There have been more than 60 reports of acute or chronic human overdosage (up to 23 times the recommended total daily dose of 2400 mg) with CRIXIVAN. The most commonly reported symptoms were renal (e.g., nephrolithiasis/urolithiasis, flank pain, hematuria) and gastrointestinal (e.g., nausea, vomiting, diarrhea).
It is not known whether CRIXIVAN is dialyzable by peritoneal or hemodialysis.
CRIXIVAN is contraindicated in patients with clinically significant hypersensitivity to any of its components.
Inhibition of CYP3A4 by CRIXIVAN can result in elevated plasma concentrations of the following drugs, potentially causing serious or life-threatening reactions:
Table 7: Drug Interactions With Crixivan:
Contraindicated Drugs
| Drug Class | Drugs Within Class That Are Contraindicated With CRIXIVAN |
| Alpha 1-adrenoreceptor antagonist | alfuzosin |
| Antiarrhythmics | amiodarone |
| Ergot derivatives | dihydroergotamine, ergonovine, ergotamine, methylergonovine |
| GI motility agents | cisapride |
| HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors | lovastatin, simvastatin |
| Neuroleptics | pimozide |
| PDE5 Inhibitors | Revatio (sildenafil) [for treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension] |
| Sedative/hypnotics | oral midazolam, triazolam, alprazolam |
| * Registered trademark of Pfizer, Inc. |
Nephrolithiasis/urolithiasis, including flank pain with or without hematuria (including microscopic hematuria), has been reported in approximately 12.4% (301/2429; range across individual trials: 4.7% to 34.4%) of patients receiving CRIXIVAN at the recommended dose in clinical trials with a median follow-up of 47 weeks (range: 1 day to 242 weeks; 2238 patient-years follow-up). The cumulative frequency of nephrolithiasis events increases with duration of exposure to CRIXIVAN; however, the risk over time remains relatively constant. Of the patients treated with CRIXIVAN who developed nephrolithiasis/urolithiasis in clinical trials during the double-blind phase, 2.8% (7/246) were reported to develop hydronephrosis and 4.5% (11/246) underwent stent placement. Following the acute episode, 4.9% (12/246) of patients discontinued therapy. (See WARNINGS and DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION, Nephrolithiasis/Urolithiasis.)
Asymptomatic hyperbilirubinemia (total bilirubin ≥ 2.5 mg/dL), reported predominantly as elevated indirect bilirubin, has occurred in approximately 14% of patients treated with CRIXIVAN. In < 1% this was associated with elevations in ALT or AST.
Hyperbilirubinemia and nephrolithiasis/urolithiasis occurred more frequently at doses exceeding 2.4 g/day compared to doses ≤ 2.4 g/day.
Clinical adverse experiences reported in ≥ 2% of patients treated with CRIXIVAN alone, CRIXIVAN in combination with zidovudine or zidovudine plus lamivudine, zidovudine alone, or zidovudine plus lamivudine are presented in Table 10.
Table 10: Clinical Adverse Experiences Reported in ≥ 2%
of Patients
| Adverse Experience | Study 028 Considered Drug-Related and of Moderate or Severe Intensity | Study ACTG 320 of Unknown Drug Relationship and of Severe or Life-threatening Intensity | |||
| CRIXIVAN Percent (n=332) |
CRIXIVAN plus Zidovudine Percent (n=332) |
Zidovudine Percent (n=332) |
CRIXIVAN plus Zidovudine plus Lamivudine Percent (n=571) |
Zidovudine plus Lamivudine Percent (n=575) |
|
| Body as a Whole | |||||
| Abdominal pain | 16.6 | 16.0 | 12.0 | 1.9 | 0.7 |
| Asthenia/ fatigue | 2.1 | 4.2 | 3.6 | 2.4 | 4.5 |
| Fever | 1.5 | 1.5 | 2.1 | 3.8 | 3.0 |
| Malaise | 2.1 | 2.7 | 1.8 | 0 | 0 |
| Digestive System | |||||
| Nausea | 11.7 | 31.9 | 19.6 | 2.8 | 1.4 |
| Diarrhea | 3.3 | 3.0 | 2.4 | 0.9 | 1.2 |
| Vomiting | 8.4 | 17.8 | 9.0 | 1.4 | 1.4 |
| Acid regurgitation | 2.7 | 5.4 | 1.8 | 0.4 | 0 |
| Anorexia | 2.7 | 5.4 | 3.0 | 0.5 | 0.2 |
| Appetite increase | 2.1 | 1.5 | 1.2 | 0 | 0 |
| Dyspepsia | 1.5 | 2.7 | 0.9 | 0 | 0 |
| Jaundice | 1.5 | 2.1 | 0.3 | 0 | 0 |
| Hemic and Lymphatic System | |||||
| Anemia | 0.6 | 1.2 | 2.1 | 2.4 | 3.5 |
| Musculoskeletal System | |||||
| Back pain | 8.4 | 4.5 | 1.5 | 0.9 | 0.7 |
| Nervous System/ Psychiatric | |||||
| Headache | 5.4 | 9.6 | 6.0 | 2.4 | 2.8 |
| Dizziness | 3.0 | 3.9 | 0.9 | 0.5 | 0.7 |
| Somnolence | 2.4 | 3.3 | 3.3 | 0 | 0 |
| Skin and Skin Appendage | |||||
| Pruritus | 4.2 | 2.4 | 1.8 | 0.5 | 0 |
| Rash | 1.2 | 0.6 | 2.4 | 1.1 | 0.5 |
| Respiratory System | |||||
| Cough | 1.5 | 0.3 | 0.6 | 1.6 | 1.0 |
| Difficulty breathing/ dyspnea/ shortness of breath | 0 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 1.8 | 1.0 |
| Urogenital System | |||||
| Nephrolithiasis/ urolithiasis | 8.7 | 7.8 | 2.1 | 2.6 | 0.3 |
| Dysuria | 1.5 | 2.4 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.2 |
| Special Senses | |||||
| Taste perversion | 2.7 | 8.4 | 1.2 | 0.2 | 0 |
| *Including renal colic, and flank pain with and without hematuria | |||||
In Phase I and II controlled trials, the following adverse events were reported significantly more frequently by those randomized to the arms containing CRIXIVAN than by those randomized to nucleoside analogues: rash, upper respiratory infection, dry skin, pharyngitis, taste perversion.
