Signs and symptoms of overdosage are likely to consist of leucopenia, thrombocytopenia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, skin reactions and alopecia. Treatment should be symptomatic.
-
- Women of childbearing potential not using contraceptive measures.
- Breast-feeding.
- Concomitant vaccination with yellow fever vaccine.
In the absence of compatibility studies, this medicinal product must not be mixed with other medicinal products.
A number of published reports comprising more than 1000 patients have demonstrated a uniform pattern of dose dependent adverse reactions. Most common adverse reactions are nausea/vomiting, bone marrow suppression (neutropenia, thrombocytopenia), injection site reactions, diarrhoea, stomatitis and increase in hepatic transaminases (ALT/AST). All adverse reactions have been rapidly reversible.
The following information is based on two clinical studies, TT01 and TT02, of Dexarazoxane Martian administered to extravasation patients already receiving cycles of chemotherapeutic agents.
The adverse reactions were those typically seen with standard chemotherapy and also with dexrazoxane: Nausea/vomiting in about one third of the patients, neutropenia and thrombocytopenia in about half of the patients, more rarely increased concentration of liver enzymes (ALT/AST).
Adverse reactions observed in the two studies are listed below.
Incidence of adverse reactions (MedDRA) in studies TT01 and TT02 (n=80 patients)
(Note that numbers for Blood and Lymphatic System Disorders are described in a separate table of laboratory examinations)
Adverse reactions reported are listed according to the following frequency:
Very common (>1/10)
Common (>1/100 to <1/10)
Uncommon (>1/1,000 to <1/100)
Rare (>1/10,000 to <1/1,000)
Very rare (<1/10,000)
| System Organ Classes (SOC) | Frequency | Adverse reactions |
| Infections and infestations | Very common | Postoperative infection |
| Common | Infection | |
| Neutropenic infection | ||
| Immune system disorders | Not known | Anaphylactic reactions |
| Not known | Hypersensitivity | |
| Metabolism and nutrition disorders | Common | Decreased appetite |
| Nervous system disorders | Common | Dizziness |
| Sensory loss | ||
| Syncope | ||
| Tremor | ||
| Vascular disorders | Common | Phlebitis |
| Superficial thrombophlebitis | ||
| Venous thrombosis limb | ||
| Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders | Common | Dyspnoea |
| Pneumonia | ||
| Gastrointestinal disorders | Very common | Nausea |
| Common | Vomiting | |
| Diarrhoea | ||
| Stomatitis | ||
| Dry mouth | ||
| Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders | Common | Alopecia |
| Pruritus | ||
| Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders | Common | Myalgia |
| Reproductive system and breast disorders | Common | Vaginal haemorrhage |
| General disorders and administration site conditions | Very common | Injection site pain |
| Common | Pyrexia | |
| Injection site phlebitis | ||
| Injection site erythema | ||
| Fatigue | ||
| Injection site induration | ||
| Injection site swelling | ||
| Peripheral oedema | ||
| Somnolence | ||
| Investigations | Common | Weight decreased |
| Injury, poisoning and procedural complications | Common | Wound complication |
Incidence of laboratory abnormalities in TT01 and TT02 (n=80 patients)
| Lab test | No of patients with post baseline value | CTC grade 3-4 | |
| N | % | ||
| Haemoglobin | 80 | 2 | 2.5% |
| WBC | 80 | 36 | 45.0% |
| Neutrophils | 78 | 36 | 46.2% |
| Platelets | 80 | 17 | 21.3% |
| Sodium (Hypo) | 79 | 5 | 6.3% |
| Potassium (Hypo) | 79 | 2 | 2.5% |
| Potassium (Hyper) | 79 | 0 | 0.0% |
| Alkaline Phosphatase | 77 | 0 | 0.0% |
| Bilirubin | 77 | 1 | 1.3% |
| AST | 57 | 2 | 3.5% |
| ALT | 71 | 3 | 3.9% |
| Creatinine | 76 | 2 | 2.6% |
| LDH | 78 | 0 | 0.0% |
| Calcium Total (Hypo) | 28 | 2 | 7.1% |
Reporting of suspected adverse reactions
Reporting suspected adverse reactions after authorisation of the medicinal product is important. It allows continued monitoring of the benefit/risk balance of the medicinal product. Healthcare professionals are asked to report any suspected adverse reaction via:
Ireland
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Yellow Card Scheme
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Repeat-dose toxicity studies with dexrazoxane have shown that primary target organs were tissues that undergo rapid cell division: bone marrow, lymphoid tissue, testes and digestive tract. Myelosuppression is thus common. The apparent effects were greater during chronic than acute administration. The toxicity in combination with doxorubicin was additive and not synergistic.
