Symptoms
Due to the low number of observations, experience with dipyridamole overdose is limited. Symptoms such as a warm feeling, flushes, sweating, restlessness, feeling of weakness, dizziness and anginal complaints can be expected. A drop in blood pressure and tachycardia might be observed.
Therapy
Symptomatic therapy is recommended. Administration of xanthine derivatives (e.g. aminophylline) may reverse the haemodynamic effects of dipyridamole overdose. Due to its wide distribution to tissues and its predominantly hepatic elimination, dipyridamole is not likely to be accessible to enhanced removal procedures.
Hypersensitivity to any of the components of the product.
In case of rare hereditary conditions that may be incompatible with an excipient of the product (please refer to Special warnings and precautions for use) the use of the product is contraindicated.
Not applicable.
Adverse effects at therapeutic doses are usually mild and transient
The following side effects have been reported, frequencies have been assigned based on aclinical trial (ESPS-2) in which 1654 patients received dipyridamole alone.
Frequencies
| Very common Common Uncommon Rare Very rare | > 1/10 > 1/100 < 1/10 > 1/1,000< 1/100 > 1/10,000 < 1/1,000 < 1/10,000 |
| Blood and lymphatic system disorders | |
| Thrombocytopenia | not known |
| Immune system disorders | |
| Hypersensitivity Angioedema | not known not known |
| Nervous system disorders | |
| Headache Dizziness | very common very common |
| Cardiac disorders | |
| angina pectoris tachycardia | common not known |
| Vascular disorders | |
| Hypotension Hot flush | not known not known |
| Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders | |
| Bronchospasm | not known |
| Gastrointestinal disorders | |
| Diarrhoea Nausea Vomiting | very common very common common |
| Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders | |
| Rash Urticaria | common not known |
| Musculoskeletal, connective tissue and bone disorders | |
| Myalgia | common |
| Injury, poisoning and procedural complications | |
| post procedural haemorrhage operative haemorrhage | not known not known |
Reporting of suspected adverse reactions
Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit / risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reactions via the Yellow Card Scheme at: www.mhra.gov.uk/yellowcard
Dipyridamole has been extensively investigated in animal models and no clinically significant findings have been observed at doses equivalent to therapeutic doses in humans.
An adjunct to oral anti-coagulation for prophylaxis of thrombo-embolism associated with prosthetic heart valves.
Dipyridamole inhibits the uptake of adenosine into erythrocytes, platelets and endothelial cells in vitro and in vivo; the inhibition amounts to 80% at its maximum and occurs dose-dependently at therapeutic concentrations (0.5 - 2 µg/mL). Consequently, there is an increased concentration of adenosine locally to act on the platelet A2-receptor, stimulating platelet adenylate cyclase, thereby increasing platelet cAMP levels. Thus, platelet aggregation in response to various stimuli such as PAF, collagen and ADP is inhibited. Reduced platelet aggregation reduces platelet consumption towards normal levels. In addition, adenosine has a vasodilator effect and this is one of the mechanisms by which dipyridamole produces vasodilation.
Dipyridamole inhibits phosphodiesterase (PDE) in various tissues. Whilst the inhibition of cAMP-PDE is weak, therapeutic levels inhibit cGMP-PDE, thereby augmenting the increase in cGMP produced by EDRF (endothelium-derived relaxing factor, identified as NO).
Dipyridamole also stimulates the biosynthesis and release of prostacyclin by the endothelium.
Dipyridamole reduces the thrombogenicity of subendothelial structures by increasing the concentration of the protective mediator 13-HODE (13-hydroxyoctadecadienic acid)
After dosing with the sugar-coated tablets there is a lag time of 10 - 15 min associated with disintegration of the tablet and gastric emptying. Thereafter the drug is rapidly absorbed and peak plasma concentrations are attained after 1 hour. Geometric mean (range) peak plasma concentrations at steady state conditions with 75 mg t.d.s. were 1.86 µg/mL (1.23 - 3.27 µg/mL), and at trough were 0.13 µg/mL (0.06 - 0.26 µg/mL). With 75 mg q.i.d. corresponding peak concentrations were 1.54 µg/mL (0.975 - 2.17 μg/mL), trough concentrations were 0.269 µg/mL (0.168 - 0.547 µg/mL). With 100 mg q.i.d. corresponding peak concentrations were 2.36 µg/mL (1.13 - 3.81 µg/mL), trough concentrations were 0.432 µg/mL (0.186 - 1.38 µg/mL). The dose linearity of dipyridamole after single dose administration was demonstrated in the range from 25 to 150 mg.