Selected laboratory abnormalities of severe or life-threatening intensity reported in patients treated with CRIXIVAN alone, CRIXIVAN in combination with zidovudine or zidovudine plus lamivudine, zidovudine alone, or zidovudine plus lamivudine are presented in Table 11.
Table 11: Selected Laboratory Abnormalities of Severe
or Life-threatening Intensity Reported in Studies 028 and ACTG 320
| Study 028 Considered Drug-Related and of Moderate or Severe Intensity | Study ACTG 320 of Unknown Drug Relationship and of Severe or Life-threatening Intensity | ||||
| CRIXIVAN Percent (n=329) |
CRIXIVAN plus Zidovudine Percent (n=320) |
Zidovudine Percent (n=330) |
CRIXIVAN plus Zidovudine plus Lamivudine Percent (n=571) |
Zidovudine plus Lamivudine Percent (n=575) |
|
| Hematology | |||||
| Decreased hemoglobin < 7.0 g/dL | 0.6 | 0.9 | 3.3 | 2.4 | 3.5 |
| Decreased platelet count < 50 THS/mm³ | 0.9 | 0.9 | 1.8 | 0.2 | 0.9 |
| Decreased neutrophils < 0.75 THS/mm³ | 2.4 | 2.2 | 6.7 | 5.1 | 14.6 |
| Blood chemistry | |||||
| Increased ALT > 500% ULN* | 4.9 | 4.1 | 3.0 | 2.6 | 2.6 |
| Increased AST > 500% ULN | 3.7 | 2.8 | 2.7 | 3.3 | 2.8 |
| Total serum bilirubin > 250% ULN | 11.9 | 9.7 | 0.6 | 6.1 | 1.4 |
| Increased serum amylase > 200% ULN | 2.1 | 1.9 | 1.8 | 0.9 | 0.3 |
| Increased glucose > 250 mg/dL | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.6 | 1.6 | 1.9 |
| Increased creatinine > 300% ULN | 0 | 0 | 0.6 | 0.2 | 0 |
| *Upper limit of the normal range. | |||||
Body As A Whole: redistribution/accumulation of body fat (see PRECAUTIONS, Fat Redistribution).
Cardiovascular System: cardiovascular disorders including myocardial infarction and angina pectoris; cerebrovascular disorder.
Digestive System: liver function abnormalities; hepatitis including reports of hepatic failure (see WARNINGS); pancreatitis; jaundice; abdominal distention; dyspepsia.
Hematologic: increased spontaneous bleeding in patients with hemophilia (see PRECAUTIONS); acute hemolytic anemia (see WARNINGS).
Endocrine/Metabolic: new onset diabetes mellitus, exacerbation of pre-existing diabetes mellitus, hyperglycemia (see WARNINGS).
Hypersensitivity: anaphylactoid reactions; urticaria; vasculitis.
Musculoskeletal System: arthralgia, periarthritis.
Nervous System/Psychiatric: oral paresthesia; depression.
Skin and Skin Appendage: rash including erythema multiforme and Stevens-Johnson syndrome; hyperpigmentation; alopecia; ingrown toenails and/or paronychia; pruritus.
Urogenital System: nephrolithiasis/urolithiasis, in some cases resulting in renal insufficiency or acute renal failure, pyelonephritis with or without bacteremia (see WARNINGS); interstitial nephritis sometimes with indinavir crystal deposits; in some patients, the interstitial nephritis did not resolve following discontinuation of CRIXIVAN; renal insufficiency; renal failure; leukocyturia (see PRECAUTIONS), crystalluria; dysuria.
Laboratory AbnormalitiesIncreased serum triglycerides; increased serum cholesterol.
CRIXIVAN in combination with antiretroviral agents is indicated for the treatment of HIV infection. This indication is based on two clinical trials of approximately 1 year duration that demonstrated: 1) a reduction in the risk of AIDS-defining illnesses or death; 2) a prolonged suppression of HIV RNA.
Indinavir was rapidly absorbed in the fasted state with a time to peak plasma concentration (Tmax) of 0.8 ± 0.3 hours (mean ± S.D.) (n=11). A greater than dose-proportional increase in indinavir plasma concentrations was observed over the 200-1000 mg dose range. At a dosing regimen of 800 mg every 8 hours, steady-state area under the plasma concentration time curve (AUC) was 30,691 ± 11,407 nM•hour (n=16), peak plasma concentration (Cmax) was 12,617 ± 4037 nM (n=16), and plasma concentration eight hours post dose (trough) was 251 ± 178 nM (n=16).
Effect Of Food On Oral AbsorptionAdministration of indinavir with a meal high in calories, fat, and protein (784 kcal, 48.6 g fat, 31.3 g protein) resulted in a 77% ± 8% reduction in AUC and an 84% ± 7% reduction in Cmax (n=10). Administration with lighter meals (e.g., a meal of dry toast with jelly, apple juice, and coffee with skim milk and sugar or a meal of corn flakes, skim milk and sugar) resulted in little or no change in AUC, Cmax or trough concentration.
DistributionIndinavir was approximately 60% bound to human plasma proteins over a concentration range of 81 nM to 16,300 nM.
MetabolismFollowing a 400-mg dose of 14C-indinavir, 83 ± 1% (n=4) and 19 ± 3% (n=6) of the total radioactivity was recovered in feces and urine, respectively; radioactivity due to parent drug in feces and urine was 19.1% and 9.4%, respectively. Seven metabolites have been identified, one glucuronide conjugate and six oxidative metabolites. In vitro studies indicate that cytochrome P-450 3A4 (CYP3A4) is the major enzyme responsible for formation of the oxidative metabolites.
EliminationLess than 20% of indinavir is excreted unchanged in the urine. Mean urinary excretion of unchanged drug was 10.4 ± 4.9% (n=10) and 12.0 ± 4.9% (n=10) following a single 700-mg and 1000-mg dose, respectively. Indinavir was rapidly eliminated with a half-life of 1.8 ± 0.4 hours (n=10). Significant accumulation was not observed after multiple dosing at 800 mg every 8 hours.
