Doses of Corotrope may produce hypotension because of its vasodilator effect. If this occurs, administration of Corotrope should be reduced or temporarily discontinued until the patient's condition stabilizes. No specific antidote is known, but general measures for circulatory support should be taken.
Corotrope is contraindicated in patients who are hypersensitive to it.
Cardiovascular Effects: In patients receiving Corotrope in Phase II and III clinical trials, ventricular arrhythmias were reported in 12.1%: Ventricular ectopic activity, 8.5%; nonsustained ventricular tachycardia, 2.8%; sustained ventricular tachycardia, 1% and ventricular fibrillation, 0.2% (2 patients experienced more than one type of arrhythmia). Holter recordings demonstrated that in some patients injection of Corotrope increased ventricular ectopy, including nonsustained ventricular tachycardia. Life-threatening arrhythmias were infrequent and when present have been associated with certain underlying factors such as preexisting arrhythmias, metabolic abnormalities (e.g. hypokalemia), abnormal digoxin levels and catheter insertion. Corotrope was not shown to be arrhythmogenic in an electrophysiology study. Supraventricular arrhythmias were reported in 3.8% of the patients receiving Corotrope. The incidence of both supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias has not been related to the dose or plasma milrinone concentration.
Other cardiovascular adverse reactions include hypotension, 2.9% and angina/chest pain, 1.2%.
In the post marketing experience, there have been rare cases of "torsades de pointes" reported.
CNS EffectsHeadaches, usually mild to moderate in severity, have been reported in 2.9% of patients receiving Corotrope.
Other EffectsOther adverse reactions reported, but not definitely related to the administration of Corotrope include hypokalemia, 0.6%; tremor, 0.4%; and thrombocytopenia, 0.4%.
Post-Marketing Adverse Event ReportsIn addition to adverse events reported from clinical trials, the following events have been reported from worldwide post-marketing experience with Corotrope:
Isolated spontaneous reports of bronchospasm and anaphylactic shock.
Liver function test abnormalities and skin reactions such as rash.
Administration site conditions: Infusion site reaction.
Corotrope is indicated for the short-term intravenous treatment of patients with acute decompensated heart failure. Patients receiving Corotrope should be observed closely with appropriate electrocardiographic equipment. The facility for immediate treatment of potential cardiac events, which may include life threatening ventricular arrhythmias, must be available. The majority of experience with intravenous Corotrope has been in patients receiving digoxin and diuretics. There is no experience in controlled trials with infusions of Corotrope for periods exceeding 48 hours.
Following intravenous injections of 12.5 mcg/kg to 125 mcg/kg to congestive heart failure patients, Corotrope had a volume of distribution of 0.38 liters/kg, a mean terminal elimination half-life of 2.3 hours, and a clearance of 0.13 liters/kg/hr. Following intravenous infusions of 0.20 mcg/kg/min to 0.70 mcg/kg/min to congestive heart failure patients, the drug had a volume of distribution of about 0.45 liters/kg, a mean terminal elimination half-life of 2.4 hours, and a clearance of 0.14 liters/kg/hr. These pharmacokinetic parameters were not dose-dependent, and the area under the plasma concentration versus time curve following injections was significantly dose-dependent.
Corotrope has been shown (by equilibrium dialysis) to be approximately 70% bound to human plasma protein.
The primary route of excretion of Corotrope in man is via the urine. The major urinary excretions of orally administered Corotrope in man are milrinone (83%) and its 0-glucuronide metabolite (12%). Elimination in normal subjects via the urine is rapid, with approximately 60% recovered within the first two hours following dosing and approximately 90% recovered within the first eight hours following dosing. The mean renal clearance of Corotrope is approximately 0.3 liters/min, indicative of active secretion.
Whether given orally or by continuous or intermittent intravenous infusion, Corotrope has not been shown to be safe or effective in the longer (greater than 48 hours) treatment of patients with heart failure. In a multicenter trial of 1088 patients with Class III and IV heart failure, long-term oral treatment with Corotrope was associated with no improvement in symptoms and an increased risk of hospitalization and death. In this study, patients with Class IV symptoms appeared to be at particular risk of life-threatening cardiovascular reactions. There is no evidence that Corotrope given by long-term continuous or intermittent infusion does not carry a similar risk.
The use of Corotrope both intravenously and orally has been associated with increased frequency of ventricular arrhythmias, including nonsustained ventricular tachycardia. Long-term oral use has been associated with an increased risk of sudden death. Hence, patients receiving Corotrope should be observed closely with the use of continuous electrocardiographic monitoring to allow the prompt detection and management of ventricular arrhythmias.
PRECAUTIONS GeneralCorotrope should not be used in patients with severe obstructive aortic or pulmonic valvular disease in lieu of surgical relief of the obstruction. Like other inotropic agents, it may aggravate outflow tract obstruction in hypertrophic subaortic stenosis.
