In the event of overdosage with Hotemin, supportive and symptomatic therapy is indicated. Studies indicate that administration of activated charcoal may result in reduced re-absorption of piroxicam, thus reducing the total amount of active drug available.
Although there are no studies to date, haemodialysis is probably not useful in enhancing elimination of piroxicam since the drug is highly protein-bound.
History of gastro-intestinal ulceration, bleeding or perforation.
Patient history of gastrointestinal disorders that predispose to bleeding disorders such as ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, gastrointestinal cancers or diverticulitis.
Patients with active peptic ulcer, inflammatory gastrointestinal disorder or gastrointestinal bleeding.
Concomitant use with other NSAIDs, including COX-2 selective NSAIDs and acetylsalicylic acid at analgesic doses.
Concomitant use with anticoagulants.
History of previous serious allergic drug reaction of any type, especially cutaneous reactions such as erythema multiforme, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis.
Hypersensitivity to the active substance or the excipients, previous skin reaction (regardless of severity) to piroxicam, other NSAIDs and other medications.
Patients in whom aspirin and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs induce the symptoms of asthma, nasal polyps, angioedema or urticaria.
Severe heart failure.
During the last trimester of pregnancy.
None stated.
| System Organ Class | Very Common >1/10 | Common >1/100 to <1/10 | Uncommon >1/1000 to <1/100 | Rare >1/10 000 to <1 000 | Very Rare <1/10000 | Not Known (cannot be estimated from available data) |
| Blood and lymphatic system disorders | Anaemia Eosinophilia Leucopenia Thrombo-cytopenia | Aplastic anaemia Haemolytic anaemia | ||||
| Immune system disorders | Anaphylaxis Serum sickness | |||||
| Metabolism and nutrition disorders | Anorexia Hyperglycaemia | Hypoglycaemia | Fluid retention | |||
| Psychiatric disorders | Depression Dream abnormalities Hallucinations Insomnia Mental confusion Mood alterations Nervousness | |||||
| Nervous system disorders | Dizziness Headache Somnolence Vertigo | Paresthesia | ||||
| Eye disorders | Blurred vision | Eye irritations Swollen eyes | ||||
| Ear and labyrinth disorders | Tinnitus | Hearing impairment | ||||
| Cardiac disorders | Palpitations | Cardiac failure Arterial thrombotic events | ||||
| Vascular disorders | Vasculitis Hypertension | |||||
| Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders | Bronchospasm Dyspnoea Epistaxis | |||||
| Gastrointestinal disorders | Abdominal discomfort Abdominal pain Constipation Diarrhoea Epigastric distress Flatulence Nausea Vomiting Indigestion | Stomatitis | Gastritis Gastrointestinal bleeding (including hematemesis and melena) Pancreatitis Perforation Ulceration | |||
| Hepatobiliary disorders | Fatal hepatitis Jaundice | |||||
| Renal and urinary disorders | Interstitial nephritis Nephrotic syndrome Renal failure Renal papillary necrosis | |||||
| Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders | Pruritis Skin rash | Severe cutaneous adverse reactions (SCARs): Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) | Alopecia Angioedema Dermatitis exfoliative Erythema multiforme Non-thrombocytopenic purpura (Henoch-Schoenlein) Onycholysis Photoallergic reactions Urticaria Vesiculo bullous reactions | |||
| Reproductive system and breast disorders | Female fertility decreased | |||||
| General disorders and administration site conditions | Oedema (mainly of the ankle) | Malaise | ||||
| Investigations | Increased serum transaminase levels Weight increase | Positive ANA Weight decrease Decreases in hemoglobin and hematocrit unassociated with obvious gastro-intestinal bleeding |
Gastrointestinal: These are the most commonly encountered side-effects but in most instances do not interfere with the course of therapy.
Objective evaluations of gastric mucosa appearances and intestinal blood loss show that 20mg/day of Hotemin administered either in single or divided doses is significantly less irritating to the gastrointestinal tract than aspirin.
Some epidemiological studies have suggested that piroxicam is associated with higher risk of gastrointestinal adverse reactions compared with some NSAIDs, but this has not been confirmed in all studies. Administration of doses exceeding 20mg daily (of more than several days duration) carries an increased risk of gastrointestinal side effects, but they may also occur with lower doses.
Oedema, hypertension, and cardiac failure, have been reported in association with NSAID treatment. The possibility of precipitating congestive heart failure in elderly patients or those with compromised cardiac function should therefore be borne in mind.
Clinical trial and epidemiological data suggest that use of some NSAIDs (particularly at high doses and in long term treatment) may be associated with a small increased risk of arterial thrombotic events (for example myocardial infarction or stroke).
Liver function: Changes in various liver function parameters have been observed. Although such reactions are rare, if abnormal liver function tests persist or worsen, if clinical symptoms consistent with liver disease develop, or if systemic manifestations occur (e.g.eosinophilia, rash etc.), Hotemin should be discontinued.