Pregnancy Category C: Developmental toxicity studies were performed in rabbits (at doses up to 240 mg/kg/day), dogs (at doses up to 80 mg/kg/day), and rats (at doses up to 640 mg/kg/day). The highest doses in these studies produced systemic exposures in these species comparable to or slightly greater than human exposure. No treatment-related external, visceral, or skeletal changes were observed in rabbits or dogs. No treatment-related external or visceral changes were observed in rats. Treatmentrelated increases over controls in the incidence of supernumerary ribs (at exposures at or below those in humans) and of cervical ribs (at exposures comparable to or slightly greater than those in humans) were seen in rats. In all three species, no treatment-related effects on embryonic/fetal survival or fetal weights were observed.
In rabbits, at a maternal dose of 240 mg/kg/day, no drug was detected in fetal plasma 1 hour after dosing. Fetal plasma drug levels 2 hours after dosing were approximately 3% of maternal plasma drug levels. In dogs, at a maternal dose of 80 mg/kg/day, fetal plasma drug levels were approximately 50% of maternal plasma drug levels both 1 and 2 hours after dosing. In rats, at maternal doses of 40 and 640 mg/kg/day, fetal plasma drug levels were approximately 10 to 15% and 10 to 20% of maternal plasma drug levels 1 and 2 hours after dosing, respectively.
Indinavir was administered to Rhesus monkeys during the third trimester of pregnancy (at doses up to 160 mg/kg twice daily) and to neonatal Rhesus monkeys (at doses up to 160 mg/kg twice daily). When administered to neonates, indinavir caused an exacerbation of the transient physiologic hyperbilirubinemia seen in this species after birth; serum bilirubin values were approximately fourfold above controls at 160 mg/kg twice daily. A similar exacerbation did not occur in neonates after in utero exposure to indinavir during the third trimester of pregnancy. In Rhesus monkeys, fetal plasma drug levels were approximately 1 to 2% of maternal plasma drug levels approximately 1 hour after maternal dosing at 40, 80, or 160 mg/kg twice daily.
Hyperbilirubinemia has occurred during treatment with CRIXIVAN (see PRECAUTIONS and ADVERSE REACTIONS). It is unknown whether CRIXIVAN administered to the mother in the perinatal period will exacerbate physiologic hyperbilirubinemia in neonates.
There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant patients. CRIXIVAN should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.
A CRIXIVAN dose of 800 mg every 8 hours (with zidovudine 200 mg every 8 hours and lamivudine 150 mg twice a day) has been studied in 16 HIV-infected pregnant patients at 14 to 28 weeks of gestation at enrollment (study PACTG 358). Given the substantially lower antepartum exposures observed and the limited data in this patient population, indinavir use is not recommended in HIV-infected pregnant patients (see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY, Pregnant Patients).
Antiretroviral Pregnancy RegistryTo monitor maternal-fetal outcomes of pregnant patients exposed to CRIXIVAN, an Antiretroviral Pregnancy Registry has been established. Physicians are encouraged to register patients by calling 1-800-258-4263.
CRIXIVAN Capsules are supplied as follows:
No. 3756 — 200 mg capsules: semi-translucent white capsules coded “CRIXIVAN™ 200 mg” in blue.
Available as:
NDC 0006-0571-43 unit-of-use bottles of 360 (with desiccant).
No. 3758 — 400 mg capsules: semi-translucent white capsules coded “CRIXIVAN™ 400 mg” in green. Available as:
NDC 0006-0573-62 unit-of-use bottles of 180 (with desiccant)
StorageBottles: Store in a tightly-closed container at room temperature, 15-30°C (59-86°F). Protect from moisture.
CRIXIVAN Capsules are sensitive to moisture. CRIXIVAN should be dispensed and stored in the original container. The desiccant should remain in the original bottle.
Dist. by: Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp., a subsidiary of MERCK & CO., INC., Whitehouse Station, NJ 08889, USA. Revised 03/2015
ALERT: Find out about medicines that should NOT be taken with CRIXIVAN. This statement is included on the product's bottle label.
Nephrolithiasis/UrolithiasisNephrolithiasis/urolithiasis has occurred with CRIXIVAN therapy. The cumulative frequency of nephrolithiasis is substantially higher in pediatric patients (29%) than in adult patients (12.4%; range across individual trials: 4.7% to 34.4%). The cumulative frequency of nephrolithiasis events increases with increasing exposure to CRIXIVAN; however, the risk over time remains relatively constant. In some cases, nephrolithiasis/urolithiasis has been associated with renal insufficiency or acute renal failure, pyelonephritis with or without bacteremia. If signs or symptoms of nephrolithiasis/urolithiasis occur, (including flank pain, with or without hematuria or microscopic hematuria), temporary interruption (e.g., 1- 3 days) or discontinuation of therapy may be considered. Adequate hydration is recommended in all patients treated with CRIXIVAN. (See ADVERSE REACTIONS and DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION, Nephrolithiasis/Urolithiasis.)
Hemolytic AnemiaAcute hemolytic anemia, including cases resulting in death, has been reported in patients treated with CRIXIVAN. Once a diagnosis is apparent, appropriate measures for the treatment of hemolytic anemia should be instituted, including discontinuation of CRIXIVAN.
HepatitisHepatitis including cases resulting in hepatic failure and death has been reported in patients treated with CRIXIVAN. Because the majority of these patients had confounding medical conditions and/or were receiving concomitant therapy(ies), a causal relationship between CRIXIVAN and these events has not been established.
HyperglycemiaNew onset diabetes mellitus, exacerbation of pre-existing diabetes mellitus and hyperglycemia have been reported during post-marketing surveillance in HIV-infected patients receiving protease inhibitor therapy. Some patients required either initiation or dose adjustments of insulin or oral hypoglycemic agents for treatment of these events. In some cases, diabetic ketoacidosis has occurred. In those patients who discontinued protease inhibitor therapy, hyperglycemia persisted in some cases. Because these events have been reported voluntarily during clinical practice, estimates of frequency cannot be made and a causal relationship between protease inhibitor therapy and these events has not been established.