Dexrazoxane has been shown to possess mutagenic activity. The carcinogenic potential of dexrazoxane has not been investigated, however, razoxane (the racemic mixture of dexrazoxane and levrazoxane) has been reported to be associated with the development of malignancies in mice (lymphoid neoplasms) and rats (uterine carcinomas) after administration for a prolonged period of time. Both of these effects are expected for this class of compound.
The related razoxane has been demonstrated to be embryotoxic in mice, rats and rabbits and teratogenic in rats and mice.
When mice with experimental daunorubicin extravasation were treated with dexrazoxane systemically combined with topical treatment with DMSO on the daunorubicin-affected skin area, 67 % of the mice developed small skin wounds, whereas dexrazoxane treatment alone completely prevented the daunorubicin-induced skin necrosis in another group of mice. Thus, dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) should not be used in patients who are administered dexrazoxane to treat anthracycline extravasation.
Dexarazoxane Martian is indicated in adults for the treatment of anthracycline extravasation.
Pharmacotherapeutic group: Detoxifying agents for antineoplastic agents, ATC code: V03AF02
Two pharmacodynamic properties of dexrazoxane are described in the literature:
1. Prevention of anthracycline cardiotoxicity, and
2. Antineoplastic action
Mechanism of action
Dexrazoxane has two major mechanisms of action:
1. Chelation of iron, especially through its ring-opened metabolite thus reducing the iron-dependent oxidative stress causing anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity.
2. Inhibition of topoisomerase II.
It is not known to what extent each of these mechanisms contributes to the preventive effect on tissue destruction following anthracycline extravasation.
The chelating property is probably also responsible for an increased urinary excretion of iron and zinc and a decreased serum concentration of calcium as described in a few studies.
Clinical efficacy and safety
The clinical programme for Dexarazoxane Martian (dexrazoxane) included two open, single-arm, multicentre studies.
The overall purpose of each trial was to investigate the efficacy of intravenous Dexarazoxane Martian in preventing tissue damage from accidentally extravasated anthracycline, and thus preventing the patients from undergoing the routinely used surgical excision of the affected tissue.
Due to the rarity of the condition only historical data could be used for comparison (demonstrating surgical rates of 35-50 %, in one country 100% in biopsy proven cases).
In both studies the dosage regimen was the same. Treatment with Dexarazoxane Martian had to be started within 6 hours from the incident and was repeated after 24 and 48 hours. The first and second doses were 1000 mg/m2 and the third was 500 mg/m2.
A requirement for inclusion in the efficacy part of the study was that the anthracycline extravasation was proven by fluorescence microscopy of one or more biopsies.
For study purposes, patients with extravasations from a central venous access device (CVAD) were not included in the efficacy evaluation.
Patients with neutropenia and thrombocytopenia > CTC grade 1 (Common Toxicity Criteria) have not been included in the clinical studies.
In study TT01, 23 patients were entered and received treatment with Dexarazoxane Martian. Eighteen were evaluable for efficacy and safety and a further five patients were evaluable for toxicity only. None of the patients required surgical intervention.
In study TT02, 57 patients entered the study and received the first dose of Dexarazoxane Martian. 36 patients were evaluable for efficacy. Only one of the 36 patients required surgery.