Other: Routine ophthalmoscopy and slit-lamp examination have revealed no evidence of ocular changes.
None stated.
Hotemin is indicated for symptomatic relief of osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis or ankylosing spondylitis.
Due to its safety profile , Hotemin is not a first line option should an NSAID be indicated. The decision to prescribe Hotemin should be based on an assessment of the individual patient's overall risks.
Piroxicam is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent which also possesses analgesic and antipyretic properties. Oedema, erythema, tissue proliferation, fever and pain can all be inhibited in laboratory animals by the administration of piroxicam. It is effective regardless of the aetiology of the inflammation. While its mode of action is not fully understood, independent studies in vitro as well as in vivo have shown that piroxicam interacts at several steps in the immune and inflammation responses through:
Inhibition of prostanoid synthesis, including prostaglandins, through a reversible inhibition of the cyclo-oxygenase enzyme.
Inhibition of neutrophil aggregation.
Inhibition of polymorphonuclear cell and monocyte migration to the area of inflammation.
Inhibition of lyosomal enzyme release from stimulated leucocytes.
Reduction of both systemic and synovial fluid rheumatoid factor production in patients with seropositive rheumatoid arthritis.
It is established that piroxicam does not act by pituitary-adrenal axis stimulation. In-vitro studies have not revealed any negative effects on cartilage metabolism.
Piroxicam is well absorbed following oral or rectal administration. With food there is a slight delay in the rate but not the extent of absorption following administration. The plasma half-life is approximately 50 hours in man and stable plasma concentrations are maintained throughout the day on once-daily dosage. Continuous treatment with 20mg/day for periods of 1 year produces similar blood levels to those seen once steady state is first achieved.
Drug plasma concentrations are proportional for 10 and 20mg doses and generally peak within 3 to 5 hours after medication. A single 20mg dose generally produces peak piroxicam plasma levels of 1.5 to 2 mcg/ml while maximum plasma concentrations, after repeated daily ingestion of 20mg piroxicam, usually stabilise at 3 to 8 mcg/ml. Most patients approximate steady state plasma levels within 7 to 12 days.
Treatment with a loading dose regimen of 40mg daily for the first 2 days followed by 20mg daily thereafter allows a high percentage (approximately 76%) of steady state levels to be achieved immediately following the second dose. Steady state levels, area under the curves and elimination half-life are similar to that following a 20mg daily dose regimen.
A multiple dose comparative study of the bioavailability of the injectable forms with the oral capsule has shown that after intramuscular administration of piroxicam, plasma levels are significantly higher than those obtained after ingestion of capsules during the 45 minutes following administration the first day, during 30 minutes the second day and 15 minutes the seventh day. Bioequivalence exists between the two dosage forms.
A multiple dose comparative study of the pharmacokinetics and the bioavailability of Hotemin FDDF with the oral capsule has shown that after once daily administration for 14 days, the mean plasma piroxicam concentration time profiles for capsules and Hotemin FDDF were nearly superimposable. There were no significant differences between the mean steady state Cmax values, Cmin values, T½, or Tmax values. This study concluded that Hotemin FDDF (Fast Dissolving Dosage Form) is bioequivalent to the capsule after once daily dosing. Single dose studies have demonstrated bioequivalence as well when the tablet is taken with or without water.
Piroxicam is extensively metabolised and less than 5% of the daily dose is excreted unchanged in urine and faeces. Piroxicam metabolism is predominantly mediated via cytochrome P450 CYP 2C9 in the liver. One important metabolic pathway is hydroxylation of the pyridyl ring of the piroxicam side-chain, followed by conjugation with glucuronic acid and urinary elimination.
Patients who are known or suspected to be poor CYP2C9 metabolizers based on previous history/experience with other CYP2C9 substrates should be administered piroxicam with caution as they may have abnormally high plasma levels due to reduced metabolic clearance.
Pharmacogenetics:
CYP2C9 activity is reduced in individuals with genetic polymorphisms, such as the CYP2C9*2 and CYP2C9*3 polymorphisms. Limited data from two published reports showed that subjects with heterozygous CYP2C9*1/*2 (n=9), heterozygous CYP2C9*1/*3 (n=9), and homozygous CYP2C9*3/*3 (n=1) genotypes showed 1.7-, 1.7-, and 5.3-fold higher piroxicam systemic levels, respectively, than the subjects with CYP2C9*1/*1 (n=17, normal metabolizer genotype) following administration of an oral single dose. The mean elimination half life values of piroxicam for subjects with CYP2C9*1/*3 (n=9) and CYP2C9*3/*3 (n=1) genotypes were 1.7- and 8.8-fold higher than subjects with CYP2C9*1/*1 (n=17). It is estimated that the frequency of the homozygous*3/*3 genotype is 0% to 5.7% in various ethnic groups.