Risk Of Serious Adverse Reactions Due To Drug InteractionsInitiation of CRIXIVAN, a CYP3A inhibitor, in patients receiving medications metabolized by CYP3A or initiation of medications metabolized by CYP3A in patients already receiving CRIXIVAN, may increase plasma concentrations of medications metabolized by CYP3A. Initiation of medications that inhibit or induce CYP3A may increase or decrease concentrations of CRIXIVAN, respectively. These interactions may lead to:
See Table 9 for steps to prevent or manage these possible and known significant drug interactions, including dosing recommendations. Consider the potential for drug interactions prior to and during CRIXIVAN therapy; review concomitant medications during CRIXIVAN therapy; and monitor for the adverse reactions associated with the concomitant medications.
Concomitant use of CRIXIVAN with lovastatin or simvastatin is contraindicated due to an increased risk of myopathy including rhabdomyolysis. Caution should be exercised if CRIXIVAN is used concurrently with atorvastatin or rosuvastatin. Titrate the atorvastatin and rosuvastatin doses carefully and use the lowest necessary dose with CRIXIVAN. (See PRECAUTIONS: DRUG INTERACTIONS.)
Midazolam is extensively metabolized by CYP3A4. Co-administration with CRIXIVAN with or without ritonavir may cause a large increase in the concentration of this benzodiazepine. No drug interaction study has been performed for the co-administration of CRIXIVAN with benzodiazepines. Based on data from other CYP3A4 inhibitors, plasma concentrations of midazolam are expected to be significantly higher when midazolam is given orally. Therefore CRIXIVAN should not be co-administered with orally administered midazolam (see CONTRAINDICATIONS), whereas caution should be used with coadministration of CRIXIVAN and parenteral midazolam. Data from concomitant use of parenteral midazolam with other protease inhibitors suggest a possible 3-4 fold increase in midazolam plasma levels. If CRIXIVAN with or without ritonavir is co-administered with parenteral midazolam, it should be done in a setting which ensures close clinical monitoring and appropriate medical management in case of respiratory depression and/or prolonged sedation. Dosage reduction for midazolam should be considered, especially if more than a single dose of midazolam is administered.
Particular caution should be used when prescribing sildenafil, tadalafil, or vardenafil in patients receiving indinavir. Coadministration of CRIXIVAN with these medications is expected to substantially increase plasma concentrations of sildenafil, tadalafil, and vardenafil and may result in an increase in adverse events, including hypotension, visual changes, and priapism, which have been associated with sildenafil, tadalafil, and vardenafil (see CONTRAINDICATIONS and PRECAUTIONS: DRUG INTERACTIONS and PATIENT INFORMATION, and the manufacturer's complete prescribing information for sildenafil, tadalafil, or vardenafil).
Concomitant use of CRIXIVAN and St. John's wort (Hypericum perforatum) or products containing St. John's wort is not recommended. Coadministration of CRIXIVAN and St. John's wort has been shown to substantially decrease indinavir concentrations (see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY, DRUG INTERACTIONS) and may lead to loss of virologic response and possible resistance to CRIXIVAN or to the class of protease inhibitors.
PRECAUTIONS GeneralIndirect hyperbilirubinemia has occurred frequently during treatment with CRIXIVAN and has infrequently been associated with increases in serum transaminases (see also ADVERSE REACTIONS, Clinical Trials and Post-Marketing Experience). It is not known whether CRIXIVAN will exacerbate the physiologic hyperbilirubinemia seen in neonates. (See Pregnancy.)
Tubulointerstitial NephritisReports of tubulointerstitial nephritis with medullary calcification and cortical atrophy have been observed in patients with asymptomatic severe leukocyturia ( > 100 cells/ high power field). Patients with asymptomatic severe leukocyturia should be followed closely and monitored frequently with urinalyses. Further diagnostic evaluation may be warranted, and discontinuation of CRIXIVAN should be considered in all patients with severe leukocyturia.
Immune reconstitution syndrome has been reported in patients treated with combination antiretroviral therapy, including CRIXIVAN. During the initial phase of combination antiretroviral treatment, patients whose immune system responds may develop an inflammatory response to indolent or residual opportunistic infections (such as Mycobacterium avium infection, cytomegalovirus, Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia [PCP], or tuberculosis), which may necessitate further evaluation and treatment. Autoimmune disorders (such as Graves' disease, polymyositis, and Guillain-Barré syndrome) have also been reported to occur in the setting of immune reconstitution; however, the time to onset is more variable, and can occur many months after initiation of treatment.
Coexisting ConditionsPatients with hemophilia: There have been reports of spontaneous bleeding in patients with hemophilia A and B treated with protease inhibitors. In some patients, additional factor VIII was required. In many of the reported cases, treatment with protease inhibitors was continued or restarted. A causal relationship between protease inhibitor therapy and these episodes has not been established. (See ADVERSE REACTIONS, Post-Marketing Experience.)
Patients with hepatic insufficiency due to cirrhosis: In these patients, the dosage of CRIXIVAN should be lowered because of decreased metabolism of CRIXIVAN (see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION). Patients with renal insufficiency: Patients with renal insufficiency have not been studied.
Fat RedistributionRedistribution/accumulation of body fat including central obesity, dorsocervical fat enlargement (buffalo hump), peripheral wasting, facial wasting, breast enlargement, and “cushingoid appearance” have been observed in patients receiving antiretroviral therapy. The mechanism and long-term consequences of these events are currently unknown. A causal relationship has not been established.
Information for PatientsA statement to patients and health care providers is included on the product's bottle label. ALERT: Find out about medicines that should NOT be taken with CRIXIVAN. A Patient Package Insert (PPI) for CRIXIVAN is available for patient information.
CRIXIVAN is not a cure for HIV-1 infection and patients may continue to experience illnesses associated with HIV-1 infection, including opportunistic infections. Patients should remain under the care of a physician when using CRIXIVAN.
Patients should be advised to avoid doing things that can spread HIV-1 infection to others.
Patients should be advised to remain under the care of a physician when using CRIXIVAN and should not modify or discontinue treatment without first consulting the physician. Therefore, if a dose is missed, patients should take the next dose at the regularly scheduled time and should not double this dose. Therapy with CRIXIVAN should be initiated and maintained at the recommended dosage.