In both studies all patients had received anthracycline. Overall, the most commonly received anthracycline was epirubicin (56 % of the patients).
In both studies dexrazoxane treatment prevented the development of necrosis, allowed cancer treatment to continue as scheduled in the majority of patients (70.4 %), and reduced the occurrence of sequelae (only few and mild long-term sequelae were observed).
Dexarazoxane Martian must only be administered intravenously.
Distribution
Bibliographical data demonstrate that serum kinetics of dexrazoxane after intravenous administration follow an open two-compartment model independent of schedule and dose. The apparent volumes of distribution are 0.13-1.3 l/kg (median 0.49 l/kg). Volume of distribution is independent of dose. AUCs were dose-proportional. Tissue distribution is rapid, with the highest levels of unchanged parent compound and hydrolysed product appearing in liver and kidneys. About 2% of dexrazoxane is protein-bound.
Biotransformation
Dexrazoxane undergoes intracellular hydrolysis first to its two one-ring open intermediates (B and C) and then to the two-ring opened form (ADR-925) which has a structure similar to EDTA and is a strong chelator of iron and divalent cations as calcium ions.
Elimination
Dexrazoxane displays biphasic elimination kinetics. Initial elimination half lives (alpha) are 0.18-1 h (median 0.34 h) and terminal elimination half lives 1.9-9.1 h (median 2.8 h). Total urinary recovery of unchanged dexrazoxane is 34-60 %. Systemic clearance is independent of dose. The pharmacokinetics of the metabolites is derived from a single study with five patients. The mean elimination half-lives of the one-ring opened metabolite B and metabolite C are 0.9-3.9 h (n=5) and 0.5-0.8 h (n=3), respectively. The elimination half-life of the two-ring opened metabolite ADR-925 is not given in literature. ADR-925 is reported to increase three-fold within 15 min after infusion of 1500 mg/m2 and remain relatively constant on a plateau for 4 hours and then decreased to about half at 24 hours.
In-vitro studies on dexrazoxane in human microsomes have shown high stability of dexrazoxane indicating that major metabolism via cytochrome P450 is unlikely.
There is insufficient data available to draw any definite conclusions regarding intrinsic pharmaco-kinetic factors such as age, gender, race and weight. Inter- and intra-individual pharmacokinetic variabilities have not been studied systematically. Based on a limited number of patients, inter-individual variability calculated as the coefficient of variation (CV %) was estimated to be approximately 30 % for the main pharmacokinetic parameters.
Renal impairment
Compared with normal subjects (creatinine clearance (CLCR) >80 mL/min), exposure was 2- fold greater in subjects with moderate (CLCR of 30 to 50 mL/min) to severe (CLCR <30 mL/min) renal impairment. Modelling suggested that equivalent exposure (AUC0-inf) could be achieved if dosing were reduced by 50% in subjects with CLCR less than 40 mL/min compared with control subjects (CLCR >80 mL/min).
Pharmacokinetics in patients with extravasations
Clinical trial TT04 was conducted on 6 female patients undergoing treatment for anthracycline extravasations. The aim was to examine the pharmacokinetics of a 3-day dosing regimen of dexrazoxane and its efficacy in patients for anthracycline extravasation. The systemic clearances were similar between day 1 (9.9 L/h ± 3.1) and day 2 (11.1 L/h ± 4.5), and did not differ from those reported in the literature. The steady-state volume of distribution of dexrazoxane was 30.5 L ± 11.1 for day 1 and 35.8 L ± 19.7 for day 2. The terminal elimination half-life was consistent throughout days 1 - 3 (2.1 - 2.2 h). The mean AUC0-24 values for day 1 and day 2 were comparable with each other, and the AUC0-last at day 3 was approximately half that of the first two days, suggesting that the pharmacokinetics of dexrazoxane are dose-dependent. The overall ranges and mean of AUC0-24 between days were very similar; it does not appear that there is any significant accumulation of dexrazoxane.