Supraventricular and ventricular arrhythmias have been observed in the high-risk population treated. In some patients, injections of Corotrope and oral Corotrope have been shown to increase ventricular ectopy, including nonsustained ventricular tachycardia. The potential for arrhythmia, present in congestive heart failure itself, may be increased by many drugs or combinations of drugs. Patients receiving Corotrope should be closely monitored during infusion.
Corotrope produces a slight shortening of AV node conduction time, indicating a potential for an increased ventricular response rate in patients with atrial flutter/fibrillation which is not controlled with digitalis therapy.
During therapy with Corotrope, blood pressure and heart rate should be monitored and the rate of infusion slowed or stopped in patients showing excessive decreases in blood pressure.
If prior vigorous diuretic therapy is suspected to have caused significant decreases in cardiac filling pressure, Corotrope should be cautiously administered with monitoring of blood pressure, heart rate, and clinical symptomatology.
There is no experience in controlled trials with infusions of milrinone for periods exceeding 48 hours. Cases of infusion site reaction have been reported with intravenous milrinone therapy (see ADVERSE REACTIONS). Consequently, careful monitoring of the infusion site should be maintained to avoid possible extravasation.
Use in Acute Myocardial InfarctionNo clinical studies have been conducted in patients in the acute phase of post myocardial infarction. Until further clinical experience with this class of drugs is gained, Corotrope is not recommended in these patients.
Laboratory TestsFluid and Electrolytes: Fluid and electrolyte changes and renal function should be carefully monitored during therapy with Corotrope. Improvement in cardiac output with resultant diuresis may necessitate a reduction in the dose of diuretic. Potassium loss due to excessive diuresis may predispose digitalized patients to arrhythmias. Therefore, hypokalemia should be corrected by potassium supplementation in advance of or during use of Corotrope.
Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of FertilityTwenty-four months of oral administration of Corotrope to mice at doses up to 40 mg/kg/day (about 50 times the human oral therapeutic dose in a 50 kg patient) was unassociated with evidence of carcinogenic potential. Neither was there evidence of carcinogenic potential when Corotrope was orally administered to rats at doses up to 5 mg/kg/day (about 6 times the human oral therapeutic dose) for twenty-four months or at 25 mg/kg/day (about 30 times the human oral therapeutic dose) for up to 18 months in males and 20 months in females. Whereas the Chinese Hamster Ovary Chromosome Aberration Assay was positive in the presence of a metabolic activation system, results from the Ames Test, the Mouse Lymphoma Assay, the Micronucleus Test, and the in vivo Rat Bone Marrow Metaphase Analysis indicated an absence of mutagenic potential. In reproductive performance studies in rats, Corotrope had no effect on male or female fertility at oral doses up to 32 mg/kg/day.
Animal ToxicityOral and intravenous administration of toxic dosages of Corotrope to rats and dogs resulted in myocardial degeneration/fibrosis and endocardial hemorrhage, principally affecting the left ventricular papillary muscles. Coronary vascular lesions characterized by periarterial edema and inflammation have been observed in dogs only. The myocardial/endocardial changes are similar to those produced by beta-adrenergic receptor agonists such as isoproterenol, while the vascular changes are similar to those produced by minoxidil and hydralazine. Doses within the recommended clinical dose range (up to 1.13 mg/kg/day) for congestive heart failure patients have not produced significant adverse effects in animals.
Pregnancy Category COral administration of Corotrope to pregnant rats and rabbits during organogenesis produced no evidence of teratogenicity at dose levels up to 40 mg/kg/day and 12 mg/kg/day, respectively. Corotrope did not appear to be teratogenic when administered intravenously to pregnant rats at doses up to 3 mg/kg/day (about 2.5 times the maximum recommended clinical intravenous dose) or pregnant rabbits at doses up to 12 mg/kg/day, although an increased resorption rate was apparent at both 8 mg/kg/day and 12 mg/kg/day (intravenous) in the latter species. There are no adequate and well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Corotrope should be used during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus.
Nursing MothersCaution should be exercised when Corotrope is administered to nursing women, since it is not known whether it is excreted in human milk.
Pediatric UseSafety and effectiveness in pediatric patients have not been established.
Use in Elderly PatientsThere are no special dosage recommendations for the elderly patient. Ninety percent of all patients administered Corotrope in clinical studies were within the age range of 45 to 70 years, with a mean age of 61 years. Patients in all age groups demonstrated clinically and statistically significant responses. No age-related effects on the incidence of adverse reactions have been observed. Controlled pharmacokinetic studies have not disclosed any age-related effects on the distribution and elimination of Corotrope.