CRIXIVAN may interact with some drugs; therefore, patients should be advised to report to their doctor the use of any other prescription, non-prescription medication or herbal products, particularly St. John's wort.
For optimal absorption, CRIXIVAN should be administered without food but with water 1 hour before or 2 hours after a meal. Alternatively, CRIXIVAN may be administered with other liquids such as skim milk, juice, coffee, or tea, or with a light meal, e.g., dry toast with jelly, juice, and coffee with skim milk and sugar; or corn flakes, skim milk and sugar (see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY, Effect of Food on Oral Absorption and DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION). Ingestion of CRIXIVAN with a meal high in calories, fat, and protein reduces the absorption of indinavir.
Patients receiving a phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitor (sildenafil, tadalafil, or vardenafil) should be advised that they may be at an increased risk of PDE5 inhibitor-associated adverse events including hypotension, visual changes, and priapism, and should promptly report any symptoms to their doctors (see CONTRAINDICATIONS and WARNINGS, DRUG INTERACTIONS).
Patients should be informed that redistribution or accumulation of body fat may occur in patients receiving antiretroviral therapy and that the cause and long-term health effects of these conditions are not known at this time.
CRIXIVAN Capsules are sensitive to moisture. Patients should be informed that CRIXIVAN should be stored and used in the original container and the desiccant should remain in the bottle.
Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment Of FertilityCarcinogenicity studies were conducted in mice and rats. In mice, no increased incidence of any tumor type was observed. The highest dose tested in rats was 640 mg/kg/day; at this dose a statistically significant increased incidence of thyroid adenomas was seen only in male rats. At that dose, daily systemic exposure in rats was approximately 1.3 times higher than daily systemic exposure in humans. No evidence of mutagenicity or genotoxicity was observed in in vitro microbial mutagenesis (Ames) tests, in vitro alkaline elution assays for DNA breakage, in vitro and in vivo chromosomal aberration studies, and in vitro mammalian cell mutagenesis assays. No treatment-related effects on mating, fertility, or embryo survival were seen in female rats and no treatment-related effects on mating performance were seen in male rats at doses providing systemic exposure comparable to or slightly higher than that with the clinical dose. In addition, no treatment-related effects were observed in fecundity or fertility of untreated females mated to treated males.
PregnancyPregnancy Category C: Developmental toxicity studies were performed in rabbits (at doses up to 240 mg/kg/day), dogs (at doses up to 80 mg/kg/day), and rats (at doses up to 640 mg/kg/day). The highest doses in these studies produced systemic exposures in these species comparable to or slightly greater than human exposure. No treatment-related external, visceral, or skeletal changes were observed in rabbits or dogs. No treatment-related external or visceral changes were observed in rats. Treatmentrelated increases over controls in the incidence of supernumerary ribs (at exposures at or below those in humans) and of cervical ribs (at exposures comparable to or slightly greater than those in humans) were seen in rats. In all three species, no treatment-related effects on embryonic/fetal survival or fetal weights were observed.
In rabbits, at a maternal dose of 240 mg/kg/day, no drug was detected in fetal plasma 1 hour after dosing. Fetal plasma drug levels 2 hours after dosing were approximately 3% of maternal plasma drug levels. In dogs, at a maternal dose of 80 mg/kg/day, fetal plasma drug levels were approximately 50% of maternal plasma drug levels both 1 and 2 hours after dosing. In rats, at maternal doses of 40 and 640 mg/kg/day, fetal plasma drug levels were approximately 10 to 15% and 10 to 20% of maternal plasma drug levels 1 and 2 hours after dosing, respectively.
Indinavir was administered to Rhesus monkeys during the third trimester of pregnancy (at doses up to 160 mg/kg twice daily) and to neonatal Rhesus monkeys (at doses up to 160 mg/kg twice daily). When administered to neonates, indinavir caused an exacerbation of the transient physiologic hyperbilirubinemia seen in this species after birth; serum bilirubin values were approximately fourfold above controls at 160 mg/kg twice daily. A similar exacerbation did not occur in neonates after in utero exposure to indinavir during the third trimester of pregnancy. In Rhesus monkeys, fetal plasma drug levels were approximately 1 to 2% of maternal plasma drug levels approximately 1 hour after maternal dosing at 40, 80, or 160 mg/kg twice daily.
Hyperbilirubinemia has occurred during treatment with CRIXIVAN (see PRECAUTIONS and ADVERSE REACTIONS). It is unknown whether CRIXIVAN administered to the mother in the perinatal period will exacerbate physiologic hyperbilirubinemia in neonates.
There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant patients. CRIXIVAN should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.
A CRIXIVAN dose of 800 mg every 8 hours (with zidovudine 200 mg every 8 hours and lamivudine 150 mg twice a day) has been studied in 16 HIV-infected pregnant patients at 14 to 28 weeks of gestation at enrollment (study PACTG 358). Given the substantially lower antepartum exposures observed and the limited data in this patient population, indinavir use is not recommended in HIV-infected pregnant patients (see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY, Pregnant Patients).
Antiretroviral Pregnancy RegistryTo monitor maternal-fetal outcomes of pregnant patients exposed to CRIXIVAN, an Antiretroviral Pregnancy Registry has been established. Physicians are encouraged to register patients by calling 1-800-258-4263.
Nursing MothersStudies in lactating rats have demonstrated that indinavir is excreted in milk. Although it is not known whether CRIXIVAN is excreted in human milk, there exists the potential for adverse effects from indinavir in nursing infants. Mothers should be instructed to discontinue nursing if they are receiving CRIXIVAN. This is consistent with the recommendation by the U.S. Public Health Service Centers for Disease Control and Prevention that HIV-infected mothers not breast-feed their infants to avoid risking postnatal transmission of HIV.