The clinical benefit and tolerability should be re-evaluated periodically and treatment should be immediately discontinued at the first appearance of cutaneous reactions or relevant gastrointestinal events.
Gastrointestinal (GI) Effects, Risk of GI Ulceration, Bleeding, and Perforation
NSAIDs, including piroxicam, can cause serious gastrointestinal events including bleeding, ulceration, and perforation of the stomach, small intestine or large intestine, which can be fatal. These serious adverse events can occur at any time, with or without warning symptoms, in patients treated with NSAIDs.
NSAID exposures of both short and long duration have an increased risk of serious GI event. Evidence from observational studies suggests that piroxicam may be associated with a high risk of serious gastrointestinal toxicity, relative to other NSAIDs.
Patients with significant risk factors for serious GI events should be treated with piroxicam only after careful consideration.
The possible need for combination therapy with gastro-protective agents (e.g. misoprostol or proton pump inhibitors) should be carefully considered.
Serious GI Complications
Identification of at-risk subjects
The risk for developing serious GI complications increases with age.).).
Patients who are known or suspected to be poor CYP2C9 metabolizers based on previous history/experience with other CYP2C9 substrates should be administered piroxicam with caution as they may have abnormally high plasma levels due to reduced metabolic clearance.
Skin reactions
Life-threatening cutaneous reactions (Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN)) have been reported with the use of piroxicam.
Patients should be advised of the signs and symptoms and monitored closely for skin reactions. The highest risk for occurrence of SJS or TEN is within the first weeks of treatment.
If symptoms or signs of SJS or TEN (e.g. progressive skin rash often with blisters or mucosal lesions) are present, piroxicam treatment should be discontinued. The best results in managing SJS and TEN come from early diagnosis and immediate discontinuation of any suspect drug. Early withdrawal is associated with a better prognosis.
If the patient has developed SJS or TEN with the use of piroxicam, piroxicam must not be re-started in this patient at any time.
Serious skin reactions, some of them fatal, including exfoliative dermatitis, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, and toxic epidermal necrolysis, have been reported very rarely in association with the use of NSAIDs. Evidence from observational studies suggests that piroxicam may be associated with a higher risk of serious skin reaction than other non-oxicam NSAIDs. Patients appear to be at highest risk of these reactions early in the course of therapy, the onset of the reaction occurring in the majority of cases within the first month of treatment. Piroxicam should be discontinued at the first appearance of skin rash, mucosal lesions, or any other sign of hypersensitivity.
Hotemin should be used with caution in patients with renal, hepatic and cardiac impairment. In rare cases, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may cause interstitial nephritis, glomerulitis, papillary necrosis and the nephrotic syndrome. Such agents inhibit the synthesis of the prostaglandin which plays a supportive role in the maintenance of renal perfusion in patients whose renal blood flow and blood volume are decreased. In these patients, administration of a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug may precipitate overt renal decompensation, which is typically followed by recovery to pre-treatment state upon discontinuation of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory therapy. Patients at greatest risk of such a reaction are with congestive heart failure, liver cirrhosis, nephrotic syndrome and overt renal disease; such patients should be carefully monitored whilst receiving NSAID therapy. Because of reports of adverse eye findings with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, it is recommended that patients who develop visual complaints during treatment with Hotemin have ophthalmic evaluation.
Impaired female fertility
The use of Hotemin may impair female fertility and is not recommended in women attempting to conceive. In women who have difficulties conceiving or who are undergoing investigation of infertility, withdrawal of Hotemin should be considered.
Undesirable effects such as dizziness, drowsiness, fatigue and visual disturbances are possible after taking NSAIDs. If affected, patients should not drive or operate machinery.
The prescription of Hotemin should be initiated by physicians with experience in the diagnostic evaluation and treatment of patients with inflammatory or degenerative rheumatic diseases.
The maximum recommended daily dose is 20 mg.
Undesirable effects may be minimised by using the minimum effective dose for the shortest duration necessary to control symptoms. The benefit and tolerability of treatment should be reviewed within 14 days. If continued treatment is considered necessary, this should be accompanied by frequent review.
Given that piroxicam has been shown to be associated with an increased risk of gastrointestinal complications, the need for possible combination therapy with gastro-protective agents (e.g. misoprostol or proton pump inhibitors) should be carefully considered, in particular for elderly patients.
Use in the elderly
Elderly, frail or debilitated patients may tolerate side-effects less well and such patients should be carefully supervised. As with other NSAIDs, caution should be used in the treatment of elderly patients who are more likely to be suffering from impaired renal, hepatic or cardiac function.
For oral administration. To be taken preferably with or after food.
Undesirable effects may be minimised by using the lowest effective dose for the shortest duration necessary to control symptoms.
No special requirements.