Corotrope (milrinone lactate) should be administered with a loading dose followed by a continuous infusion (maintenance dose) according to the following guidelines:
LOADING DOSE50 mcg/kg: Administer slowly over 10 minutes
Note: Corotrope Flexible Containers (200 mcg/mL in 5% Dextrose Injection) are for intravenous infusion only and should not be used for a loading dose. Dosage recommendations using a 1mg/mL concentration of milrinone are included for informational purposes only. The loading dose should be administered using a milrinone 1mg/mL vial.
The table below shows the loading dose in milliliters (mL) of milrinone (1mg/mL) by patient body weight (kg).
Loading Dose (mL) Using 1 mg/mL Concentration
| Patient Body Weight (kg) | ||||||||||
| kg | 30 | 40 | 50 | 60 | 70 | 80 | 90 | 100 | 110 | 120 |
| mL | 1.5 | 2.0 | 2.5 | 3.0 | 3.5 | 4.0 | 4.5 | 5.0 | 5.5 | 6.0 |
The loading dose may be given undiluted, but diluting to a rounded total volume of 10 or 20 mL (see Maintenance Dose for diluents) may simplify the visualization of the injection rate.
MAINTENANCE DOSE
| Total Daily Dose | |||
| Infusion Rate | (24 Hours) | ||
| Minimum | 0.375 mcg/kg/min | 0.59 mg/kg | Administer as a continuous intravenous infusion |
| Standard | 0.50 mcg/kg/min | 0.77 mg/kg | |
| Maximum | 0.75 mcg/kg/min | 1.13 mg/kg |
The infusion rate should be adjusted according to hemodynamic and clinical response. Patients should be closely monitored. In controlled clinical studies, most patients showed an improvement in hemodynamic status as evidenced by increases in cardiac output and reductions in pulmonary capillary wedge pressure.
Note: See "Dosage Adjustment in Renally Impaired Patients." Dosage may be titrated to the maximum hemodynamic effect and should not exceed 1.13 mg/kg/day. Duration of therapy should depend upon patient responsiveness.
The maintenance dose in mL/hr by patient body weight (kg) may be determined by reference to the following table.
Note: Corotrope supplied in 100 mL and 200 mL Flexible Containers (200 mcg/mL in 5% Dextrose Injection) need not be diluted prior to use.
Corotrope Infusion Rate (mL/hr) Using 200 mcg/mL Concentration
| Maintenance Dose (mcg/kg/min) | Patient Body Weight (kg) | |||||||||
| 30 | 40 | 50 | 60 | 70 | 80 | 90 | 100 | 110 | 120 | |
| 0.375 | 3.4 | 4.5 | 5.6 | 6.8 | 7.9 | 9.0 | 10.1 | 11.3 | 12.4 | 13.5 |
| 0.400 | 3.6 | 4.8 | 6.0 | 7.2 | 8.4 | 9.6 | 10.8 | 12.0 | 13.2 | 14.4 |
| 0.500 | 4.5 | 6.0 | 7.5 | 9.0 | 10.5 | 12.0 | 13.5 | 15.0 | 16.5 | 18.0 |
| 0.600 | 5.4 | 7.2 | 9.0 | 10.8 | 12.6 | 14.4 | 16.2 | 18.0 | 19.8 | 21.6 |
| 0.700 | 6.3 | 8.4 | 10.5 | 12.6 | 14.7 | 16.8 | 18.9 | 21.0 | 23.1 | 25.2 |
| 0.750 | 6.8 | 9.0 | 11.3 | 13.5 | 15.8 | 18.0 | 20.3 | 22.5 | 24.8 | 27.0 |
When administering Corotrope (milrinone lactate) by continuous infusion, it is advisable to use a calibrated electronic infusion device.
The Flexible Container has a concentration of milrinone equivalent to 200 mcg/mL in 5% Dextrose Injection. To use the Flexible Container, tear the overwrap at the notch and remove the Pre-Mix solution container. Squeeze the container firmly to check for leaks. Discard the container if leaks are found since the sterility of the product could be affected. Do not add supplementary medication. To prepare the container for administration of Corotrope intravenously, use aseptic techniques.
Intravenous drug products should be inspected visually and should not be used if particulate matter or discoloration is present.
Dosage Adjustment in Renally Impaired PatientsData obtained from patients with severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance = 0 to 30 mL/min) but without congestive heart failure have demonstrated that the presence of renal impairment significantly increases the terminal elimination half-life of Corotrope. Reductions in infusion rate may be necessary in patients with renal impairment. For patients with clinical evidence of renal impairment, the recommended infusion rate can be obtained from the following table:
| Creatinine Clearance (mL/min/1.73m2) | Infusion Rate (mcg/kg/min) |
| 5 | 0.20 |
| 10 | 0.23 |
| 20 | 0.28 |
| 30 | 0.33 |
| 40 | 0.38 |
| 50 | 0.43 |