Pediatric UseThe optimal dosing regimen for use of indinavir in pediatric patients has not been established. A dose of 500 mg/m² every eight hours has been studied in uncontrolled studies of 70 children, 3 to 18 years of age. The pharmacokinetic profiles of indinavir at this dose were not comparable to profiles previously observed in adults receiving the recommended dose (see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY, Pediatric). Although viral suppression was observed in some of the 32 children who were followed on this regimen through 24 weeks, a substantially higher rate of nephrolithiasis was reported when compared to adult historical data (see WARNINGS, Nephrolithiasis/Urolithiasis). Physicians considering the use of indinavir in pediatric patients without other protease inhibitor options should be aware of the limited data available in this population and the increased risk of nephrolithiasis.
Geriatric UseClinical studies of CRIXIVAN did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. In general, dose selection for an elderly patient should be cautious, reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal or cardiac function and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy.
The recommended dosage of CRIXIVAN is 800 mg (usually two 400-mg capsules) orally every 8 hours.
CRIXIVAN must be taken at intervals of 8 hours. For optimal absorption, CRIXIVAN should be administered without food but with water 1 hour before or 2 hours after a meal. Alternatively, CRIXIVAN may be administered with other liquids such as skim milk, juice, coffee, or tea, or with a light meal, e.g., dry toast with jelly, juice, and coffee with skim milk and sugar; or corn flakes, skim milk and sugar. (See CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY, Effect of Food on Oral Absorption.)
To ensure adequate hydration, it is recommended that adults drink at least 1.5 liters (approximately 48 ounces) of liquids during the course of 24 hours.
Concomitant Therapy (See CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY, Drug Interactions, and/or PRECAUTIONS: DRUG INTERACTIONS.)
DelavirdineDose reduction of CRIXIVAN to 600 mg every 8 hours should be considered when administering delavirdine 400 mg three times a day.
DidanosineIf indinavir and didanosine are administered concomitantly, they should be administered at least one hour apart on an empty stomach (consult the manufacturer's product circular for didanosine).
ItraconazoleDose reduction of CRIXIVAN to 600 mg every 8 hours is recommended when administering itraconazole 200 mg twice daily concurrently.
KetoconazoleDose reduction of CRIXIVAN to 600 mg every 8 hours is recommended when administering ketoconazole concurrently.
RifabutinDose reduction of rifabutin to half the standard dose (consult the manufacturer's product circular for rifabutin) and a dose increase of CRIXIVAN to 1000 mg every 8 hours are recommended when rifabutin and CRIXIVAN are coadministered.
Hepatic InsufficiencyThe dosage of CRIXIVAN should be reduced to 600 mg every 8 hours in patients with mild-tomoderate hepatic insufficiency due to cirrhosis.
Nephrolithiasis/UrolithiasisIn addition to adequate hydration, medical management in patients who experience nephrolithiasis/urolithiasis may include temporary interruption (e.g., 1 to 3 days) or discontinuation of therapy.
(also see CONTRAINDICATIONS, WARNINGS, PRECAUTIONS: DRUG INTERACTIONS) Indinavir is an inhibitor of the cytochrome P450 isoform CYP3A4. Coadministration of CRIXIVAN and drugs primarily metabolized by CYP3A4 may result in increased plasma concentrations of the other drug, which could increase or prolong its therapeutic and adverse effects (see CONTRAINDICATIONS and WARNINGS). Based on in vitro data in human liver microsomes, indinavir does not inhibit CYP1A2, CYP2C9, CYP2E1 and CYP2B6. However, indinavir may be a weak inhibitor of CYP2D6.
Indinavir is metabolized by CYP3A4. Drugs that induce CYP3A4 activity would be expected to increase the clearance of indinavir, resulting in lowered plasma concentrations of indinavir. Coadministration of CRIXIVAN and other drugs that inhibit CYP3A4 may decrease the clearance of indinavir and may result in increased plasma concentrations of indinavir.
Drug interaction studies were performed with CRIXIVAN and other drugs likely to be coadministered and some drugs commonly used as probes for pharmacokinetic interactions. The effects of coadministration of CRIXIVAN on the AUC, Cmax and Cmin are summarized in Table 2 (effect of other drugs on indinavir) and Table 3 (effect of indinavir on other drugs). For information regarding clinical recommendations, see Table 9 in PRECAUTIONS.
Table 2: Drug Interactions: Pharmacokinetic Parameters
for Indinavir in the Presence of the Coadministered Drug (See PRECAUTIONS, Table
9 for Recommended Alterations in Dose or Regimen)
| Coadministered drug | Dose of Coadministered drug (mg) | Dose of CRIXIVAN (mg) | n | Ratio (with/without coadministered drug) of Indinavir Pharmacokinetic Parameters (90% CI); No Effect = 1.00 |
||
| Cmax | AUC | Cmin | ||||
| Cimetidine | 600 twice daily, 6 days | 400 single dose | 12 | 1.07 (0.77, 1.49) |
0.98 (0.81, 1.19) |
0.82(0.69, 0.99) |