Continuous monitoring
Local examination should be performed on a regular basis after treatment until resolution.
If there is suspicion of extravasation by vesicant compounds other than anthracyclines through the same IV access, e.g. vincristine, mitomycin, and vinorelbine, Dexarazoxane Martian would not be effective against the effects from these compounds.
Since Dexarazoxane Martian will be administered to patients undergoing cytotoxic therapy with anthracyclines its cytotoxic potential (especially resulting in reversible haematological toxicity with a nadir occurring on days 11-12) will therefore add to that of the other chemotherapy administered. Haematological monitoring should therefore be undertaken regularly.
Hepatic and renal-function monitoring
Since liver dysfunction (increases in transaminases and bilirubin) may occur (especially after doses of above 1 000 mg/m2 dexrazoxane), it is recommended that routine liver function tests be performed before each administration of dexrazoxane in patients with known liver function disorders.
(creatinine clearance <40 mL/min)).
Anaphylactic reaction
Anaphylactic reaction including angioedema, skin reactions, bronchospasm, respiratory distress, hypotension and loss of consciousness have been observed in patients treated with dexrazoxane and anthracyclines. Previous history of allergy to dexrazoxane should be carefully considered prior to administration.
Potassium and sodium contents
Dexarazoxane Martian diluent contains potassium (98 mg/500 ml). This must be taken into consideration by patients with reduced kidney function or patients on a controlled potassium diet. Plasma potassium level must be closely monitored in patients at risk of hyperkalaemia.
Dexarazoxane Martian diluent also contains sodium (1.61 g/500 ml) which may be harmful to patients on a controlled sodium diet.
Dizziness, somnolence and syncope have been reported in a few patients included in Dexarazoxane Martian studies TT01 and TT02. Dexrazoxane has minor influence on the ability to drive and use machines.
Dexarazoxane Martian must be administered under the supervision of a physician experienced in the use of anti-cancer medicinal products.
Posology
Treatment should be given once daily for 3 consecutive days. The recommended dose is:
Day 1: 1000 mg/m2
Day 2: 1000 mg/m2
Day 3: 500 mg/m2
The first infusion should be initiated as soon as possible, within the first six hours after the accident.
Treatment Day 2 and Day 3 should start at the same hour (+/- 3 hours) as Day 1.
For patients with a body surface area of more than 2 m2 the single dose should not exceed 2000 mg.
Renal impairment
In patients with moderate to severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance <40 mL/min) the Dexarazoxane Martian dose should be reduced by 50%.
Hepatic impairment
Dexrazoxane has not been studied in patients with impaired hepatic function and its use in such patients is not recommended.
Elderly
Safety and efficacy have not been evaluated in the elderly and the use of dexrazoxane in such patients is not recommended.
Paediatric population
The safety and efficacy of Dexarazoxane Martian in children below the age of 18 years have not been established and no data are available.
Method of administration
For intravenous use after reconstitution and dilution.
The indicated dose should be administered as an intravenous infusion over 1-2 hours into a large vein of an extremity or area other than the one affected by the extravasation. Cooling procedures such as ice packs should have been removed from the area at least 15 minutes before the Dexarazoxane Martian administration in order to allow sufficient blood flow.
Before infusion, Dexarazoxane Martian powder must be reconstituted with 25 ml Dexarazoxane Martian diluent to give a concentration of 20 mg dexrazoxane per ml. The concentrate is slightly yellow. The concentrate should then be diluted further in the remaining Dexarazoxane Martian diluent.
Caution must be exercised during reconstitution and dilution and the normal procedures for proper handling of cytotoxic medicinal products should be adopted. The preparation should not be handled by pregnant staff. Use of gloves and other protective clothing to prevent skin contact is recommended. Skin reactions have been reported following contact with dexrazoxane. If the powder or solution contacts the skin or mucous membranes, wash immediately and thoroughly with water.
Any unused medicinal product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements.
