib was teratogenic at exposure levels approximately 146 times the human dose of 5 mg twice daily (on an AUC basis at oral doses of 100 mg/kg/day in rats). Teratogenic effects consisted of external and soft tissue malformations of anasarca and membranous ventricular septal defects, respectively; and skeletal malformations or variations (absent cervical arch; bent femur, fibula, humerus, radius, scapula, tibia, and ulna; sternoschisis; absent rib; misshapen femur; branched rib; fused rib; fused sternebra; and hemicentric thoracic centrum). In addition, there was an increase in post-implantation loss, consisting of early and late resorptions, resulting in a reduced number of viable fetuses. Mean fetal body weight was reduced. No developmental toxicity was observed in rats at exposure levels approximately 58 times the human dose of 5 mg twice daily (on an AUC basis at oral doses of 30 mg/kg/day in pregnant rats).
In a rabbit embryofetal developmental study in which pregnant rabbits received tofacitinib during the period of organogenesis, tofacitinib was teratogenic at exposure levels approximately 13 times the human dose of 5 mg twice daily (on an AUC basis at oral doses of 30 mg/kg/day in rabbits) in the absence of signs of maternal toxicity. Teratogenic effects included thoracogastroschisis, omphalocele, membranous ventricular septal defects, and cranial/skeletal malformations (microstomia, microphthalmia), mid-line and tail defects. In addition, there was an increase in post-implantation loss associated with late resorptions. No developmental toxicity was observed in rabbits at exposure levels approximately 3 times the human dose of 5 mg twice daily (on an AUC basis at oral doses of 10 mg/kg/day in pregnant rabbits).
In a peri- and postnatal development study in pregnant rats that received tofacitinib from gestation day 6 through day 20 of lactation, there were reductions in live litter size, postnatal survival, and pup body weights at exposure levels approximately 73 times the human dose of 5 mg twice daily (on an AUC basis at oral doses of 50 mg/kg/day in rats). There was no effect on behavioral and learning assessments, sexual maturation or the ability of the F1 generation rats to mate and produce viable F2 generation fetuses in rats at exposure levels approximately 17 times the human dose of 5 mg twice daily (on an AUC basis at oral doses of 10 mg/kg/day in rats).
Lactation Risk SummaryIt is not known whether tofacitinib is excreted in human milk. Additionally, there are no data to assess the effects of the drug on the breastfed child. However, tofacitinib is excreted in rat milk at concentrations higher than in maternal serum. Women should not breastfeed while treated with XELJANZ/XELJANZ XR. A decision should be made whether to discontinue breastfeeding or to discontinue XELJANZ/XELJANZ XR.
DataHuman Data
There are no adequate and well-controlled studies of XELJANZ/XELJANZ XR use during breastfeeding.
Animal Data
Following administration of tofacitinib to lactating rats, concentrations of tofacitinib in milk over time paralleled those in serum, and were approximately 2 times higher in milk relative to maternal serum at all time points measured.
Females And Males Of Reproductive Potential ContraceptionFemales
Embryofetal toxicity including malformations occurred in embryofetal development studies in rats and rabbits.
Females of reproductive potential should be advised to use effective contraception during treatment with XELJANZ/XELJANZ XR and for at least 4 weeks after the last dose. Advise females to contact their healthcare provider if they become pregnant, or if pregnancy is suspected, during treatment with XELJANZ/XELJANZ XR.
InfertilityFemales
Based on findings in rats, treatment with XELJANZ/XELJANZ XR may result in reduced fertility in females of reproductive potential.
Pediatric UseThe safety and effectiveness of XELJANZ/XELJANZ XR in pediatric patients have not been established.
Geriatric UseOf the 3315 patients who enrolled in rheumatoid arthritis Studies I to V, a total of 505 rheumatoid arthritis patients were 65 years of age and older, including 71 patients 75 years and older. The frequency of serious infection among XELJANZ-treated subjects 65 years of age and older was higher than among those under the age of 65.
As there is a higher incidence of infections in the elderly population in general, caution should be used when treating the elderly.
Use In DiabeticsAs there is a higher incidence of infection in diabetic population in general, caution should be used when treating patients with diabetes.
Hepatic ImpairmentXELJANZ-treated patients with moderate hepatic impairment had greater tofacitinib levels than XELJANZ-treated patients with normal hepatic function. Higher blood levels may increase the risk of some adverse reactions, therefore, the recommended dose is XELJANZ 5 mg once daily in patients with moderate hepatic impairment. XELJANZ/XELJANZ XR has not been studied in patients with severe hepatic impairment; therefore, use of XELJANZ/XELJANZ XR in patients with severe hepatic impairment is not recommended. No dose adjustment is required in patients with mild hepatic impairment. The safety and efficacy of XELJANZ/XELJANZ XR have not been studied in patients with positive hepatitis B virus or hepatitis C virus serology.