| Clarithromycin | 500 q12h, 7 days | 800 three times daily, 7 days | 10 | 1.08 (0.85, 1.38) |
1.19 (1.00, 1.42) |
1.57 (1.16, 2.12) |
| Delavirdine | 400 three times daily | 400 three times daily, 7 days | 28 | 0.64* (0.48, 0.86) |
No significant change* | 2.18 (1.16, 4.12) |
| Delavirdine | 400 three times daily | 600 three times daily, 7 days | 28 | No significant change | 1.53 (1.07, 2.20) |
3.98* (2.04, 7.78) |
| Efavirenz† | 600 once daily, 10 days | 1000 three times daily, 10 days | 20 | |||
| After morning dose | No significant change* | 0.67* (0.61, 0.74) |
0.61* (0.49, 0.76) |
|||
| After afternoon dose | No significant change* | 0.63* (0.54, 0.74) |
0.48* (0.43, 0.53) |
|||
| After evening dose | 0.71* (0.57, 0.89) |
0.54* (0.46, 0.63) |
0.43* (0.37, 0.50) |
|||
| Fluconazole† | 400 once daily, 8 days | 1000 three times daily, 7 days | 11 | 0.87 (0.72, 1.05) |
0.76 (0.59, 0.98) |
0.90 (0.72, 1.12) |
| Grapefruit Juice | 8 oz. | 400 single dose | 10 | 0.65 (0.53, 0.79) |
0.73 (0.60, 0.87) |
0.90 (0.71, 1.15) |
| Isoniazid | 300 once daily in the morning, 8 days | 800 three times daily, 7 days | 11 | 0.95 (0.88, 1.03) |
0.99 (0.87, 1.13) |
0.89 (0.75, 1.06) |
| Itraconazole | 200 twice daily, 7 days | 600 three times daily, 7 days | 12 | 0.78 (0.69, 0.88) |
0.99* (0.91, 1.06) |
1.49 (1.28, 1.74) |
| Ketoconazole | 400 once daily, 7 days | 600 three times daily, 7 days | 12 | 0.69* (0.61, 0.78) |
0.80* (0.74, 0.87) |
1.29 (1.11, 1.51) |
| 400 once daily, 7 days | 400 three times daily, 7 days | 12 | 0.42* (0.37, 0.47) |
0.44* (0.41, 0.48) |
0.73* (0.62, 0.85) |
|
| Methadone | 20-60 once daily in the morning, 8 days | 800 three times daily, 8 days | 10 | See text below for discussion of interaction. | ||
| Quinidine | 200 single dose | 400 single dose | 10 | 0.96 (0.79, 1.18) |
1.07 (0.89, 1.28) |
0.93 (0.73, 1.19) |
| Rifabutin | 150 once daily in the morning, 10 days | 800 three times daily, 10 days | 14 | 0.80 (0.72, 0.89) |
0.68 (0.60, 0.76) |
0.60 (0.51, 0.72) |
| Rifabutin | 300 once daily in the morning, 10 days | 800 three times daily, 10 days | 10 | 0.75 (0.61, 0.91) |
0.66 (0.56, 0.77) |
0.61 (0.50, 0.75) |
| Rifampin | 600 once daily in the morning, 8 days | 800 three times daily, 7 days | 12 | 0.13 (0.08, 0.22) |
0.08 (0.06, 0.11) |
Not Done |
| Ritonavir | 100 twice daily, 14 days | 800 twice daily, 14 days | 10, 16‡ | See text below for discussion of interaction. | ||
| Ritonavir | 200 twice daily, 14 days | 800 twice daily, 14 days | 9, 16‡ | See text below for discussion of interaction. | ||
| Sildenafil | 25 single dose | 800 three times daily | 6 | See text below for discussion of interaction. | ||
| St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum, standardized to 0.3 % hypericin) | 300 three times daily with meals, 14 days | 800 three times daily | 8 | Not Available | 0.46 (0.34, 0.58)§ |
0.19 (0.06, 0.33) § |
| Stavudine (d4T)† |
40 twice daily, 7 days | 800 three times daily, 7 days | 11 | 0.95 (0.80, 1.11) |
0.95 (0.80, 1.12) |
1.13 (0.83, 1.53) |
| Trimethoprim/ Sulfamethoxazole | 800 Trimethoprim/ 160 Sulfamethoxazole q12h, 7 days | 400 four times daily, 7 days | 12 | 1.12 (0.87, 1.46) |
0.98 (0.81, 1.18) |
0.83 (0.72, 0.95) |
| Zidovudine† | 200 three times daily, 7 days | 1000 three times daily, 7 days | 12 | 1.06 (0.91, 1.25) |
1.05 (0.86, 1.28) |
1.02 (0.77, 1.35) |
| Zidovudine/Lamivudine (3TC)† |
200/150 three times daily, 7 days | 800 three times daily, 7 days | 6, 9¶ | 1.05 (0.83, 1.33) |
1.04 (0.67, 1.61) |
0.98 (0.56, 1.73) |
| All interaction studies conducted in healthy,
HIV-negative adult subjects, unless otherwise indicated. * Relative to indinavir 800 mg three times daily alone. † Study conducted in HIV-positive subjects. ‡ Comparison to historical data on 16 subjects receiving indinavir alone. § 95% CI. ¶ Parallel group design; n for indinavir + coadministered drug, n for indinavir alone. |
Table 3: Drug Interactions: Pharmacokinetic Parameters
for Coadministered Drug in the Presence of Indinavir (See PRECAUTIONS, Table 9 for
Recommended Alterations in Dose or Regimen)
| Coadministered drug | Dose of Coadministered drug (mg) | Dose of CRIXIVAN (mg) | n | Ratio (with/without CRIXIVAN) of Coadministered Drug Pharmacokinetic Parameters (90% CI); No Effect = 1.00 | ||
| Cmax | AUC | Cmin | ||||
| Clarithromycin | 500 twice daily, 7 days | 800 three times daily, 7 days | 12 | 1.19 (1.02, 1.39) |
1.47 (1.30, 1.65) |
1.97 (1.58, 2.46) n=11 |
| Efavirenz | 200 once daily, 14 days | 800 three times daily, 14 days | 20 | No significant change | No significant change | -- |
| Ethinyl Estradiol (ORTHO-NOVUM 1/35)* | 35 mcg, 8 days | 800 three times daily, 8 days | 18 | 1.02 (0.96, 1.09) |
1.22 (1.15, 1.30) |
1.37 (1.24, 1.51) |
| Isoniazid | 300 once daily in the morning, 8 days | 800 three times daily, 8 days | 11 | 1.34 (1.12, 1.60) |
1.12 (1.03, 1.22) |
1.00 (0.92, 1.08) |
| Methadone† | 20-60 once daily in the morning, 8 days | 800 three times daily, 8 days | 12 | 0.93 (0.84, 1.03) |
0.96 (0.86, 1.06) |
1.06 (0.94, 1.19) |
| Norethindrone (ORTHO-NOVUM 1/35)* |
1 mcg, 8 days | 800 three times daily, 8 days | 18 | 1.05 (0.95, 1.16) |
1.26 (1.20, 1.31) |
1.44 (1.32, 1.57) |