Pharmacokinetic evaluations as well as experimental results in steady state conditions indicate that t.d.s. or q.d.s. dosage regimens are suitable. Treatment with dipyridamole tablets at steady state provides absolute bioavailability of approx. 60% and relative bioavailability of approx. 95% compared to an orally administered solution. This is partly due to a first-pass-effect from the liver which removes approx. 1/3 of the dose administered and partly to incomplete absorption.
Distribution
Owing to its high lipophilicity, log P 3.92 (n-octanol/0.1 N, NaOH), dipyridamole distributes to many organs.
Non-clinical studies indicate that, dipyridamole is distributed preferentially to the liver, then to the lungs, kidneys, spleen and heart, it does not cross the blood-brain barrier to a significant extent and shows a very low placental transfer. Non-clinical data have also shown that dipyridamole can be excreted in breast milk.
Protein binding of dipyridamole is about 97 - 99%; primarily it is bound to alpha 1-acid glycoprotein and albumin.
Metabolism
Metabolism of dipyridamole occurs in the liver. Dipyridamole is metabolized by conjugation with glucuronic acid to form mainly a monoglucuronide and only small amounts of diglucuronide. In plasma about 80% of the total amount is parent compound, 20% of the total amount is monoglucuronide with oral administration.
Elimination
Dominant half-lives ranging from 2.2 to 3 hours have been calculated after the administration of Drisentin. A prolonged terminal elimination half-life of approximately 15 h is observed. This terminal elimination phase is of relatively minor importance in that it represents a small proportion of the total AUC, as evidenced by the fact that steady-state is achieved within 2 days with both t.d.s. and q.d.s., regimens. There is no significant accumulation of the drug with repeated dosing. Renal excretion of parent compound is negligible (< 0.5%). Urinary excretion of the glucuronide metabolite is low (5%), the metabolites are mostly (about 95%) excreted via the bile into the faeces, with some evidence of entero-hepatic recirculation. Total clearance is approx. 250 mL/min and mean residence time is approx. 8 h (resulting from an intrinsic MRT of approx. 6.4 h and a mean time of absorption of 1.4 h).
Elderly subjects
Plasma concentrations (determined as AUC) in elderly subjects (> 65 years) were about 50% higher for tablet treatment and about 30% higher with intake of Drisentin 200 mg modified release capsules than in young (<55 years) subjects. The difference is caused mainly by reduced clearance; absorption appears to be similar. A similar increase in plasma concentrations in elderly patients was observed in the ESPS2 study.
Hepatic impairment
Patients with hepatic insufficiency show no change in plasma concentrations of dipyridamole, but an increase of (pharmacodynamically inactive) glucuronides. It is suggested to dose dipyridamole without restriction as long as there is no clinical evidence of liver failure.
Renal impairment
Since renal excretion is very low (5%), no change in pharmacokinetics is to be expected in cases of renal insufficiency. In the ESPS2 trial, in patients with creatinine clearances ranging from about 15 mL/min to >100 mL/min, no changes were observed in the pharmacokinetics of dipyridamole or its glucuronide metabolite if data were corrected for differences in age.
Among other properties, dipyridamole acts as a vasodilator. It should be used with caution in patients with severe coronary artery disease, including unstable angina and/or recent myocardial infarction, left ventricular outflow obstruction or haemodynamic instability (e.g. decompensated heart failure).
Patients being treated with regular oral doses of Drisentin should not receive additional intravenous dipyridamole. Clinical experience suggests that patients being treated with oral dipyridamole who also require pharmacological stress testing with intravenous dipyridamole, should discontinue drugs containing oral dipyridamole for twenty-four hours prior to stress testing.
In patients with myasthenia gravis, readjustment of therapy may be necessary after changes in dipyridamole dosage (see Drug Interactions).
Drisentin should be used with caution in patients with coagulation disorders.
A small number of cases have been reported in which unconjugated dipyridamole was shown to be incorporated into gallstones to a variable extent (upto 70% by dry weight of stone). These patients were all elderly, had evidence of ascending cholangitis and had been treated with oral dipyridamole for a number of years. There is no evidence that dipyridamole was the initiating factor in causing gallstones to form in these patients. It is possible that bacterial deglucuronidation of conjugated dipyridamole in the bile may be the mechanism responsible for the presence of dipyridamole in gallstones.
One sugar coated tablet contains 49 mg sucrose, resulting in 294 mg sucrose per maximum recommended daily dose for adults. Patients with the rare hereditary conditions of fructose intolerance should not take this medicine.
No studies on the effects on the ability to drive and use machines have been performed.
However, patients should be advised that they may experience undesirable effects such as dizziness during treatment with Drisentin. If patients experience dizziness they should avoid potentially hazardous tasks such as driving or operating machinery.
Adults:
300-600 mg daily in three or four doses.
Children:
Drisentin is not recommended for children.
Drisentin should usually be taken before meals.
None.