Renal ImpairmentXELJANZ-treated patients with moderate and severe renal impairment had greater tofacitinib blood levels than XELJANZ-treated patients with normal renal function; therefore, the recommended dose is XELJANZ 5 mg once daily in patients with moderate and severe renal impairment. In clinical trials, XELJANZ/XELJANZ XR was not evaluated in rheumatoid arthritis patients with baseline creatinine clearance values (estimated by the Cockroft-Gault equation) less than 40 mL/ min (or in patients with active psoriatic arthritis with creatinine clearance values less than 50 mL/min). No dose adjustment is required in patients with mild renal impairment.
Switching from Jaquinus Tablets to Jaquinus XR Tablets
Patients treated with Jaquinus 5 mg twice daily may be switched to Jaquinus XR 11 mg once daily the day following the last dose of Jaquinus 5 mg.
Dosage In Rheumatoid ArthritisThe recommended dose of Jaquinus is 5 mg twice daily, used in combination with nonbiologic DMARDs.
The recommended dose of Jaquinus XR is 11 mg once daily used in combination with nonbiologic DMARDs.
The efficacy of Jaquinus/Jaquinus XR as a monotherapy has not been studied in psoriatic arthritis.
Dosage Modifications Due To Serious Infections And Cytopenias (See Tables 1, 2, And 3 Below)Table 1: Dose Adjustments for Lymphopenia
| Low Lymphocyte Count | |
| Lab Value (cells/mm3) | Recommendation |
| Lymphocyte count greater than or equal to 500 | Maintain dose |
| Lymphocyte count less than 500 (Confirmed by repeat testing) | Discontinue Jaquinus/Jaquinus XR |
Table 2: Dose Adjustments for Neutropenia
| Low ANC | |
| Lab Value (cells/mm3) | Recommendation |
| ANC greater than 1000 | Maintain dose |
| ANC 500-1000 | For persistent decreases in this range, interrupt dosing until ANC is greater than 1000
|
| ANC less than 500 (Confirmed by repeat testing) | Discontinue Jaquinus/Jaquinus XR |
Table 3: Dose Adjustments for Anemia
| Low Hemoglobin Value | |
| Lab Value (g/dL) | Recommendation |
| Less than or equal to 2 g/dL decrease and greater than or equal to 9.0 g/dL | Maintain dose |
| Greater than 2 g/dL decrease or less than 8.0 g/dL (Confirmed by repeat testing) | Interrupt the administration of Jaquinus/ Jaquinus XR until hemoglobin values have normalized |
Switching from XELJANZ Tablets to XELJANZ XR Tablets
Patients treated with XELJANZ 5 mg twice daily may be switched to XELJANZ XR 11 mg once daily the day following the last dose of XELJANZ 5 mg.
Dosage In Rheumatoid ArthritisThe recommended dose of XELJANZ is 5 mg twice daily, used in combination with nonbiologic DMARDs.
The recommended dose of XELJANZ XR is 11 mg once daily used in combination with nonbiologic DMARDs.
The efficacy of XELJANZ/XELJANZ XR as a monotherapy has not been studied in psoriatic arthritis.
Dosage Modifications Due To Serious Infections And Cytopenias (See Tables 1, 2, And 3 Below)Table 1: Dose Adjustments for Lymphopenia
| Low Lymphocyte Count | |
| Lab Value (cells/mm3) | Recommendation |
| Lymphocyte count greater than or equal to 500 | Maintain dose |
| Lymphocyte count less than 500 (Confirmed by repeat testing) | Discontinue XELJANZ/XELJANZ XR |
Table 2: Dose Adjustments for Neutropenia
| Low ANC | |
| Lab Value (cells/mm3) | Recommendation |
| ANC greater than 1000 | Maintain dose |
| ANC 500-1000 | For persistent decreases in this range, interrupt dosing until ANC is greater than 1000
|
| ANC less than 500 (Confirmed by repeat testing) | Discontinue XELJANZ/XELJANZ XR |
Table 3: Dose Adjustments for Anemia
| Low Hemoglobin Value | |
| Lab Value (g/dL) | Recommendation |
| Less than or equal to 2 g/dL decrease and greater than or equal to 9.0 g/dL | Maintain dose |
| Greater than 2 g/dL decrease or less than 8.0 g/dL (Confirmed by repeat testing) | Interrupt the administration of XELJANZ/ XELJANZ XR until hemoglobin values have normalized |