| Rifabutin 150 mg once daily in the morning, 11 days + indinavir compared to 300 mg once daily in the morning, 11 days alone | 150 once daily in the morning, 10 days | 800 three times daily, 10 days | 14 | 1.29 (1.05, 1.59) |
1.54 (1.33, 1.79) |
1.99 (1.71, 2.31) n=13 |
| 300 once daily in the morning, 10 days | 800 three times daily, 10 days | 10 | 2.34 (1.64, 3.35) |
2.73 (1.99, 3.77) |
3.44 (2.65, 4.46) n=9 |
|
| Ritonavir | 100 twice daily, 14 days | 800 twice daily, 14 days | 10, 4‡ | 1.61 (1.13, 2.29) |
1.72 (1.20, 2.48) |
1.62 (0.93, 2.85) |
| 200 twice daily, 14 days | 800 twice daily, 14 days | 9, 5‡ | 1.19 (0.85, 1.66) |
1.96 (1.39, 2.76) |
4.71 (2.66, 8.33) n=9, 4 |
|
| Saquinavir | ||||||
| Hard gel formulation | 600 single dose | 800 three times daily, 2 days | 6 | 4.7 (2.7, 8.1) |
6.0 (4.0, 9.1) |
2.9 § (1.7, 4.7) |
| Soft gel formulation Soft gel formulation | 800 single dose 1200 single dose | 800 three times daily, 2 days 800 three times daily, 2 days | 6 | 6.5 (4.7, 9.1) |
7.2 (4.3, 11.9) |
5.5 § (2.2, 14.1) |
| 6 | 4.0 (2.7, 5.9) |
4.6 (3.2, 6.7) |
5.5 § (3.7, 8.3) |
|||
| Sildenafil | 25 single dose | 800 three times daily | 6 | See text below for discussion of interaction. | ||
| Stavudine¶ | 40 twice daily, 7 days | 800 three times daily, 7 days | 13 | 0.86 (0.73, 1.03) |
1.21 (1.09, 1.33) |
Not Done |
| Theophylline | 250 single dose (on Days 1 and 7) | 800 three times daily, 6 days (Days 2 to 7) |
12, 4‡ | 0.88 (0.76, 1.03) |
1.14 (1.04, 1.24) |
1.13 (0.86, 1.49) n=7, 3 |
| Trimethoprim/ Sulfamethoxazole | ||||||
| Trimethoprim | 800 Trimethoprim/ 160 Sulfamethoxazole q12h, 7 days | 400 q6h, 7 days | 12 | 1.18 (1.05, 1.32) |
1.18 (1.05, 1.33) |
1.18 (1.00, 1.39) |
| Trimethoprim/ Sulfamethoxazole | ||||||
| Sulfamethoxazole | 800 Trimethoprim/ 160 Sulfamethoxazole q12h, 7 days | 400 q6h, 7 days | 12 | 1.01 (0.95, 1.08) |
1.05 (1.01, 1.09) |
1.05 (0.97, 1.14) |
| Vardenafil | 10 single dose | 800 three times daily | 18 | See text below for discussion of interaction. | ||
| Zidovudine¶ | 200 three times daily, 7 days | 1000 three times daily, 7 days | 12 | 0.89 (0.73, 1.09) |
1.17 (1.07, 1.29) |
1.51 (0.71, 3.20) n=4 |
| Zidovudine/Lamivudine¶ | ||||||
| Zidovudine | 200/150 three times daily, 7 days | 800 three times daily, 7 days | 6, 7‡ | 1.23 (0.74, 2.03) |
1.39 (1.02, 1.89) |
1.08 (0.77, 1.50) n=5, 5 |
| Zidovudine/Lamivudine¶ | ||||||
| Lamivudine | 200/150 three times daily, 7 days | 800 three times daily, 7 days | 6, 7‡ | 0.73 (0.52, 1.02) |
0.91 (0.66, 1.26) |
0.88 (0.59, 1.33) |
| All interaction studies conducted in healthy,
HIV-negative adult subjects, unless otherwise indicated. * Registered trademark of Ortho Pharmaceutical Corporation. † Study conducted in subjects on methadone maintenance. ‡ Parallel group design; n for coadministered drug + indinavir, n for coadministered drug alone. § C6hr ¶ Study conducted in HIV-positive subjects. |
Delavirdine inhibits the metabolism of indinavir such that coadministration of 400-mg or 600-mg indinavir three times daily with 400-mg delavirdine three times daily alters indinavir AUC, Cmax and Cmin (see Table 2). Indinavir had no effect on delavirdine pharmacokinetics (see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION, Concomitant Therapy, Delavirdine), based on a comparison to historical delavirdine pharmacokinetic data.
MethadoneAdministration of indinavir (800 mg every 8 hours) with methadone (20 mg to 60 mg daily) for one week in subjects on methadone maintenance resulted in no change in methadone AUC. Based on a comparison to historical data, there was little or no change in indinavir AUC.
RitonavirCompared to historical data in patients who received indinavir 800 mg every 8 hours alone, twice-daily coadministration to volunteers of indinavir 800 mg and ritonavir with food for two weeks resulted in a 2.7-fold increase of indinavir AUC24h, a 1.6-fold increase in indinavir Cmax, and an 11-fold increase in indinavir Cmin for a 100-mg ritonavir dose and a 3.6-fold increase of indinavir AUC24h, a 1.8- fold increase in indinavir Cmax, and a 24-fold increase in indinavir Cmin for a 200-mg ritonavir dose. In the same study, twice-daily coadministration of indinavir (800 mg) and ritonavir (100 or 200 mg) resulted in ritonavir AUC24h increases versus the same doses of ritonavir alone (see Table 3).
SildenafilThe results of one published study in HIV-infected men (n=6) indicated that coadministration of indinavir (800 mg every 8 hours chronically) with a single 25-mg dose of sildenafil resulted in an 11% increase in average AUC0-8hr of indinavir and a 48% increase in average indinavir peak concentration (Cmax) compared to 800 mg every 8 hours alone. Average sildenafil AUC was increased by 340% following coadministration of sildenafil and indinavir compared to historical data following administration of sildenafil alone (see CONTRAINDICATIONS, WARNINGS, DRUG INTERACTIONS and PRECAUTIONS: DRUG INTERACTIONS).
VardenafilIndinavir (800 mg every 8 hours) coadministered with a single 10-mg dose of vardenafil resulted in a 16-fold increase in vardenafil AUC, a 7-fold increase in vardenafil Cmax, and a 2-fold increase in vardenafil half-life (See WARNINGS, DRUG INTERACTIONS and PRECAUTIONS: DRUG INTERACTIONS).
